Ch. 10, Sect 2 The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. Revolution in Cuba From 1868 the Cuban people had struggled for independence from Spain. U.S. Interest in Cuba: 1. Geographically – island is only 90 miles south of Florida 2. Economically – Cuba had productive sugar plantations which attracted U.S. business. 3. American sympathies – can relate to the idea of independence. By 1895, José Martí, poet and journalist, launches second revolution in Cuba. – He organized a guerrilla campaign to destroy American-owned sugar mills, plantations. – He wanted to provoke U.S. intervention to help rebels achieve Cuba Libre! War Fever Escalates Spain Takes Action • 1896, General Valeriano Weyler “The Butcher” sent to Cuba to restore order – Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps. Lacking proper sanitation, tens of thousands died. Headline Wars • Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions in circulation war • Yellow journalism — sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers – American press turns U.S. citizens against Spain William Randolph Hearst: NY Journal Joseph Pulitzer: NY World The de Lôme Letter • • Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba 1897 McKinley becomes President and wants to avoid war with Spain, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis de Lôme letters criticized Pres. McKinley calling him weak • Feb 9, 1898: – Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme private letters were published by the New York Journal. • Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry Enrique Dupuy de Lome The U.S.S. Maine Explodes (Feb. 15, 1898) • U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property – Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain • Over 260 American officers and crew were killed • “Remember the Maine! To War with Spain!” became the rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba. War with Spain Erupts President McKinley issues ultimatum to Spain in March 1898: 1. 2. 3. 4. Demanding an armistice in Cuba Negotiate peace with the Cubans Abolish the concentration camps Work towards granting Cuban independence The U.S. Declares War 1. Under public pressure, McKinley asks Congress to use force against Spain. 2. Regardless of Spain agreeing to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war 3. U.S. declares war April 20,1898 The Outbreak of War in the Philippines • First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines – Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor, sinking all 10 ships • Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey and successfully ousted Spanish rule. – August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. The War in the Caribbean • U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor – Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers • volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied Rough Riders • Rough Riders — Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry • Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill. – Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle • U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after Result of the War with Spain 1. 12 weeks of actual fighting, the war was over. After Secretary of State, John Hay, called it “a splendid little war.” 2. Human Cost: about 300,000 soldiers served; less than 400 were killed at battle, but over 5,400 died from disease (unsanitary conditions led to typhoid); prepared, ill-supplied ill- 3. Treaty of Paris - Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 12,1898 • Result: 1. Cuba gains independence from Spain 2. U.S. acquires Guam and Puerto Rico 3. U.S. pays $20 million for Philippines “W-A-R” Aftermath of the Spanish-American War Chart Directions: Recreate the chart on the Left-Side and use Ch. 10, sect 3 (pg352) [375] to fill-in the boxes. What we told them? Puerto Rico Cuba What actions did we take? (acts, policies, court cases) • Foraker Act •Insular Case - •Teller Amend - •Platt Amend - The Philippines China •Open Door Notes/Policy - Reactions – What was the outcome?
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