Early Texans
10,000 BC-1800’s AD (Anno Domini=Latin for Year of our Lord)
Essential Question
Did geography have a significant impact on the
ways of life of Native Americans in Texas?
Objectives
• Section 1: Life in Prehistoric Texas
– Identify the major eras in Texas History
– Describe the defining characteristics of the major eras in Texas History
– Identify the dates and sequence of major eras in Texas History
• Section 2: Native American Groups in Texas
– Compare the cultures of Native Americans in Texas prior to European
colonization
– Identify ways in which Texans adapted to and modified the environment
– Compare types and uses of technology past and present
• Section 3: A Time of Change for Native Texans
– Analyze how migration to Texas in the 19th century has influenced Texas
– Describe how Native Texans attempt to maintain their cultural heritage
while adapting to the larger Texas culture
– Explain how the diversity of Texas is reflected in a variety of cultural
activities, celebrations, and performances
Vocabulary
1. Prehistoric: before written history
2. Culture: how a group of people act and
believe
3. Extinction: no longer existing (extinct)
4. Civilization: a group of people who live the
same kind of life
5. Mesoamerica: ancient civilization in Central
America
6. Social Structure: the way a society is
organized
Early Americans
1.
First people to live in North America probably immigrated
from Asia about 37,000 years ago
2.
As they searched for food, they crossed a land bridge that
was formed during the Ice Age
3.
These groups of people came to America at different times
4.
They had to adjust to new environments
5.
They traveled to rest of North, Central, and South America
6.
Because they did not keep a written record, or history of their
daily life, they are called Prehistoric people
Early Native Americans
3 Time Periods of Prehistoric Cultures
1. Paleo-Indian Period
a.
b.
c.
d.
In Texas area about 12,000 years ago
Known as the Big Game Hunters
Used flint-tipped spears to hunt
They hunted:
1.
2.
Woolly mammoths, mastodons, sloths, giant buffalo & short nosed
bears
But the big animals died off by 8000 bc. Why did they die?
a. Humans killed so many of them they became Extinct
b. Or, the environment changed as ice age melted
e. Fortunately, the people didn’t die off
a. In 1953 around the Midland area, scientists found bones of PaleoIndian woman…they named her Midland Minnie
Paleo-Indian Period
3 Time Periods, con’t
2. Archaic Period
a.
After giant animals died, Native Texas had to adapt to a new
environment
b.
New way of life developed around 6000 bc
c.
These people were known as the Hunter-Foragers
d.
They hunted smaller animals (antelope, deer)
e.
Developed better weapons…dart pointed sticks
f.
Men hunted and women gathered food from plants, berries, roots, etc
g.
They began to tame dogs and teach them to help
h.
Scientists found bones of Archaic Period man near Abilene around
1829…named him Abilene Man
Archaic Period
3 Time Periods, con’t
3. Late Prehistoric Period
a.
This time began in Texas around A.D. 700
b. The people lived in villages, planted crops, and tamed some
animals
c.
Became good farmers
d. Used bow and arrow for the 1st time
e. With bow and arrow, they could hunt both large and small
animals (buffalo, deer, rabbits)
f.
Bow and Arrow: became most important weapon for
Native Texans
Late Prehistoric Period
Paint Rock Pictographs
Rock Art
Hueco Tanks
2 New Civilizations Begin
2 groups of people built civilizations in
Southern Mexico and Central America
called Mesoamerica
1. Mayans
a.
Social Structure had royal families
b. Had large trade centers
c.
Had pyramids
d. Studied astronomy and developed calendars
1.
2.
Mayan calendar
Complex number system (see Linking History…page 78)
e. Society died out over 1000 years ago…no one knows why
2 New Civilizations, con’t
2. Aztecs
a.
b.
c.
d.
AKA: the Mexica
Rose to power in Central America in A.D. 1200
Built city in area that is now Mexico City
Had pyramids, temples, and created works of art
The influence from Mesoamerica (the Mayans
and the Aztecs) spread to Texas…crops such as
corn, beans, and squash may have come from
these peoples
Mayans
Aztecs
Map of Maya and Aztec Civilations
First Agriculture in Texas
1.
From A.D. 700 until Europeans arrived in Texas in 1500s
2.
Farming was popular if climate was good
3.
Farming produced more food than hunting/gathering
4.
Learned to store extra food
5.
Developed pottery
6.
When food supply was stable, people could stay in one place longer
7.
Early Texans learned to adapt to their environment and established
organized groups and cultures
a. These cultures are what the Europeans found when they first
came to America
The Origin of the Caddoes
Read about the
Origin of the Caddoes
on page 80
Native Texan Vocabulary
1. Nomad: person who moves from place to
place
2. Adobe: bricks made of dried mud and
straw
Gulf Coast Indians
1. Coahuiltecans (ko.ah.WEEL.tay.cunz)
a.
