WULFILA 311–2011
International Symposium
Uppsala University June 15–18, 2011
Edited by Anders Kaliff and Lars Munkhammar
Editorial board:
Anders Kaliff, Lars Munkhammar, Ulrika Centerwall
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© The Authors 2013
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Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2013.
Distribution: Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala
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ISBN 978-91-554-8664-8
ISSN 0346-7465
ISSN 1100-6358
Contents
Anders Kaliff & Lars Munkhammar
3UHIDFHE\WKH(GLWRUV ........................................................................................................9
Ulf Göranson
$:RUGRI :HOFRPHE\WKH/LEUDU\'LUHFWRU ............................................................. 15
Kerstin Sahlin
:HOFRPHE\WKH'HSXW\9LFH&KDQFHOORURI 8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\ ............................ 17
Irina Bokova
$GGUHVVE\WKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI 81(6&2RQWKHRFFDVLRQRI WKH
LQDXJXUDWLRQRI WKH6LOYHU%LEOHRQWKH0HPRU\RI WKH:RUOG5HJLVWHU................. 21
Herwig Wolfram
9XOILODSRQWLIH[LSVHTXHSULPDV*RWKRUXPPLQRUXP ............................................... 25
Tore Nyberg
(XVHELXV·7ULFHQQLDO2UDWLRQDQG:XOILOD·V&KULVWLDQ&UHHG ..................................... 33
Jan Paul Strid
5HWUDFLQJWKH*RWKV ......................................................................................................... 41
Juan-Miguel Ferrer Grenesche
(OHPHQWVRI ¶*RWKLF·FXOWXUHVXUYLYLQJLQWKH6SDQLVK0R]DUDELF/LWXUJ\ ............ 55
Andrzej Kokowski
7KH*RWKVLQFD$' .............................................................................................. 71
Svante Fischer
/LWHUDF\DQG7H[W3URGXFWLRQLQWKH$JHRI *HUPDQLF.OHSWRFUDF\
²7KH(OXVLYH&DVHRI 7KHRGHULF .................................................................................. 97
Magnús Snædal
*RWKLFnaiswor ................................................................................................................. 115
Rossen Milev
:XOILOD·V&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHLQ%XOJDULDDQGWKH(DVWHUQ2UWKRGR[7UDGLWLRQ ...... 125
Svetlana Lazarova
7KH*RWKLF$OSKDEHWRI %LVKRS:XOILODDQGWKH&\ULOOLF$OSKDEHW&XOWXUH ........ 137
Carla Falluomini
7KH*RWKLF*RVSHORI -RKQDQGLWVWH[WFULWLFDOFKDUDFWHU ...................................... 145
Antoaneta Granberg
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DQGWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVWUXFWXUHRI DQDOSKDEHW
and the shape of its letters............................................................................................ 165
Hans Frede Nielsen
