Hurricane Sandy: Beach-dune performance
at New Jersey Beach Profile Network sites
By
Daniel A. Barone, Kimberly K. McKenna, Stewart C. Farrell
Coastal Research Center
The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey
30 Wilson Ave., Port Republic, NJ 08241
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Coastal Research Center at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (CRC)
initiated a post-storm survey and assessment of the New Jersey shoreline in response to Hurricane Sandy which made landfall in Atlantic County on 29 October
2012. The CRC has monitored shoreline trends for 28 years at 105 locations for the
state-sponsored New Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN) project and the data
provided clear evidence on how the beaches performed during the storm. Ocean
waves combined with storm surge caused significant erosion to the beaches and
dunes along New Jersey’s Atlantic shoreline. Wave and surge elevations increased
northward from the area of landfall, which contributed to increased erosion. Measurements of wave run-up ranged from 14.5 ft (NAVD88) at Atlantic City in Atlantic
County to 24.6 ft (NAVD88) in Long Branch in Monmouth County, which suffered
the greatest beach-dune volume losses of the stations within NJBPN. The extent of
erosion of the beaches and dunes and damages to structures and infrastructure were
dependent upon the elevation of the storm waters, volume and extent of the berm,
elevation and width of the dune, and local management practices for shore protection.
North of landfall, where storm surge and wave energy (and subsequent beach-dune
damages) were greater, federally designed shore protection projects that included
engineered dunes protected landward structures, particularly in Long Beach Island
(Ocean County) where design dune elevations were 22 ft NAVD88. Communities
that suffered the greatest damages to structures and infrastructure were those where
dunes were non-existent, or where elevations of the beaches and dunes were low
or had narrow beach widths. In addition, setbacks for new structures landward of
secondary dunes or adhering to National Flood Insurance Program standards for
elevation allowed adjacent structures to be spared damages.
T
he Coastal Research Center (CRC)
at the Richard Stockton College of
New Jersey has been collecting
beach and nearshore profile data since
1986 at 105 locations along New Jersey’s
210-mile Atlantic, Delaware Bay, and
Raritan Bay shorelines. The survey data
are collected biannually (spring and fall)
for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s (NJDEP) New
Jersey Beach Profile Network (NJBPN).
This dataset proved invaluable for determining the impacts of Hurricane Sandy
along the New Jersey coastline.
The post-tropical cyclone made landfall on 29 October 2012 at approximately
2330 UTC near Brigantine in Atlantic
County with 70-kt maximum sustained
winds (Blake et al. 2013) (Figure 1).
The size of the storm at landfall was a
contributing factor in the storm surge
and elevated wave heights that reached
a maximum of 32.3 ft at the entrance to
New York Harbor at buoy station 44065
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration 2012a). Storm surge and
waves were the main factors producing
the damages to the shoreline, as the storm
was not a significant wind or rain event.
Figure 2 shows the water levels recorded
at the Atlantic City and Sandy Hook
tide gauges. The highest observed water
levels of 6.16 ft North American Vertical
Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) on 30 October at Atlantic City and 9.21ft NAVD88
recorded at Sandy Hook when it stopped
operating at 2300 UTC on 29 October.
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration 2012b). All of New Jersey’s Atlantic beaches were exposed to
two high tide intervals on Monday, 29
October. Figure 3 shows the wind vector
plots from two offshore buoys (44009
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey Atlantic
shoreline, coastal erosion, shoreline
change, coastal dunes, beach nourishment, overwash, New Jersey Beach
Profile Network.
Manuscript submitted 20 June 2014,
revised and accepted 2 November
2014.
offshore Delaware and 44065 offshore
New Jersey) (Gebert 2012, pers. comm.).
The maximum wind speeds recorded for
44065 were 56 mph from the east at 0010
UTC on 30 October; coinciding with the
highest water levels. Though well below
the force of damaging winds, the coincidental timing, the fetch, and wave heights
created significant wave energy that
impacted the shore. The elevated surge
and waves substantially eroded the coast,
creating breaches in the northern Ocean
County barrier-spit at Mantoloking that
made national headlines, and depositing
significant amounts of overwashed beach
and nearshore sands along the back barriers in several areas of Ocean County.
Sand losses were significant even to the
beaches south of landfall. Coastal flooding occurred in the low-lying areas of the
back barriers of Cape May County to Bay
Head in northern Ocean County. In Monmouth County, storm waves damaged
existing shore projection structures such
as sea walls and bulkheads, and eroded
the armored coastal headland segment at
approximately elevation 20 ft NAVD88.
