Emergency Management 101
What Every School District
Needs to Know
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EM 101 Overview
• The four phases of emergency management:
prevention-mitigation, preparedness, response,
and recovery; and how they apply to schools.
• School emergency plan development
considerations.
• The response continuum: making plans
scalable.
• Standard response actions: evacuation;
lockdown; and shelter-in-place.
• After-action debriefing.
• Questions
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EM 101 Key Messages
• Plans are meaningless, planning is everything;
Schools should understand the need for
collaborative pre-incident planning which
considers all hazards, and the need for
partnership development prior to an incident
occurring.
• Schools should have an emergency team
organized in accordance with Incident Command
System principles and be prepared to engage in
unified command processes.
• Schools should develop standard emergency
response procedures and those procedures
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should be practiced regularly.
EM 101 Key Messages
• Schools should have the necessary equipment
on hand to carry out standard emergency
procedures.
• If you do not have good communication, you will
not have command and control of an emergency
situation. Schools need to have adequate
means of rapid communication, striving for
interoperability with public safety.
• Recovery is facilitated by how well schools plan
for and respond to an emergency.
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EM 101 Key Messages
• Recovery begins with an effective After-Action
Assessment.
• Recovery plans must address these issues:
–
–
–
–
Physical and Structural
Business and Fiscal
Academic
Psychological and Emotional
• Recovery should be scalable, as to both the
incident and the individual.
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Organizational Approach to Crisis and
Emergency Management
City, County, State or National
Emergency Response
Plans
District Emergency
Operations Plan
Most emergencies or safety
incidents occur and are
managed effectively
at the school site.
School
Emergency
Plan
Some emergencies
are beyond the
scope of schools to
manage
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Suggested Definitions
Crisis:
Any event that results in the
implementation of the school’s crisis
team and crisis plan, including, but not
limited to a student or staff death, high
profile arrest of a student or staff
member or incident of national
significance such as terrorism or war.
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Suggested Definitions
School or District Emergency
Any event that results in the implementation of one
or more of the standard emergency response
procedures and should result in the activation
of the school or district Incident Command
Structure and team.
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Suggested Definitions
School Safety Incident
Any event that is out of the ordinary and requires
police, fire or emergency medical services
response.
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Prevention-Mitigation
PreventionMitigation
Preparedness
Recovery
Response
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Prevention-Mitigation
• The Prevention-Mitigation phase
identifies hazards to the school from all
potential sources (all-hazards planning),
and implements actions to:
• (1) reduce the likelihood of an
emergency
• (2) lessen the impact of an emergency
situation.
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Prevention-Mitigation
In the prevention-mitigation phase, a risk
assessment systematically lists potential
hazards and rates them relative to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Frequency
Warning time
Severity
Priority for mitigation efforts or response
planning
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Prevention-Mitigation:
Identification of Natural Hazards
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Prevention-Mitigation:
Hazards from Wild Animals
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Prevention-Mitigation:
Identification of Man-Made Hazards
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Preparedness
PreventionMitigation
Recovery
Preparedness
Response
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Preparedness
The preparedness phase involves:
1. Organization of response teams using the
Incident Command System.
2. Establishing Command Post locations and
communication lines.
3. Establishing standard emergency response
procedures.
4. Pre-assembly of equipment for emergencies,
and identification of special needs.
5. Regular intentional training, practice and
drills.
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Incident Command System
ICS Principles:
• Uses common terminology
• Scalable depending on need
• One incident commander:
• Responsibility determined in advance
• No one reports to more than one
person
• Span of supervisory control does not
exceed 3-7 subordinates
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Incident Command System
• Common terminology:
– Ability to communicate in a crisis is essential
– ICS requires use of common terminology including
standard titles for facilities and positions
– ICS uses plain English, not codes
– Example:
• Uncommon Terminology:
“Teachers and students, proceed to Code
Yellow”
• Common Terminology:
“Teachers and students, we are going to
secure the building, please curtail all outdoor
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activities”
Incident Command System
Multiple Levels of Activation
National Response Plan
State Emergency Plan
City/County Emergency Plan
School District Emergency Plan
Most emergencies are
handled at the school site
with police and perhaps some
assistance from the district.
School Site Plan
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Incident Command System
• ICS Roles:
– Incident Commander
– Incident Command Staff:
• Public Information Officer (PIO)
• Safety Officer
• Liaison Officer
– General Staff:
•
•
•
•
Operations Section
Planning Section
Logistics Section
Finance/Administration Section
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Incident Command at a School
Incident Commander
(Principal/Designee)
In charge of overall
management of an emergency
situation
Public Information Officer
All media releases coordinated
here. Support usually provided
by the District
Safety Officer
Ensures that all actions are
done safely. May be the school
security staff, SRO or a
designated staff member
Liaison Officer
Assists responding agencies
from outside the school
with information
Operations
Responsible for care of students
and carrying out standard and
specific procedures and
protocols
Logistics
Responsible for securing and
providing needed materials,
resources, services and
personnel
Planning
Collects and evaluates
information as related to the
development of an incident, and
status of resources
Finance/Administration
Tracks incident costs for
reimbursement accounting.