7KH*RWKLF/DQJXDJHRI %LVKRS:XOILOD
²3KRQRORJ\7\SRORJ\DQG3XUSRUWHG/LQJXLVWLF3XULW\ ........................................ 179
Ingmar Söhrman
:XOILOD$ULDQLVPDQGWKH*RWKLF/DQJXDJHLQ9LVLJRWKLF6SDLQ ........................... 197
Ingemar Nordgren
*RWKVDQG5HOLJLRQ ........................................................................................................ 209
Gamla Uppsala and Skokloster .......................................................................................... 225
0DJQ~V6Q GDO
*RWKLFnaiswor
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*RWKLF SKLORORJ\ LV OLPLWHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW LQ PRVW FDVHV HDFKWH[W LV IRXQG
LQDVLQJOHPDQXVFULSW17KHPDLQH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVLVWKHWH[WRI WKH3DXOLQH
(SLVWOHV IRXQG LQ WKH $PEURVLDQ &RGLFHV $ DQG % 7KHLU WH[W RYHUODSV WR D
FRQVLGHUDEOHH[WHQWLQWKHÀQDOFKDSWHUVRI &RULQWKLDQVWR7LWXV2QWKHRWKHU
KDQGWKHVHWZRPDQXVFULSWVDUHFORVHO\UHODWHG7KLVPHDQVWKDW*RWKLFSKLORORJ\FDQQRWLQYROYHWKHFRPSDULVRQRI PDQ\PDQXVFULSWVLQRUGHUWRWU\WRÀQG
WKHRULJLQDOWH[W,WDOVRPHDQVWKDWDIRUPWKDWLVVXVSHFWHGWREHDQHUURUFDQQRWEHFKHFNHGDJDLQVWDQRWKHUPDQXVFULSWWRVHHLI WKDWPDQXVFULSWFRXOGRIIHU
VRPHWKLQJFRQVLGHUHGPRUHQDWXUDO
7KH&RGH[$UJHQWHXVFRQWDLQVWKHEXONRI ZKDWLVSUHVHUYHGRI WKH*RWKLF
WUDQVODWLRQRI WKH*RVSHOV7KH&RGH[$PEURVLDQXV&FRQWDLQVIUDJPHQWVRI 0DWWKHZFKDSWHUVDQGWKHÀUVWYHUVHRI ,WRYHUODSVZLWKWKH$UJHQWHXVDWWKHHQGRI FKDSWHUDQGEHJLQQLQJRI $OVRDIHZSDVVDJHVIURP
-RKQ DUH IRXQG LQ WKH FLWDWLRQV RI WKH VRFDOOHG Skeireins, some of them not
H[WDQWLQWKH$UJHQWHXV7KH&RGH[*LVVHQVLVFRQWDLQVVPDOOIUDJPHQWVIURP
/XNHFKDSWHUVDQGDQGDIHZSKUDVHVQRWIRXQGLQWKH$UJHQWHXVDUH
SUHVHUYHGLQRWKHUPDQXVFULSWV
/LNHDQ\RWKHUPDQXVFULSWWKH&RGH[$UJHQWHXVLVQRWIUHHRI VFULEDOHUURUV
7KHUHZHDOVRÀQGVRPHVXVSLFLRXVIRUPVWKDWZHZRXOGEHKDSS\WRFRPSDUH
ZLWKRWKHUPDQXVFULSWVLI WKH\H[LVWHG+HUHRQHRI WKHVHIRUPVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLHnaiswor, found in Mark 6:19.
The problem
Now, naisworLVDOPRVWFHUWDLQO\DQHUURUEXWKRZLVLWFRUUXSW":KDWLVWKHULJKW
IRUP"(YHQWKRXJKsworLVIRXQGLQWKH$UJHQWHXVDVWKHSDVWWHQVHRI WKHYHUE
swaranLWGRHVQRWÀWLQZHOOKHUHDVLWVPHDQLQJ¶VZHDUWDNHDQRDWK ᚻƬƭᛐƥƩƭ·LV
HYLGHQWLQDOORWKHULQVWDQFHV$QGZKDWLVWKHFRQWHQWRI nai"
116 Wulfila 311 – 2011
7KHIRUPLQTXHVWLRQLVIRXQGLQWKHSDVVDJHVKRZQLQKHUHWUDQVOLWHUDWHG
ZLWKRXWZRUGGLYLVLRQDQGDFFRPSDQLHGE\WKH*UHHNRULJLQDOWKH/DWLQWH[WRI WKH&RGH[%UL[LDQXVWKH9XOJDWHKDVocc. eum and necDQGDQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ
>«@ăwíVRKHURGLD
QDLVZRUwPPDMDKZLOGDwPPDXV
TLPDQMDKQLPDKWDă«
ᚘƤᚓ ᘢƱᛠƤƩᙼƲ
ᚌƭƥᚸƷƥƭơᛅƴ᛫ƪơᚷ ᚕƨƥƫƥƭơᛅƴᛂƭᙳưƯ
ƪƴƥᚸƭơƩƪơᚷƯᛅƪᚔƤᛐƭơƴƯź
+HURGLDVDXWHPLQVLGLDEDWXULOOLHWYROHEDWHXPRFFLGHUHHWQRQSRWHUDW
¶%XW+HURGLDVKHOGDJUXGJHDJDLQVWKLPDQGZDQWHGWRNLOOKLPEXWFRXOG
not.’