Nearly all of the 105 NJBPN sites
were surveyed within two weeks following the storm to provide sand volume
losses and shoreline changes. The survey
stations along Raritan Bay and along
the ocean coast of Sandy Hook were
postponed to January 2013 because of
water quality issues and the exposure
of ordnance. The CRC was conducting
Page 13
equipped with an optical prism mounted
to a range pole traverse the dunes, backshore, surf zone, and continue into the
water to a depth of approximately -15.0
to -20 ft NAVD88. The prism pole height
can be adjusted between data points as
necessary to accommodate elevation
change. The data are stored in the DX10
and then downloaded at the office into a
personal computer. A beach profile typically consists of 35 to 55 individual data
points. Following Hurricane Sandy, dune
and berm elevations were collected using
Leica System 1200 and Viva Real-Time
Kinematic Global Positioning System
(RTK-GPS) with sub-centimeter vertical
accuracy. Beach profile survey elevations
are incorporated into the Beach Morphology Analysis Package (BMAP) survey
reduction program to determine shoreline
and volume changes. Volume changes
are provided in cubic yards per linear
foot (cy/ft) of beach, and for this report,
volumes are specific to each NJBPN
survey line. In addition, the volumes that
are presented here represent changes of
the beach-dune system (between 0.0 ft
NAVD88 to the landward limit of the
survey line; including the foredune).
Figure 1. Locations of NJBPN survey stations and the approximate location
of Hurricane Sandy landfall.
its fall NJBPN survey when Hurricane
Sandy made landfall, and all but 14 of
the 105 sites had been surveyed. As such,
post-storm comparisons were made to
either fall and spring 2012 pre-storm
profiles. This paper provides a summary
of the post-storm assessment reports that
were submitted to the NJDEP Bureau of
Coastal Engineering (Coastal Research
Center 2012a). Figure 4 provides an
overview of New Jersey’s coastline
types (e.g. barrier island, spit, headland)
as well as the names for coastal features
and reaches along the state’s coast based
on Oertel and Kraft (1994).
METHODOLOGY
The CRC has measured shoreline
and volume conditions of New Jersey’s
coastline spanning over 25 years to provide the data for determining shoreline
Page 14
position and sand volume change trends,
defining erosional areas and potential
causes, and monitoring the performance
of beach nourishment or other types of
shoreline management projects. NJBPN
survey stations were chosen based upon
their representation as typical community
conditions and are established in every
oceanfront community with spacing at
approximately one-mile intervals along
the New Jersey coastline. Biannual
survey elevations are collected using a
Leica TS06 Total Station which transfers
the data to a DX10 data logger. The unit
is initialized with position coordinates,
the elevation for two known locations,
transit height, and target height. Environmental factors such as temperature and
atmospheric pressure, and unit collimation errors are entered. Field personnel
RESULTS
South of landfall
The state’s southernmost beaches in
Cape May County were located 15 +
miles south of Hurricane Sandy’s landfall. Here, the rapid change in the wind
direction from the north-northeast to
southwest decreased the impact of the
second high tide and reduced the wave
heights (Figure 3). Wave run-up on the
dunes was measured between 13.5 and
14.5 feet NAVD88. This was 10 ft lower
than similar measurements made in Long
Branch, Monmouth County. Many of the
Cape May County beach communities
participated in federal beach nourishment
projects that began in 1989, and the wide
beaches with significant dune widths
provided the protection from waves and
flooding of the oceanfront streets. In
northern Ocean City where the beaches
are narrow, the results included dune failure and volume losses that ranged from
-15 cy/ft to -40 cy/ft. Portions of Sea Isle
City and in Wildwood where there was no
dune to stop the water (in spite of having
the widest municipal beach in New Jersey) also suffered ocean wave and storm
surge damages (Figure 5).
Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the
northern portion of Atlantic County at
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
Brigantine Island (City of Brigantine).
A federal beach nourishment project
was completed for Brigantine Island in
2004. Sand was placed in the erosional
northern section of the island and carried
to the south via longshore transport along
a third of the island. The beaches adjacent
to Absecon Inlet (which separates Brigantine Island from Absecon Island to the
south) are wide with extensive foredunes
and secondary dunes, which acted as a
protective buffer to Hurricane Sandy’s
storm surge. Landward structures and
infrastructure were not damaged. Along
the northern, developed end of Brigantine, which is a historically eroding area
waves overtopped the rock revetment and
promenade and flooded the roadways.
