Annales de l’INRAT, 2010, 83
A.. OUJI et al.
PROTEIN CONTENT AND COMPONENTS AND THEIR
ASSOCIATION WITH 100 SEED WEIGHT IN FABA BEAN
(Vicia faba L.)
A. OUJI1, M. ROUAISSI2, A. RAIES1 and M.GAZZAH1
1. Faculté des Sciences de Tunis - Campus Universitaire 2092 - Tunis
2. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomqiue de Tunisie (INRAT)
Rue Hédi Karray 2049, Ariana, Tunisie
Auteur correspondant :[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper studied the relationship between crude protein and 100 seed
weight in 9 faba bean (Vicia faba L.) populations including local populations.
Seeds of all faba bean populations are relatively high in crude protein
(25.9%). Four protein fractions (albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin) were
separated. Globulin was the major fraction extracted (38.58%), followed by
glutelin (12.81%), albumin (9.17%) and prolamin (1.10 %).
There was no correlation (r=-0.042) between 100 seed weight and protein
content. Nevertheless, a high correlation (r=0.91) was found between protein
content and the largest protein fraction ‘globulin’. Protein content was more
variable for intermediate 100 seed weight values. The local population Chemlali
showed the highest protein content and globulin fraction. The crude protein
contents of Batata, Chahbi, Super-aguadulce, Badï, Masri, Bachaar and Malti
are statistically similar.
The Principal Component Analysis separated the populations into three
groups distributed as follows: minor types (Bachaar, Masri and Badï),
intermediate types (Aguadulce and Super-aguadulce) and the local population
(Chemlali) with the highest protein content. The latest group could be used in
breeding programs after further evaluation and characterization.
Key-Words: Vicia faba, hundred seed weight, protein, albumin, globulin,
prolamin, glutelin
TENEUR ET COMPOSITION DES PROTEINES ET LEUR
ASSOCIATION AVEC LE POIDS DE 100 GRAINES CHEZ Vicia faba L.
RESUME
Cet article vise l’examen de l’interaction entre la teneur en protéine
brute et le poids de 100 graines chez 9 populations de fève et fèverole (Vicia
faba L.) incluant des populations locales. Les résultats montrent un contenu en
protéine relativement élevé (25,9 % MS), faisant de la fève une source
prometteuse de protéines végétales. Quatre fractions de protéine (albumine,
globuline, prolamine et gluteline) ont été séparées. La globuline est la fraction
majeure (38,58 %), suivie par la gluteline (12,81 %), l’albumine (9,17 %) et la
prolamine (1,10 %).
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A.. OUJI et al.
L'analyse statistique n'a pas montré de corrélation (r =-0,042) entre le
poids de 100 graines et la teneur en protéine brute. Cependant, une importante
corrélation (r=0,91) a été trouvée entre la teneur en protéine brute et la plus
grande fraction de protéine 'la globuline'. La teneur en protéine brute est plus
variable avec les valeurs intermédiaires du poids de 100 graines. Néanmoins, la
population locale Chemlali a montré les teneurs en protéine et en globuline les
plus élevées. Les teneurs en protéines brutes des populations Batata, Chahbi,
Super-aguadulce, Badï, Masri, Bachaar et Malti sont statistiquement similaires.
L'Analyse en Composantes Principales a séparé les populations en trois
groupes distribués comme suit : les types minor (Bachaar, Masri et Badï), les
types intermédiaires (Aguadulce et Super-aguadulce) et la population locale
(Chemlali) ; ayant la plus importante teneur en protéine. Cette dernière
population pourrait être utilisée dans les programmes d’amélioration, après
évaluation et caractérisation supplémentaires.
Mots Clés : Vicia faba L., poids de 100 graines, protéine brute, albumine,
globuline, prolamine, gluteline.
‫ و ى اوت و !زن ا ال‬
(Vicia faba L.)