,QDOOWKHROGHGLWLRQVWKLV*RWKLFWH[WLVGLYLGHGLQWRZRUGVDVVKRZQLQ
WDNLQJnaiWREHWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRI WKHQRPLQDWLYHVLQJXODURI +HURGLDV
wíVRKHURGLDQDLVZRUwPPDMDKZLOGDwPPDXVTLPDQMDKQLPDKWD2
6HYHUDODWWHPSWVKDYHEHHQPDGHWRH[SODLQWKHIRUPLQTXHVWLRQ$OUHDG\LQ
the editio princeps-XQLXVVXJJHVWVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRQQHFWWKHIRUPswor with the
form syrwdeLQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ$QJOR6D[RQWH[WWKHSDVWWHQVHRI WKHYHUE
syrwan ‘plot’.36WLHUQKLHOPRIIHUVQRFRPPHQW4%HQ]HOLXVRIIHUVLQDIRRWQRWHD
QHZH[SODQDWLRQE\(GZDUG/\HZKRFRUUHFWVherodianai swor to herodias saiswor.5
The form saiswor is, then, the past tense of *sweran, an otherwise unattested
UHGXSOLFDWLQJYHUE/\HFRPSDUHVLWWRtekan¶WRXFK·²taitok and letan ‘let’ – lailot.
=DKQDSSDUHQWO\DFFHSWVWKLVLQKLVDSSDUDWXVEXWVXJJHVWVVWUDQJHO\WKHIRUP
swiranIRUWKHLQÀQLWLYHDQGLWLVUHSHDWHGLQWKH*ORVVDU\DORQJZLWK-XQLXV·VXJJHVWHGH[SODQDWLRQ6*DEHOHQW]/|EHDOVRRIIHU/\H·VH[SODQDWLRQLQWKHLUDSparatus.79ROOPHULQKLVUHYLHZRI *DEHOHQW]/|EHSURSRVHGWKHFRQMHFWXUH
herodiada usworEXWLWLVQRWFOHDUKRZuswor should be understood, presumably
us-swor rather than us-wor.8
8SSVWU|PVXJJHVWVDQRWKHUZRUGGLYLVLRQherodia nais wor ïmmaFRQQHFWLQJ
naisWRWKH2OG,FHODQGLFDGMneiss¶EHDVKDPHG·DQGWDNLQJwor as a past tense of
*waran.96RWKLVLQYROYHVWZRRWKHUZLVHXQDWWHVWHGZRUGVZLWKREVFXUHHW\PRORJ\DQGPHDQLQJ¶+HURGLDVFDODPLWDWHPPHGLWDEDWXUHL·0D‰PDQQRIIHUVWKH
Mark 6:19 in Junius’ editio
princeps. Photo: Uppsala
University Library
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FRQMHFWXUHherodia waiswor in his text.10,QKLVDSSDUDWXVKHFUHGLWV,KUHZLWKWKH
FRQMHFWXUHsaisworEXWDOVRPHQWLRQV9ROOPHU·VFRQMHFWXUHDQG8SSVWU|P·VZRUG
division.110D‰PDQQDOVRPHQWLRQVaiþ swor¶WRRNDQRDWK·DVDSRVVLEOHFRQMHFture. All these proposals, other than herodia waisworKHFRQVLGHUVXVHOHVV7KH
verb *waiswaranKHVD\VPHDQV¶9HUGHUEHQVFKZ|UHQ·¶GDVVLFKVFK|Q]ZLVFKHQ
ᚌƭᚒƷƥƩƭIRUWJUROOHQ>¶EHZUDWKIXODJDLQVW·@X>QG@LQŰLGLDULVWHOOWH·,WVKRXOGEH
somewhat parallel to the noun waidedja ¶UREEHUHYLOGRHUƫ᚟Ƴƴ᚜Ʋ·DQGWKHYHUE
waifairŔjan* ‘wail loudly, ᙳƫơƫᙻƦƥƩƭ·
,QSUHSDULQJKLVHGLWLRQRI 8SSVWU|PZDVXQDEOHWRFROODWHWHQOHDYHV
IURPWKH&RGH[$UJHQWHXVWKDWKDGEHHQORVWIRUDWOHDVWWZRGHFDGHV7KH\
ZHUHIRXQGDJDLQLQDQG8SSVWU|PSXEOLVKHGKLVFROODWLRQRI WKHPLQWKH