On Absecon Island (consisting of the
municipalities of Atlantic City, Ventnor
City, Margate City, and Borough of
Longport), beach nourishment projects
have been constructed since the 1930s
with the most recent federal project
completed in 2003 that stretched from
Atlantic City to Ventnor City. A postHurricane Irene emergency restoration
project was completed prior to Hurricane
Sandy and absorbed much of the storm’s
impact. The municipalities of Margate
and Longport declined to participate
in 2003 and suffered substantial storm
wave inundation (Figure 6). The 14.5 ft
NAVD88 engineered dunes in Atlantic
City withstood Hurricane Sandy’s waves
but were covered with large timber debris
on the dune crest, though the oceanfront
boardwalk was spared damages. The
lack of consistent shore protection along
the Absecon Inlet shoreline exacerbated
the damages that occurred on the inlet
boardwalk, which was in a state of decay
prior to the storm. In the communities
that opted out of the federal project,
significant amounts of water and sand
washed over the timber bulkhead and old
concrete seawall, flooding most of the
streets. Houses located closest to these
structures suffered damages.
North of landfall
In general, the beaches north of landfall (in Ocean and Monmouth Counties)
fared far worse than those to the south.
In the community of Holgate on Long
Beach Island (LBI), in southern Ocean
County, 3-4 ft thick deposits of overwashed sands extended well beyond the
first two blocks from the ocean (Figures 7
and 8) and displayed fluvial depositional
structures (cross-beds). Here (NJBPN
Figure 2. Tide gauge records for Atlantic City (above) and Sandy Hook
(below) (NOAA, http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/).
Sites 135 [Webster], 136 [Dolphin] and
137 [Taylor]), the dunes were limited
in height and width and the beach was
too narrow to buffer Hurricane Sandy’s
storm surge. Even where dunes were
of sufficient height (16 ft NAVD88),
limited dune width proved inadequate
in protecting against wave damages and
dune failure was evident.
Further north on LBI, federal shore
protection projects had been completed
in the communities of Surf City in 2007
(Site 241), Harvey Cedars in 2009 (Site
143) and Brant Beach in 2012 (Site 140).
The wider beaches enabled the waves
to break farther from the higher dunes
(design elevation 22 ft NAVD88) and
protected landward properties from storm
surge. Beach elevations dropped over 5 ft
as sand was moved offshore (Figure 9).
A recovery sand bar had already begun
to weld onto the beach within days of the
storm’s passage. In Loveladies (a com-
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
munity with no federal shore protection
project), public access ways between
dune crests proved problematic as the
lower elevations channeled storm waters
and resulted in overwash deposits that
were at least two lots wide. Figure 10
shows the loss amounts in all of the communities on LBI and the locations where
the federal shore protection projects were
completed.
Several northern Ocean County
communities on the barrier spit were
devastated by the storm (Figure 11).
Two distinct images — one of the roller
coaster in the Atlantic Ocean at Seaside
Heights, and one of the newly formed
breaches at Mantoloking — captured
national attention (Figure 12). None of
the beach communities within northern
Ocean County participated in state or federal shore protection projects and several
communities periodically scraped sand
from the berm to increase dune elevations
Page 15
Figure 3. Wind vector plot of Hurricane Sandy’s wind direction from offshore buoys NDBC 44009 (offshore Delaware)
and 44066 (offshore New Jersey) (plot courtesy J. Gebert, USACE 2012).
Figure 4. Coastal geography of New Jersey.
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Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
and widths. In Seaside Heights, no dune
system was present and the result was
catastrophic damage to the boardwalk
and piers. Figure 13 shows the volume
changes to the beach-dune system following the storm. The greatest loss of
beach-dune sands (-109 cy/ft) were recorded at NJBPN Site 153 (Mantoloking)
which was located within 300 ft from the
temporary channel that opened during
Hurricane Sandy.
Figure 5. Cape May County Post-Sandy NJBPN volume changes.
Figure 6. Atlantic County Post-Sandy volume changes.
The coastal segment between
Manasquan Inlet and Asbury Park
(southern Monmouth County) was the
recipient of a federal beach fill in 1999
through 2001. No subsequent work
was completed in this reach, and prior
to Hurricane Sandy, between 55% and
135% of the initial placement volume
remained (Coastal Research Center
2012b). Redistribution among the intermittent groin fields seemed to influence
the amount of sand that was present prior
to the storm. Also in Monmouth County,
a federal beach nourishment project was
completed in phases for the coastal segment between Long Branch and Sandy
Hook from 1994 to 1999 and several
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
Page 17
Figure 7. View of Long Beach Island Boulevard and overwash sands in
Holgate. The sand was transported from the beach and dunes less than one
block (from right to the left) and carried bayward across the barrier island.