Important in tracking costs
where a state or federal
"disaster area" may be declared
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Incident Command System
Sample School/School District
Incident Command System Organization
Incident Commander
Public Information Officer
Operations
Logistics
Safety Officer
Planning
Finance/Administration
Student Supervision
Food Services
Next Steps Planning
Risk and Claims
Health Services/First Aid
Transportation
Documentation/Recorder
Personnel
Crisis or Trauma Recovery
Facility and Materials
Legal
Student/Parent Reunification
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Unified Command for a
School Crisis or Emergency
School
Incident Commander
(Principal)
School District
Incident Commander
(Security Director)
Public
Information
Officer
School Site
Crisis/Emergency
Response Team
(CERT)
County/City
Incident Commander
(Police/Fire)
Public
Information
Officer
District
Emergency Operations
Committee (EOC)
City/County
Incident Management
Team (IMT)
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Incident Command System
•
Establishing an Incident
Command System:
– Assess staff skills
– Create lines of
succession/backups for all
key positions
– Identify key roles to be
carried out
– Identify staff for ICS team
to address each key
function
– Coordinate with community
partners to identify roles
and lines of responsibility in
the event of an emergency
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Response
PreventionMitigation
Preparedness
Recovery
Response
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Standard Emergency
Response Procedures
• Standard emergency response
procedures are a set of standard,
clear actions that may be
implemented by school officials
across a variety of emergency
situations.
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Standard Emergency
Response Procedures
• School site staff are empowered to
implement any of the procedures based
upon what the principal or school
incident commander knows about the
emergency at the time.
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Standard Response
Procedures
• There are
generally six
standard
emergency
response utilized
in response to
emergencies.
•
•
•
•
Shelter-in-Place*
Lockdown*
Evacuation*
Reverse
Evacuation
• Secure Building
• Drop, cover and
hold
*Minimum Requirements
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Standard Emergency
Response Procedures
• The direction to implement Standard Response
Procedures must be done with a clear, simple
method of communication. No code words.
• Implementation of standard emergency
response procedures include a process for
accounting for students and staff and a
reunification process.
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Standard Response Procedures
Shelter in Place
This action involves sheltering
students from lightning, hazardous
air or other conditions. It will
typically involve a secure building
status. It may include shutdown of
air handling units.
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Standard Response Procedures
Lockdown
This action involves rapid protection
of students and staff behind locked
doors. Examples might include an
armed intruder or suspicious person.
1. LIGHTS
2. LOCKS
3. OUT OF SIGHT
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Standard Response Procedures
Evacuation
This action takes place when the
school building is not safe.
Examples include fire, structural failure
or hazardous materials incidents.
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Standard Emergency Response
Procedures- Levels of Protection
Protection
Lockdown
Maximum
Shelter-in-place
Weather Shelter
Medium
Secure Building
Normal
Evacuation
Daily Operations
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Reunification
and Student Accounting
While not a standard emergency
response, reunification and student
accounting considerations are
required as a follow-on for most
standard emergency response
procedures.
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Typical Reunification Plan
Command
Post
Reunion
Area
Security
Gate
Security
Parent
Check-in
Student
Assembly
Area
School Building
No line of sight
Treatment/
Triage
No line of sight
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Four Phases of Emergency Management
Recovery
PreventionMitigation
Preparation
Recovery
Response
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Recovery
• The goal of recovery is to return to
learning and restore the infrastructure
of the school as quickly as possible.
• It is important that the school environment
is caring and supportive.
• Each crisis is unique and we learn from
each response.
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Recovery
Recovery also involves capturing and
applying lessons learned so they may be
incorporated into plans and improve
response. After-action reports are critical to
this effort.
• Critique of what was done and what could be
done better.
• Corrective Actions based upon the critique.
• Closure of the incident and moving to the
“new normal.”
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Recovery
Four Key Components
• Physical/structural recovery
• Business recovery
• Restoration of academic learning
• Psychological/emotional recovery
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Summary
Four Phases of Emergency Management
• Prevention-Mitigation: Identify and address
potential hazards.
• Preparedness: development scalable plans
for a variety of incidents, create partnerships.
• Response: Continuum, Standard response
actions
• Recovery- includes After-action debriefing of
lessons learned.
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Thank you!
Questions?
[email protected]
719-234-1300
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