VDPH \HDU 7KHUH KH PDLQWDLQV WKDW LQ WKH $UJHQWHXV WKHRULJLQDO naiswor had
EHHQFRUUHFWHGWRnaiwE\HUDVLQJWKHOHWWHUVs, o, and r8SSVWU|PWKRXJKWWKDW
naiwZDVDSDVWWHQVHVLQJXODURI DQRWKHUZLVHXQDWWHVWHGVWURQJYHUERI WKH
ÀUVWFODVVneiwan7KLVZDVRI OLWWOHKHOSDVWKHYHUEKDVQRFRJQDWHVLQRWKHU
*HUPDQLFODQJXDJHVDQGQRFRQYLQFLQJHW\PRORJ\12$OVRXQVXUSULVLQJO\WKH
form naiwLVDJKRVWZRUG²8SSVWU|P·VUHDGLQJKHUHWXUQHGRXWWREHZURQJ²
VRLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRJLYHDQRYHUYLHZRI WKHDWWHPSWVWRWUDFHWKHRULJLQRI *neiwanDQGRI WKHVHYHUDOFRQMHFWXUHVSURSRVHGLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKDWIRUP13
1HYHUWKHOHVVLWVKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGWKDW*ULHQEHUJHUPDGHDQDWWHPSWWRHVtablish how sworFRXOGKDYHDULVHQLQWKLVFRQWH[WXQGHUWKHLQÁXHQFHRI 0DUN
ZKHUHWKHIRUPDOVRRFFXUV147KLVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGODWHURQ
,Q (UQVW (EELQJKDXV ZLWK WKH DLG RI -DQ2ORI 7MlGHU UHVWRUHG WKH
ROGUHDGLQJnaiswor,QKLVSDSHU(EELQJKDXVVD\VWKDWKHKDGIRUDZKLOHIRXQG
8SSVWU|P·VUHDGLQJVXVSLFLRXVDQGWKDWKLVGRXEWVZHUHMXVWLÀHGZKHQ7MlGHU
LQVSHFWHGWKHPDQXVFULSWDQGFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHOHWWHUVs, o, and r were faded
and faint but had not been erased.15(EELQJKDXVWKHQUHDFKHGWKHVDPHFRQFOXVLRQDV0D‰PDQQLHKHFRUUHFWHGnaiswor to *waisworZLWKPXFKWKHVDPH
DUJXPHQWV167KHPHDQLQJRI Herodia waiswor imma would be ‘Herodias swore a
woe to him.’
6ZLJJHUVWKHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWnaisworFRXOGEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVFRQVLVWLQJRI WKH
past tense of swaranDQGDQHJDWLYHSDUWLFOH*nai¶QR·WDNLQJWKHYRFDOLVPDQDORJLFDOO\IURPLWVSRVLWLYHFRXQWHUSDUWjai ‘yes’.17,QDUHSO\(EELQJKDXVDGPLWV
WKDW6ZLJJHUV·VVROXWLRQKDVWKHDGYDQWDJHWKDWLWLQYROYHVQRHPHQGDWLRQRI WKH
PDQXVFULSWUHDGLQJ181HYHUWKHOHVVKHÀQGVLWXQDFFHSWDEOHDVWKHH[LVWHQFHRI WKHSDUWLFOHnaiLVSUREOHPDWLF7KHUHIRUHKHVWLFNVWRWKHFRQMHFWXUHwaiswor
but also mentions the possibility that nai- is what is left of an adverb related to
the base of the noun naiteins*¶LQVXOWLQJGLVJUDFLQJWDONEODVSKHP\ƢƫơƳƶƧƬᚶơ·
and the verb ganaitjan* ‘dishonour, ᙳƴƩƬᙻƦƥƩƭ·19
118 Wulfila 311 – 2011
7KH ODWHVW DWWHPSW DW DQ H[SODQDWLRQ ZDV PDGH E\ /HKPDQQ ZKR UHMHFWV
(EELQJKDXV·VFRQMHFWXUHwaiswaranRQERWKIRUPDODQGVHPDQWLFJURXQGV20 As