Figure 8. View (bayward) of overwash sands in Holgate.
maintenance fills since that time. Prior
to Hurricane Sandy, the CRC estimated
that between 14% and 116% of the initial placement remained. Two erosional
hotspots (Site 179 [Monmouth Beach]
and Site 173 [Long Branch]) have weakened the overall success of the project.
The project was not continuous within
this coastal segment, as four communities
opted out of the federal project (Elberon,
Deal, Allenhurst, and Loch Arbor). Also,
this segment of the initial federal project
did not include a designed dune because
it was assumed that the seawall at Sea
Page 18
Bright (top elevation 28 ft NAVD88) and
the armored natural headland at Long
Branch (top elevation 20 ft NAVD88)
were adequate support in the overall project design. Dunes developed naturally
over time but were irregular and varied
greatly in width and elevation. In some
areas of the project, dunes were unable to
establish due to very high tourism usage.
One major observation was that
Hurricane Sandy’s waves were dramatically higher upon breaking along
the Monmouth County shoreline than in
other areas to the south. The total water
level along the ocean coast of Monmouth
County was estimated between 11 and
13 ft above the NAVD88 datum (Figure
14; National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2012c). Destruction
from the storm was notable. In Elberon,
two homes with foundation elevations of
+28feet NAVD88 were destroyed and a
third of the lot’s width transformed into
empty space as the headland retreated.
The entire Long Branch boardwalk was
destroyed. The waves eventually relocated sand up to the Sea Bright seawall
and into the space between the coastal
highway and the wall. In the Borough
of Sea Bright, a gap in the rock seawall
allowed storm waters to severely damage
the municipal offices, fire department
and police headquarters. Within days
following the storm, a nearshore bar was
evident, though it was clear that most of
the sand was transported landward.
Volume losses of beach sands were
significantly greater in northern Monmouth County when compared to the
county’s southern reaches. The NJBPN
site with the greatest volume loss in Monmouth County was at Site 272 in Long
Branch at -71.4 cy/ft (Figure 15). This
location was not included in the federal
shore protection project. Unfortunately,
Hurricane Sandy stripped sand from the
beach and moved the sand landward. All
structures landward were destroyed.
BEACH-DUNE PERFORMANCE
All NJBPN locations were evaluated for beach-dune performance during
the storm. Of the 105 NJBPN sites, 63
contained a beach that was backed by
either a natural, man-made, or federallydesigned dune. Twenty-six NJBPN sites
are located within federal shore protection projects that consisted of engineered
dunes (constructed after 2006). Table 1
shows the percentage of sites by county
where dune failure occurred. Dune
failure is defined here as the complete
removal of the pre-storm feature (from
the pre-storm peak dune elevation to the
post-storm elevation at that site along
the profile line). The NJBPN sites within
the federal projects that were constructed
after 2006 (recently nourished) and that
included engineered dunes had lesser
dune failure rates than those sites where
nourishment was not undertaken after
2006, or the profile contained natural or
man-made dunes. It was observed that
only one profile out of the 26 NJBPN
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
sites located within recently filled federal
shore protection projects had dune failure
(3.85%). Conversely, 20 of the 37 profiles
with non-engineered beach-dune systems
experienced dune failure (54.05%).
All 63 profiles containing beach-dune
systems (engineered and non-engineered)
were analyzed to compare dune crest
elevation (maximum dune elevation),
average beach elevation (average of elevations between zero-foot and seaward
dune toe), dune width (distance from
seaward dune toe to landward dune toe),
and beach width (distance from zero-foot
elevation to seaward dune toe) between
NJBPN sites where dune failures did and
did not occur as a result of Hurricane
Sandy (Table 2). The average dune crest
elevation for all profiles where dune
failure did and did not occur was 17.38
ft NAVD88 and 17.84 ft NAVD88, respectively, with a difference of 0.46 ft.
The dune width for all profiles where
dune failure did and did not occur was
127.15 ft and 248.08 ft, respectively,
Figure 9. Pre- and post-Sandy cross sections at Harvey Cedars where the
federally designed berm and dune were eroded, but were not overwashed
and afforded the necessary protection to landward properties and
infrastructure.
with a difference of 120.93 ft. The average berm elevation for all profiles where
dune failure did and did not occur was
5.80 ft NAVD88 and 5.36 ft NAVD88,
respectively, with a difference of 0.44 ft.