"‫ـــ‬$%
9 ! 100 ‫ درا ا ى ا
وت و وزن‬
./‫ ا‬.' ‫ت‬$ ‫ *)ث‬+ ، (Vicia faba L.) ‫ت ال‬$
‫ را وا ا‬7 ‫ ا‬3$8 ، (٪25,9) 12 3
‫ ا
و‬12 ‫أن‬
(''$‫ ا
و وا‬، ''$‫ ا‬، =‫ أ<;اء و )ا‬3‫ أر‬.9‫ا
و ا‬
''$‫ '> ا‬،(٪ 38,58 )
‫ ا=آ‬7'B1‫ ا‬1‫'' ا‬$‫' ا‬C .>'7? @
.(٪1,10) ‫( و ا
و‬٪9,17) =‫ ا‬، (٪12,81)
12 ‫ ! و‬100‫( وزن ال‬r=0,042) ‫< ارط‬8 H I2‫ أ‬./‫ ا‬
12 ‫ و‬9'$‫ ا
و ا‬12 (r=0,91) ‫< ارط آ‬8 ، K‫ ذ‬M‫ و‬.‫ا
و‬
.‫ 'زن‬N‫اع ّذات ا ا‬2=‫ ا‬M C‫ ى ا
و آن أآ‬.''$‫ا‬
.''$‫ ا
و و<;ء ا‬T1 ‫ت‬H 3‫ ا‬R'‫>
ت أ‬S‫ أ‬9)Q '‫ ا‬$‫أن ا‬
9>Q‫ و‬V‫ و أآاد‬M8 ‫
ي و‬7 ‫ت‬$‫م ا‬B‫ ا
و ا‬T12 ‫آ أن‬
.'* /7!‫ إ‬9‫ ه‬9N‫ و‬XN‫و‬
R' ‫ *)ث ز‬R‫ت إ‬$‫ ا‬7? 1/
‫[
ا‬3‫\ ' ا‬
) @$‫( و ال ا_ ا‬M8 ‫
ي و‬7‫
ي )^ر و‬7‫ ال ا‬: 9‫ا ا‬
‫( ذا اي‬9)Q) 9'‫ اع ا‬CC‫ ا‬$‫( و\ن ا‬V‫ و أآاد‬V‫أآاد‬
K‫ت ال وذ‬H) 1 .‫ ا‬9? ‫ م‬B18 ‫
أن‬a=‫\ >`ا ا‬8 ‫ا=آ
'
و و‬
.‫> ^\ آف‬b 3
، ''$‫ ا‬، =‫ ا‬، ‫ ا
و‬، ! /‫ وزن ا‬، Vicia faba L. : ‫ت‬%‫آ‬
.''$‫ا
و وا‬
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Annales de l’INRAT, 2010, 83
A.. OUJI et al.
INTRODUCTION
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the earliest domesticated food
legumes in the world, probably in the late Neolithic period and it is widely
believed to have originated in the Mediterranean and West Asia region (Cubero,
1974). Based on seed size, Muratova (1931) recognized different groups within
faba bean: minor, medium or equina and major.
Faba bean is the fourth important food legume cultivated in the world after dry
bean, dry pea and chickpea; it occupies 2.6 millions hectares (FAO, 2005). The
world production of faba beans is close to 4.9 millions of tons (Frederick, 2006).
It is able to grow over a wide range of climatic and soil conditions (Bond et al.,
1980; Lawes et al., 1983). In particular it is extensively cultivated throughout the
Mediterranean region, including Tunisia.
Legumes are an important source of protein and minerals in human and
animal nutrition (Youssef et al., 1987 and Duc, 1997). Faba bean is a proteinrich food that provides populations in developing countries, such as Asia, Central
America and Africa, a cheap protein source which can partly compensate
shortage of animal protein sources. It is one of the oldest crops grown by man
and providing high-protein seeds ‘22–36% of dry matter’ (Nachi and Le Guen,
1996) and about 51-66% carbohydrates (Kay, 1979), in addition to several
essential minerals (Fe, Mg, P, K, Ca) (Youssef et al., 1987). Because of its high
lysine content (Fernandez et al., 1996), faba bean complements cereal proteins.
Cereals provide cysteine and methionine, which are limited in faba bean seeds.
In this study a special attention has been given to evaluate 100-seed
weight, protein content and storage protein in 9 populations of faba bean
belonging to the three botanical class of V. faba. In addition a study of the
association between protein content, protein storage and 100-seed weight was
investigated in order to be used in a future breeding program.
1. MATERIAL AND METHODS
1.1. Plant material
Nine Tunisian populations of V. faba L. derived from self-crossing were
cultivated under white insect proof to prevent out-cross pollination. These
populations were kindly received from the Field Crops Laboratory of the
National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia (INRAT). They belong to
the two botanical classes of V. faba (major and minor) (Table 1).
The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three
replications. Each plot consisted of a 5 rows. Distance between plants was 50
cm. Rows were 50 cm apart. Five seeds from each population were used to
investigate the variation of crude protein content and storage protein. Hundred
seed weight was also estimated. In addition, relationships between protein
content and 100-seed weight and between total protein content and each storage
protein fraction were studied.