the verb waifairŔjan*LVDQXQFOHDUKDSD[EXWwajamerjan¶EODVSKHPHƢƫơƳƶƧƬƥᚸƭ·
is attested several times, the form *wajaswaran seems to lie more at hand. LehPDQQFRQFOXGHV¶0RUHWURXEOHVRPHWKHSURSRVHG*waiswaran is not semantiFDOO\VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG·21+HWKHQSURSRVHVWKDWRULJLQDOO\*U ᚌƭᚒƷƥƩƭZDVJLYHQ
the literal translation *inswaran ,Q WKH 9RUODJH RI WKH $UJHQWHXV WKH UHDGLQJ
was KHURGLDĩVZRU, i.e., the n was written with a suspension mark. The attested text
DURVHZKHQWKHVFULEH¶LQDFFXUDWHO\UHSHDW>HG@WKH-a-LQUHVROYLQJWKHDEEUHYLDtion for n-’.227KLVPHDQVKRZHYHUWKDWÀUVWWKHVFULEHUHVROYHGWKHDEEUHYLDtion and wrote the nQH[WKHUHSHDWHGWKHa, and then lastly he wrote the i. It
KDVWREHQRWHGWKDWLQWKHFRS\LVW·VH[HPSODUWKLVLQLWLDOiVKRXOGFDUU\WKHWUHPD
DQGVXSSRVHGO\LWVWRRGDWWKHHQGRI DOLQHDVLQ*RWKLFPDQXVFULSWVWKHQDVDO
VXVSHQVLRQPDUNLVRQO\XVHGDWRUFORVHWRWKHHQGRI DOLQHLHherodiaïҧ|swor.
7KLVLVUDWKHUXQFRQYLQFLQJDQGDSSDUHQWO\DOLWHUDOWUDQVODWLRQRI ᚌƭᚒƷƥƩƭZRXOG
be *inhaban as haban¶KDYH·LVWKHXVXDOUHQGHULQJRI *UᚍƷƥƩƭ¶KDYH·,WLVQHYHU
translated with swaran.23 But, for some reason, *inhaban was not a usable translation.
Solution
+HQFHDOWKRXJKQRQHRI WKHVROXWLRQVWRWKHHQLJPDSURSRVHGVRIDULVDFFHSWDEOHWKHNH\WRWKHVROXWLRQLVKLGGHQWKHUHLQ(EELQJKDXVZDVRQWKHULJKW
WUDFNZKHQKHFRQQHFWHGnai- to naiteins* and ganaitjan*DQG*ULHQEHUJHUZDV
ULJKWZKHQKHVXJJHVWHGWKDWsworLQYHUVHZDVFDXVHGE\WKHswor in verse
0RVWOLNHO\WKHFRS\LVW·VH[HPSODUFRQWDLQHGWKHIRUPnaitida. It is the 3rd
VJSDVWWHQVHRI WKHZHDNYHUE*naitjan$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHFRUSXVRIIHUV
two words derived from this verb, i.e., the noun naiteins*DQGWKHSUHÀ[HGYHUE
ganaitjan*%XWZK\GLGWKHVFULEHZKRFRSLHG0DUNLQWKH$UJHQWHXVZULWHnaiswor instead of naitida"
*ULHQEHUJHUVXJJHVWHGWKDWLQWKH9RUODJHnai stood at the end of a line and
WKHQH[WOLQHEHJDQZLWKDw, i.e., naiw was written nai|w.24:KHQWKHFRS\LVWRI WKH$UJHQWHXVKDGZULWWHQnai his eyes rowed nine lines down, to the swor of
YHUVHDQGE\DFFLGHQWKHZURWHsworWKDWE\FKDQFHLQFOXGHGDw. From swor
to swor there are 450 letters. Divided into nine lines, that means around 50 letters
LQHDFKOLQHFI
*RWKLFQDLVZRU119
«QDL
ZwPPDMDKZLOGDwPPDXVTLPDQMDKQLPDKWDXQWHKHURGLV
³>OLQHV@³
GXíL]DLPDXMDLELGHLPLNíLVᐨL]XKíHLZLOHLVMDKJLEDíXVMDK
VZRU«