Were nomads —when food supply ran out, they moved
b. Were hunters and gatherers
c.
Had temporary houses made of mud, animal skins, brush
d. Made up of several groups of native Texans
e. Lived from Gulf Coast to San Antonio area
f.
Very hardy, tough people…had great endurance
Native Texans on Gulf Coast, con’t
2.
Karankawas
a.
Lived on Gulf Coast between Corpus Christi and Galveston
b.
Used dug-out canoes they pushed with poles
c.
Used cane traps and bows/arrows to catch fish
d.
Gathered seafood (clams, oysters, etc) by coast
e.
Hunted for small game
f.
Learned to cope with mosquitoes by covering themselves with alligator or
shark grease
g.
Women made clothes from deerskin and moss
h.
Tattooed and painted their bodies
i.
Very gentle with their children and they loved dogs
East Texas Indians
1.
Caddoes
a. Largest tribe in East Texas (Piney Woods area)
b. Most lived along Angelina and Neches Rivers
c.
Farmers: fertile soil and lots of rain in East Texas would
grow lots of crops—pumpkins, beans, corn
d. Hunters: deer, bears, buffalo
e. Built permanent houses (forests provided wood)
f.
Also built grass lodges and lived in villages
Caddoes, con’t
a.
Had beautiful rugs, baskets, pottery
b. Had a large trade network (as far west as New Mexico)
c.
Built huge temples and burial mounds
a.
Developed complex societies---ruled by the major chief
known as the caddi
• Caddi made important political decisions
•
Oldest women in each family controlled the family--even if the family had chiefs or warriors in them
East Texas Indians, con’t
2. Atakapans (ah.TAK.us.pans)
a. Lived in SE Texas and SW Louisiana
b. Lived in wet marshlands and hunted and fished from dugout canoes
c. Also gathered fish, berries, etc
3. Alabama-Coushatta
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Came from Alabama in 1700s
Settled along Trinity River
Hunters/gatherers
Lived in cabins
Skilled in making baskets
Plains Indians
•
Lived in North, West, and Central Texas
•
These tribes based lives and cultures around buffalo …for food and shelter
–
–
–
–
Dried buffalo meat for jerky
Pounded dried meat and mixed it with nuts/berries to form Pemmican
Used bones for tools
Used hide for clothes, tepees, shoes, blankets
•
Nomadic people —followed the buffalo
•
Used dogs to drag things from place to place
•
Also gathered plants for food
•
Family was basis of society
•
Groups of families banded together under one chief
•
Groups were very self-sufficient and brave
Plains Indians, con’t
Tribes of Plains Indians
1.
Apaches
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Came into Texas in 1600s
Wore soft leather boots as protection
Wore headbands to absorb sweat
Good hunters
Women were held in high importance
Apache Groups
a.
Mescalero Apaches
1.
2.
b.
West Texas and northern Mexico
Nomadic hunters
Lipan Apaches
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hunted and farmed
Lived in farming communities along rivers or streams called rancherias
Grew beans, corn, squash, pumpkins
Traded with neighboring tribes
Eventually moved into South Texas to avoid Comanches
Native Texans of the Plains, con’t
2.
Comanches
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.
Migrated from Canada
Very fierce warriors
Very skilled at riding horses…Europeans called them “lords of the
plains”
Skilled traders
Women wore buckskin dresses
Raided other tribes…took hostages and food
Kiowas (KEE.uh.was)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Came to Texas from South Dakota and Montana
Joined with Comanches to drive Apaches from their territories
Painted pictures of important events on their tepees
Made beautiful beaded crafts
Developed a calendar
One of the most feared tribes
Plains Indians Before the Europeans Came
North Central Texas Indians
These tribes combined the lifestyles of their neighbors
1. Tonkawas
a. Lived near Austin
b. Hunted buffalo and deer; traded hides
c. Fished for crawfish and clams
d. Did not migrate—plenty of food nearby
e. Lived in villages and in grass houses
f. Joined Europeans in fighting the Comanches
North Central Tribes, con’t
2. Wichitas
a.
Migrated from Kansas and settled near Waco, Dallas, and Corsicana
b.
Primarily farmers—grew beans, corn, squash, pumpkin, and melons
c.
Also hunted buffalo some
d.
Made clay pots, jars and leather bags
e.
Built grass lodges that held 8-10 people
f.
Warriors elected chiefs who enforced rules
g.
Women were held in high regard
1.