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Table 1. Population common names, origins/pedigree
and botanical class of faba bean
Populations Origins/pedigree
Botanical
class
Common name
Malti
Local population
Major
Batata
Local large seeded landrace collected
Major
from Boussalem (Tunisia)
Chahbi
Selection from cross S83182-22 / (New
Major
Mamoth x Local Tunisian faba bean) –
Commercial variety (INRAT)
Super aguadulce Commercial variety
Major
Aguadulce
Commercial variety
Major
Chemlali
Local population
Major
Badï
Selection from Tunisian population –
Minor
Commercial variety (INRAT)
Bachaar
Pure line developed from FLIP84-59FB
Minor
(S82166) – Commercial variety (INRAT)
Masri
Local small seeded landrace
Minor
Collected from Boussalem (Tunisia)
1.2. Crude Protein content and protein storage
After dried in 80°C during 48 h, seed’s samples of each population were
ground to fine powder. Crude protein was determined by Kjeldahl method as
described by Fernandez et al. (1996). A conversion factor of 6.25 was used to
quantify crude protein content.
1.3. Protein fractionation
Protein fractionations were performed using the method of Osborne
(1924), with minor modifications, based on protein solubility differences in a
series of solvents, i.e. water (albumins), dilute saline (globulins), alcohol/water
mixtures (prolamins) and dilute acid or alkali (glutelins). Seeds of each
population were peeled and ground separately. An amount of 10 ml of distilled
water was added to 0.1g of fine powder and homogenized. The solution was
centrifuged at 10.000 rpm and 4°C for 10 to 15 minutes. Supernatant (albumin)
and a first pellet (pellet 1) were obtained.
To extract the globulin fraction, pellet 1 is homogenized again in 100
mM Tris HCl and 0.5 M NaCl (pH = 8.1) solution. After centrifugation in the
same conditions as previously described supernatant (Globulin) and a second
pellet (pellet 2) was obtained. Pellet 2 was dissolved in isopropanol 55%,
homogenized and centrifuged. New supernatant (prolamin) and a third pellet
(pellet 3) were collected. Acetic acid 0.2 N was added to pellet 3, homogenized
and centrifuged, to finally collect supernatant (glutelins) and residue.
The protein fraction concentration was determined according to
Bradford (1976) method based on the interaction between protein and Coomassie
Brillant Bleu G250 (CBBG-250) in acid conditions. An amount of 50 µl of
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A.. OUJI et al.
distilled water and 200 µl Coomassie Bleu Reagent were added to 50 µl of
protein extract. After colour stabilization for 5 min, the absorbance at 595 nm
was recorded. Protein sample Concentrations are determined in reference to a
range of standards based on Bovin Serum Albumin (BSA). Standard’s
concentration varies from 0 to 150 µg and prepared in the same operating
conditions as samples.
1.4. Statistical Analysis
Data were treated according to a factorial design with one factor
(population) and five replicates (grain). Analysis of variance was performed
using Statistica 5.0 software. Means were compared using LSD method at the
level of 5%.
Regression analysis for (a) protein content and 100-seed weight, and (b)
storage protein and 100-seed weight were performed. Also, correlations between
100-seed weight and the others traits, were determined using Xlstat 5.1 software.
In order to classify population and to show the most important traits to their
discrimination, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed.
2. RESULTS
The 100-seed weight, seed protein content and protein fractions of each faba
bean population are reported in Table 2.
Table 2. Means for 100 Seed weight, total protein content and
storage protein fractions *
Protein
content
100 seed Albuweight min
(g)
Globulin
Prolamin
Glutelin
Total
Storage
protein
Chahbi
Sup.aguad
Aguad
Batata
Chemlali
Badï
Masri
Bachaar
Malti
25.96b
25.36ab
24.22a
26.16b
28.16c
26.06b
25.88b
25.40ab
25.62b
141.90f
119.30d
131.67e
194.82g
112.48c
055.92a
057.64ab
061.54b
208.34h
08.94abc
10.16c
10.02c
07.62a
07.90ab
08.50abc
09.80c
10.04c
09.54bc
39.68ef
33.98ab
32.18a
43.42g
46.28h
41.14fg
38.66de
35.28bc
36.62cd
1.14c
1.06bc
0.94ab
1.60e
1.32d
1.04bc
0.84a
0.98abc
1.00abc
13.92c
09.62a
09.80a
15.64d
14.72cd
14.20c
13.64c
11.78b
12.00b
63.68c
54.82a
52.94a
68.28d
70.22d
64.88c
62.94c
58.08b
59.16b
Mean
Min
Max
Std Div.