The average beach width for all profiles
where dune failure did and did not occur
was 146.85 ft and 267.86 ft, respectively,
with a difference of 121.01 ft. These
results clearly show that dune width,
beach width, and dune crest elevation (to
a lesser extent) were significant factors in
determining whether a dune did or did
not fail in response to Hurricane Sandy.
SHORELINE MANAGEMENT
AND STORM DAMAGES
Of the 127 miles of New Jersey’s
Atlantic shoreline, 30 miles (24%) are
managed as natural areas in federal,
Figure 10. Volume changes by community on Long Beach Island.
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
Page 19
Figure 11. View from the back barrier to the east toward the Atlantic Ocean at Camp Osborne, Normandy Beach in
northern Ocean County. Overwash sands reached nearly to Route 35. (photo courtesy J. Ochanas, NJDEP).
state, or local parks. Ninety-seven miles
(76%) are considered developed. Coastal
land use practices are rooted in the pressures of heavy usage. Families trek to
the shore for annual vacations that have
been shared through generations. Several
shore towns have been popular destinations since as early as the 1800s and family traditions of visiting the shore have
been the foundation for growth.
Table 1. Comparison of dune failures at beach profiles with engineered and
non-engineered beach-dune systems.
Page 20
Interest in owning barrier island properties began in earnest in the 1940s following World War II. However, development
of the shore boomed after the 1962 Ash
Wednesday storm when barrier properties
became affordable for the middle class.
Initially, coastal municipalities managed
the shoreline and the development on the
barrier islands. To mitigate erosion, locals
installed groin fields and bulkheads but,
these were installed without consideration
of the coastal processes and sediment
transport patterns of the area. In 1994,
the New Jersey State Shore Protection
Fund (N.J.S.A. 13:19-16) was established
which allows 75% (state) / 25% (local)
cost sharing for shore protection projects.
Beach nourishment gained momentum
as offshore sediment supplies became
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
Figure 12. Lone structure within the breaches at Mantoloking (view to the east from the Route 35 bridge).
accessible through permitting with state
and federal agencies and as state/local
partnerships formed in the mid-1980s
(e.g. at Strathmere in 1984 [Valverde et
al. 1999]), but many of the projects were
for berm fill only. Federal/state/local partnerships began in the 1990s with the first
tri-partner beach fill completed in Ocean
City in 1992. The Cape May City project
was started in 1989, but the federal government contributed 90% of the funds due
to erosion problems caused by the Cold
Springs Inlet jetties constructed by the
USACE. The largest beach nourishment
project took place along the Monmouth
County shoreline in 1995 where 19.9
million cubic yards of sand were deposited for shore protection at a cost of $210
million. As mentioned earlier, several
sections within the project did not include
a design dune.
Though beach nourishment projects
are constructed for shore protection, New
Jersey reaps the benefits from additional
land for recreational use. Tourism is a
multi-billion dollar industry contributing $38 billion annually to the state’s
general fund and eventually the Shore
Protection Fund (NJ Travel and Tourism
2011). Spending for shore protection
projects helped save money in storm
damage repairs and recovery costs. This
was clearly displayed within the communities of Long Beach Island where the
Table 2. Comparison of dune crest elevation, dune width, beach elevation,
and beach width statistics for profiles with beach-dune systems where dune
failure did and did not occur as a result of Hurricane Sandy. All units are in
feet and elevations are referenced to the NAVD88 datum.
federally-designed beach nourishment
projects (including a dune) protected
landward structures and infrastructure
from Hurricane Sandy’s ocean waves and
storm surge. Much of the flooding of the
island was attributed to the elevated water
levels of Barnegat Bay during the storm.
In addition to well-designed beach
nourishment projects, homeowners’
compliance with regulations played into
the amount of damages incurred. Where
homeowners complied with the National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations and Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRMs) by elevating structures and
limiting the amount of items below base
flood level, losses were less and, in most
cases, homes were habitable follow-
Shore & Beach  Vol. 82, No. 4  Fall 2014
ing the storm. Where homeowners did
not comply with the standards or were
grandfathered to bypass the standards
(termed Pre-FIRM properties), damages
were extensive and many homes were
completely destroyed. Development
setbacks from the ocean worked to limit
damages in the shore town of Mantoloking where a new home was required to
be constructed behind a secondary dune
even though older homes adjacent to the
lot were situated seaward on the primary
dunes. Following Hurricane Sandy, the
home behind the secondary dune was
relatively untouched while the adjacent
structures suffered damages (Figure 16).