Far West Texas Indians
Jumanos
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Lived in farming villages of one-room houses along the Rio Grande
from El Paso to Big Bend
Houses were made of Adobe (cool in summer and warm in winter)
Houses were brightly painted inside
Planted crops along rivers
Sometimes hunted and traded
Tiguas
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Came to Texas in late 1600s with Spanish settlers
Settled along Rio Grande near El Paso
Lived in adobe houses
Cooked food in round adobe ovens
Hunted, fished, and grew corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, and grapes
Made beautiful pottery cooking and storing food
Grew cotton and wove it into cloth
Latecomer Texas Tribes
1.
Cherokees
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2.
Came to Texas around 1818-19 to get away from settlers moving to northern
and eastern states
Settled along Sabine, Neches, and Angelina Rivers
Grew corn, beans, pumpkins and squash
Lived in log cabins and used metal tools
Some Cherokees married out their tribe and adopted new lifestyles
Some owned plantations and had slaves
Lived in peace with Europeans
Kickapoos
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Came to Texas in 1830s from Great Lakes area
Lived in villages and raised crops
Also hunted
Women built the homes…round structures covered with woven mats
Women made baskets and buckskin clothing as well as made items with
beads
Native Americans in Texas Before 1850
What Were the Native Texans Good
At?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tilling the land
Planting crops
Knowing which crops had medicinal value
Understood hunting and the animals they
hunted
5. Knew how to use every part of the animals
they hunted
6. Understood the environment and they best
ways to survive
Vocabulary
1. Treaty: an agreement between people
2. Descendant: person born of a family or
group
Europeans Come to Texas
1.
Europeans
a.
Came to Texas around the 1500s
b.
At first, the Native Texans welcomed them and helped them learn about
land
c.
But, Europeans did not respect the Native Texans or their cultures
d.
They thought the Indians were inferior (read “A Real Life Story” on page
89
e.
They wanted the Indians to live in missions, be slaves to the Europeans,
and give up their way of life
Some Indians did adopt Spanish culture and married Europeans…starting
new cultures
f.
They brought diseases like measles, smallpox, and the flu to the
Indians…many Indians died because of the diseases
g.
Many Indian tribes died out or decreased in number after the
Europeans came
Reasons Why the Native Texans
Declined
1.
Settlers arrived in Texas in early 1800s
2.
The settlers didn’t understand the Indians and their ways of
life
3.
Indians resented their land being taken away by the settlers
4.
Many Indians fought to hold on to their lands
a. The Apaches, Comanches, and Kiowas fought to keep
settlers from moving west of the Balcones Escarpment
b. Many settlers were killed by these raids
5.
Treaties were written—didn’t work
Reasons why the Native Texans Declined,
con’t
5.
Buffalo died out
6.
Most Native Texans were killed or moved to reservations
7.
Many of their cultures died off but there are many
descendants of Native Americans in Texas today
a.
The tribes of the Alabama-Coushatta, Tigua, and Kickapoo
still live in Texas
b. Alabama-Coushatta: East Texas
c. Tigua: around El Paso
d. Kickapoo: Eagle Pass, Texas
e. These tribes have tried hard to hold on to some of the old
customs and cultures—Why?
http://www.chriseberle.net/images/20090124222143_20090116_
0028.jpg
Picture Sources
http://www.archaicindians.net/Additional%20Photographs/Father
%20and%20Son.jpg
http://www.nps.gov/alfl/images/PointBlu.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woolly_mammoth_cropped.jpg
http://www.archaicindians.net/Additional%20Photographs/Father
%20and%20Son.jpg
http://exhibits.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/images/mammut
.jpg
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3151/2682954706_7958950c65.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/ArctodusSi
musReconstruct.jpg
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/jbwhite/images/collagemain.jp
g
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/monte_verde.gif
http://www.avim.parks.ca.gov/images/objects.jpg
http://www.thefurtrapper.com/images/Paleo-Indian%20Points.jpg
http://lithiccastinglab.com/gallerypages/sheridencaveartifactslarge.jpg
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/coast/prehistory/images/prehi
story-Padre-Island-Nueces-Co-surface-Weir-sm.jpg
http://mazingaaz.tripod.com/apache4.jpg
http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Renaissance/Aztecs/A
ztecWarriors3.jpg
http://www.lifestyle4.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/mayan.jpg?cda6c1
http://www.sc3.net/summer/taos.jpg
http://www.archaicindians.net/Additional%20Photographs/Archai
c%20Hut.JPG
http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/paleo-st.jpg
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/21900/21904/aztecs_21904_lg.gif
http://mexicanhistory.org/palenque.jpg
http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domainimages/aztecs/images/aztecs-4.jpg
http://www.nps.gov/seac/seac005.gif