C. V. (%)
25.87
24.22
28.16
01.04
04.02
120.40
055.92
208.34
056.44
46.87
09.17
07.62
10.16
00.97
10.57
38.58
32.18
46.28
04.57
11.84
1.10
0.84
1.60
0.23
20.90
12.81
09.62
15.64
02.14
16.70
61.67
52.94
70.22
05.86
15.64
*Expressed on dry matter basis (%) of the nine faba bean populations
Means showing different letters in a column are significantly different at p<0.05 according to LSD
method
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2.1 The 100-seed weight
Faba bean populations have been traditionally divided into V. faba
minor, V. faba equina and V. faba major on the basis of 100 seed weight. This
trait ranking from 55.9 to 208.3 g, showed the highest coefficient of variation
(46.9%), with a mean value of 120.4 g.
2.2 The total protein content
Among the nine populations evaluated in this study, the population
Chemlali showed the highest protein content (28.16%) while Aguadulce
population had the lowest content (24.22%). Protein mean content was 25.78 %
for minor type and 25.91% for major types. These results indicated the absence
of correlation between seed weight and protein content.
2.3 Storage protein
These fractions comprised albumin (8.5-10.16%), globulin (32.1846.28%), prolamin (0.84-1.60%) and glutelin (9.62-15.64%). Globulin fraction
was the highest followed respectively by glutelin, albumin, and prolamin. The
alcohol/water mixtures (prolamins) represented the lowest proportion (0.9-1.9%).
The water-soluble fraction (albumin) ranged between 8.8 and 12.9% whereas the
alkali fraction (glutelins) varied between 11.5 and 17.1%.
The crude protein contents of Batata, Chahbi, Super-aguadulce, Badï,
Masri, Bachaar and Malti were statistically similar. The local populations Batata
and Chemlali showed similar albumin and glutelin fractions and total storage
protein. They also showed the highest protein content. Population Batata had the
largest glutelin and prolamin fractions, whereas population Chemlali had the
largest globulin rate. The Super-aguadulce had the largest albumin fraction.
However, the populations Batata, Aguadulce, Masri and Super-Aguadulce
showed respectively the lowest fractions of albumin, globulin, prolamin and
glutelin. It is to notice that globulin and albumin rates are negatively correlated (r
= -0.93). Important variations between genotypes (populations) were observed
for storage protein fractions, total protein of the seed meal and 100-seed weight.
The smaller seeded populations appear to be most promising as far as some
combinations with a high but not the highest protein content are concerned.
For better characterization of the V. faba populations, relationships
among 100-seed weight and the other traits were considered. No correlation
between protein content and 100-seed weight was observed (r=-0.042).
Nevertheless, it may be noticed that protein content tends to be more variable for
intermediate values of 100-seed weight. Also, there is no correlation between
total storage protein and 100-seed weight. In addition we note a wide variation
for total storage protein between local population ‘Chemlali’ and commercial
varieties with similar seed weight (Chahbi, Aguadulce and Super-Aguadulce).
The simple correlation coefficients, among all studied parameters in this
work are listed in table 3. A high correlation between protein content and the
largest fraction of protein storage ‘globulin’ was obtained (r=0.91). However,
there was no correlation between 100-seed weight and globulin fraction
(r=0.052). Similarly, 100-seed weight was not correlated to total protein content
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(r=-0.042), glutelin (r=0.038), prolamin (r=0.511) and albumin (r=-0.27)
fractions.
Protein content and storage protein were strongly correlated (r=87%).
By contrast, albumin fraction was negatively correlated (r=-0.93, r=-0.84 and r=0.87) respectively with globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions. We noticed also
that glutelin was more correlated with globulin (r=0.92) than with prolamin
(r=0.61).
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between different characters
in 9 populations of faba bean
Character
100-seed
weight
Protein content
Protein
content
-0.04
p=0.91
Albumin Globulin
-0.27
p=0.49
0.05
p=0.89
0.51
p=0.16
0.04
p=0.92
Storage
protein
0.03
p=0.94
-0.73
p=0.02
0.91
p=0.01
0.53
p=0.15
0.72
p=0.03
0.87
p=0.002
-0.93
P<0.001
-0.84
p=0.004
-0.87
p=0.002
-0.91
p=0.001
0.69
p=0.04
0.92
P<0.001
0.61
p=0.08
0.97
P<0.001
Albumin
Globulin
Prolamin
Prolamin
Glutelin
0.66
p=0.05
0.97
P<0.001
Glutelin
2.4. Principal Component Analysis
In order to discriminate faba bean populations and to evaluate the effect
of seed weight on protein content variation, PCA was carried out. Results
showed that the two first axis explained the maximum variation (91.48%) with a
simple variation of 72.45% and 18.53% respectively for axis 1 and 2 (Table 4).