7KLVQXPEHURI OHWWHUVLHLQHDFKOLQHLVWZLFHWKHQXPEHUIRXQGLQHDFK
OLQHLQWKHH[WDQW*RWKLFPDQXVFULSWV7KH&RGH[$UJHQWHXVKDVOLQHVSHU
SDJH DQG ² OHWWHUV LQ D OLQH WKH &RGH[ $PEURVLDQXV & KDV OLQHV SHU
SDJHDQGOHWWHUVLQHDFKOLQHPRVWRI WKH$PEURVLDQFRGLFHVDUHVLPLODUZLWK
²OLQHVSHUSDJHDQG²OHWWHUVLQHDFKOLQH257KHUHIRUHDPDQXVFULSW
ZLWKOHWWHUVLQHDFKOLQHLVKLJKO\XQOLNHO\
$PRUHSUREDEOHVFHQDULRLVDVIROORZV,QWKH$UJHQWHXVWKHUHLVDOLWWOHOHVV
WKDQ D SDJH IURP naiswor to swor LQ YHUVH3RVVLEO\ WKHFRS\LVW·V H[HPSODU
ZDVVLPLODUWRWKH$UJHQWHXVLQWKLVUHVSHFWWKHWH[WIURPtida to sworÀOOHGRQH
SDJHKDYLQJOLQHVDQG²OHWWHUVLQHDFKOLQH7KXVnai stood at the end
RI WKHSUHYLRXVSDJH:KHQWKHVFULEHKDGFRSLHGLWDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRI OLQH
RQSDJHIROYRI WKH$UJHQWHXVKHJODQFHGWKURXJKWRWKHQH[WSDJH
that ended in swor. Therefore, he mentioned swor and wrote swor instead of tida.
7KHQKHFRQWLQXHGZLWKimma2I FRXUVHRWKHUYDULDWLRQVDUHSRVVLEOHEXWWKH
sworLQYHUVHVRPHKRZFDXVHGWKHsworLQYHUVHFI
&$SDJHIROY
VDDXNUDLKWLVKHURGHVwQVDQG
MDQGVJDKDEDLGDwRKDQQHQMDK
JDEDQGwQDwQNDUNDUDLwQKDLUR
GLDGLQVTHQDLVÀOLSSDXVEURíUV
VHLQLVXQWHíRJDOLXJDLGD
TDíDXNwRKDQQHVGXKHURGDíD
WHLQLVNXOGwVWíXVKDEDQTHQ
EURíUVíHLQLVwíVRKHURGLD
nai
7KH9RUODJH
EURíUVíHLQLVwíVRKHURGLDQDL
³>page brake@³
WLGDwPPDMDKZLOGDwPPDXV
TLPDQMDKQLPDKWDXQWHKH
URGLVRKWDVLVwRKDQQHQNXQ
QDQGVwQDZDLUJDUDLKWDQDMDK
ZHLKDQDMDKZLWDLGDwPPD
«
KHURGDMDKíDLPPLíDQDNXPE
MDQGDPTDííLXGDQVGXíL]DL
PDXMDLELGHLPLNíLVᐨL]XKíHL
ZLOHLVMDKJLEDíXVMDKVZRU
120 Wulfila 311 – 2011
The noun naiteins*¶EODVSKHP\·0DUNDQG/XNH0DUNLQGLFDWHV
WKDWWKHYHUEIURPZKLFKLWLVGHULYHG*naitjanZDVD¶YHUEXPGLFHQGL·ZLWKWKH
PHDQLQJ¶VSHDNDJDLQVWGHVSLVHEHKRVWLOHWRZDUGVEHXUJHQWDJDLQVWKROGD
JUXGJHDJDLQVW·7KH SDUWLFLSOHganaitiþs* ‘dishonoured, ᚘƴƩƬƹƬᚒƭƯƲ· GRHVQRW
VSHDNDJDLQVWLWLHLQ0DUNWKHFRQWHQWRI jah insandidedun ganaitidana is
¶DQGWKH\VHQWKLPDZD\KDYLQJGLVKRQRXUHGKLPZLWKZRUGV·267KH*RWKLF
verb *naitjanSUREDEO\KDVLWVFRJQDWHVLQ2(næljtan and OHG neizzen ‘torment’
or in OI hneita ‘strike, insult’.27
(EELQJKDXVLVVXVSLFLRXVDERXWWKHIRUPHerodia.286XUHO\LWODFNVWKHÀQDO
-s in the nominative, found in Gr. ᘢƱƹƤƩᙻƲ %XW LQ IDFW ZH GR QRW NQRZ LI this -s was present in feminine proper nouns of this type. The Greek nominaWLYH IRUPV ƌƹᚳƲ ƔƩƢƥƱƩᙻƲ DQG ƔƱᛠᙻƲ DUH QRW IRXQG LQ WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQW
7KHUHIRUHWKH\DUHQRWH[SHFWHGLQWKH*RWKLFFRUSXVDOWKRXJKWKH\FRXOGEH
UHFRQVWUXFWHGDVLauïs, *Tibairias, and *Trauas. The attested forms are only the
datives Lauïdja, Tibairiadau, and Trauadai. There are no other feminine proper
QRXQVWKDWZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGWRKDYHDQ-sLQWKHQRPLQDWLYH7KHPDVFXOLQH
SURSHUQRXQVHQGLQJLQ*UơƲPRVWRIWHQKDYH-asLQ*RWKLFDQGDUHLQÁHFWHG
as nVWHPVLQWKHREOLTXHFDVHV7ZLFHWKH-s of the nominative is left out, i.e., in
AkwlaSHUKDSVLQÁXHQFHGE\/DWAquila but kwLVGHULYHGIURPWKH*UHHNDQG
Kajafa for ᗸƪᛐƫơƲDQGƋơƺᙻƶơƲ7KHUHDUHDOVRYDULDQWIRUPVVXFKDVBarabba(s)
DQGSatana(s)IRUƃơƱơƢƢᙽƲDQGƓơƴơƭᙽƲ7KH*UHHNQRPLQDWLYH
form ᘢƱƹƤƩᙻƲ RFFXUV RQO\ LQ 0DUN DQG HYHQ WKRXJK Herodias seems a
PRUHQDWXUDO*RWKLFWUDQVFULSWLRQWKDQHerodiaWKHODWWHUIRUPLVQRWQHFHVVDUily an error.
&RQFOXVLRQ
7RFRQFOXGHWKHIRUPnaisworLVDPLVVSHOOLQJIRUnaitidaDUGVJSDVWWHQVH
of the verb naitjan*¶GHVSLVHEHKRVWLOHWRZDUGVVSHDNDJDLQVW·7KLVYHUELVWKH
base for naiteins* ‘blasphemy’ and ganaitjan*¶GLVKRQRXU·7KHH[SODQDWLRQVXJJHVWHGKHUHKDVWKHDGYDQWDJHWKDWLWLVIRUPDOO\DQGVHPDQWLFDOO\XQSUREOHPDWLFDOWKRXJKLWLQYROYHVDFRQMHFWXUH
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Notes
1
3
4
6
8
13
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
I wish to thank the editors for their review and emendations.
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Stiernhielm’s edition 1671
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Zahn’s edition 1805, pp. 156–157
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Vollmer 1847, p. 304
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text.
Lehmann 1987, pp. 301–302
Ibid. p. 301
Ibid.
By mistake, Lehmann, 1987, p. 301, states that the past tense of swaranLVQRWDWWHVWHGQHLWKHU
IURPWKHVLPSOH[QRUIURPLWVFRPSRXQGVbiswaran*¶DMXUHᚾƱƪᚶƦƥƩƭ·DQGufarswaran* ‘swear falsely,
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Friesen & Grape 1928, p. 37
It is to be noted that Greek ᙳƴƩƬLVXVXDOO\WUDQVODWHGLQWR*RWKLFZLWKunswer-.
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MAGNÚSSONÉVJHLU%O|QGDOÍslensk orðsifjabók5H\NMDYtN2UéDEyN+iVNyODQV
MASSMANN+DQV)HUGLQDQG8OÀODV'LHKHLOLJHQ6FKULIWHQDOWHQXQGQHXHQ%XQGHVLQJRWKLVFKHU6SUDFKH
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