The location and orientation of public
access ways to the beach were problemPage 21
atic for some of the coastal communities in Ocean and Monmouth Counties.
Most, if not all, public access ways are
oriented perpendicular to the shoreline
and many are located at street ends. The
access ways where elevations were lowered to allow grade-on access with the
berm became easily-available conduits
for Hurricane Sandy’s storm waters and
damages of structures adjacent to them
were extensive (e.g. Mantoloking). For
access ways that were above berm grade
over a former dune, erosion occurred but
ocean storm waters were less likely to be
carried to the back barrier.
Figure 13. Volume changes by community in northern Ocean County.
Figure 14. Map of storm surge exceedance heights as determined using
the Sea, Lake, and overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model for the
Atlantic coast at northern Ocean County and Monmouth County (NOAA,
2012b).
CONCLUSIONS
Beaches and dunes along the New Jersey Atlantic shoreline were able to protect
landward structures and infrastructure if
those features were high in elevation and
contained enough volume and width to
absorb Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge and
wave energy. The storm’s water levels increased in elevation from Atlantic County
northward to Monmouth County and the
lower water levels were attributing factors
in minimizing the damages to the beaches
south of landfall. Several shore communities north of landfall suffered extensive
damages where dunes were nonexistent
or backed a narrow beach. The presence
of maintained federally designed beach
nourishment projects including engineered dunes played a significant role
in protecting landward structures and
infrastructure as the projects absorbed
the impacts of the storm waters. In addition, management practices for newer
construction such as adhering to NFIP
standards or setbacks behind secondary
dunes seemed to diminish losses.
As the state and local communities
move forward to rebuild one should be
reminded of a remark by a former NJDEP
Commissioner: “But one thing is certain:
we cannot ignore lessons learned and
repeat past mistakes as we redevelop our
coast. We have to be smarter than that.”
(Mauriello 2012)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was sponsored by the
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Coastal
Engineering. We thank all of the CRC
staff who worked non-stop in the “name
of science” to obtain and process the
post-Sandy data. B. Steven Howard
and Michael J. Flynn produced some
of the figures and tables. Reviews by
three anonymous reviewers improved
the content of the paper and are greatly
appreciated.
REFERENCES
Blake, E.S., T.B. Kimberlain, R.J. Berg, J.P.
Cangialosi, and J.L. Beven II 2013. “Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy (AL
182012), 22-29 October 2012.” Report from
the National Hurricane Center, 12 February
2013, 157 p.
Coastal Research Center 2012a, Hurricane
Sandy Reports to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection:
http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/page.
cfm?siteID=149&pageID=160.
Coastal Research Center 2012b. “Shoreline
Changes in New Jersey Coastal Reaches
One through Fifteen, Raritan Bay to Delaware Bay: A Review of 25 Years 1986 to
2012.” Contract Report to the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection:
http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/page.
cfm?siteID=149&pageID=151
Mauriello, M. 2012. “Political Will Needed to
Redevelop Coastline Sensibly.” Asbury Park
Press, Op-Ed article November 2, 2012.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) 2012a. National Data Buoy Center,
http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.
php?station=44065
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) 2012b. Water level information,
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) 2012c. Tropical Cyclone Storm
Surge Exceedence Heights, http://www.nhc.
noaa.gov/.
New Jersey Travel & Tourism 2011. New Jersey’s
Travel & Tourism By the Numbers, http://
www.njtia.org/tourism_numbers.php.
Oertel, G. F., and J.C. Kraft 1994. “New Jersey and
Delmarva Barrier Islands.” In P.D.R.A.D. Jr
(Ed.), Geology of Holocene Barrier Island
Systems (pp. 207–232). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Retrieved from http://link.springer.
com/ chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-78360-9_6
Valverde, H.R., A.C. Trembanis, and O.H. Pilkey
1999. “Summary of beach nourishment episodes on the U.S. East Coast Barrier Islands.”
J. Coastal Res., 15, 1100-1118.
Figure 15. Beach volume losses in northern Monmouth County. For
comparison, the federal placement volumes were between 225 and 300 cubic
yards of sand per foot of shoreline.
Figure 16. The structure (left-side of photo) sited landward of the secondary
dune had no damage as compared to the neighbor next door whose structure
was located on the primary dune.
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