Consequently we had chosen them to discuss trait variations. Axis 1 associates
positively 100 seed weight and glutelin fraction. It also joins negatively albumin
and globulin fractions. As well, axis 2 associates positively prolamin fraction and
protein content. The last one was the most discriminate variable.
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Table 4. ACP axes given by the composition of 100-seed weight, protein content
and albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin fractions
of 9 populations of faba bean
Eigen value
Simple variation (%)
Cumulative variation (%)
Axis 1
05.106
72.945
72.945
Axis 2
01.297
18.530
91.475
Characters defining axis
Protein content
100-seed weight
Albumin
Globulin
Prolamin
Glutelin
0.080
0.381*
-0.426*
-0.436*
0.349
0.410*
0.828*
-0.235
-0.121
-0.131
0.431*
-0.134
*
:Value with bold characters are significant at 5%
Based on PCA analysis, we can allocate populations in three groups
(Figure 1). The first group includes minor types (Bachaar, Masri and Badï). The
second cluster gathers (Aguadulce and Super-aguadulce). The last group
assembles the two local populations (Chemlali and Batata) showing the highest
protein content.
Figure 1: Principal Components Analysis Scatter plot of the nine Faba bean
populations based on 100-seed weight, protein content and components
3. DISCUSSION
The importance of food and feed legumes worldwide is due mainly to
its high protein contents. In this study, the mean protein content is 25.9 % which
is similar to that mentioned by several authors (Nachi and Le Guen, 1996; El
Sayed et al., 1982).
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Globulin was the major fraction extracted (38.58%) which is in
accordance with a referent study made by El Khalifa et al. (1997) and showing
that the salt-soluble fraction (globulin) was the predominant, accounting for
31.8-43.5% of the total proteins.
Globulin and albumin rates are negatively correlated (r = -0.93) as was observed
by Hartmut (1981) in the genus Pisum, when legumin and vicilin were assumed
as one fraction (globulin fraction).
The protein content tends to be more variable for intermediate values of
100-seed weight. These results were in accordance with those obtained by
Bisignano et al. (2002) and Sammour et al. (2007) working on Lathyrus species.
Faba bean breeders targeted the selection of genotypes high in protein contents
and having high grain yield. Knowledge of the genetics concerning interesting
traits of species is important for breeding improvement. Whereas, a breeding
program, commonly, does not look for the genetic improvement of isolated traits,
but for the genetic improvement of a set of traits, since it is interesting for the
breeder to know how the intervention in one trait can cause alteration in others
(Vencovsky and Barriga, 1992).
Previous researchers working on different grain legume species have
found an absence or low negative association between protein content and seed
weight (Blixt, 1979; Katiyar and Sing, 1990; Lafiandra et al., 1981). This low
association call further research to determine exactly the genetic control of
protein content and seed weight correlation. The absence of correlation between
100 seed weight and protein content, in this study, supports the conclusion that
both traits are under independent genetic control, as already evidenced by
Katiyar and Singh (1990) and Granati et al. (2003) respectively on faba bean and
Lathyrus species. In the current study, high genetic variation was observed for
protein storage fractions, total protein content of the seed meal and 100-seed
weight. This indicated that improvement through simple selection for these traits
is possible. Thus, genotypes high in both/either protein content and/or 100-seed
weight may be useful parents in breeding improved genotypes. However, Plant
breeders, who are highly interested in improving both traits simultaneously,
should take care of the relationship between them.
CONCLUSION
The present research has shown that the genetic materials tested can
serve as good sources for protein and support any program to alleviate protein
deficiency, especially in the developing countries.
The globulin was the major fraction extracted, followed by glutelin,
albumin and prolamin.
Thus protein content seems to be independent of seed weight, but
populations with intermediate seed size type showed more variation for protein
content.
The absence of correlation supports the conclusion that both traits are
under independent genetic control. Thus, genotypes with high either protein
content and 100 seed weight or both may be useful parents in faba bean breeding
program.
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