),/2/2*,-$
,661;
81'(567$1',1*6/$1*,175$16/$7,21
-2/$17$/Ơ*$8'$,7Ơ
9\WDXWR'LGåLRMR8QLYHUVLWHWDV
MOHJDXGDLWH#KPIYGXOW
.H\ZRUGVVODQJSKHQRPHQRQVRIWHQLQJVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQGLUHFWWUDQV
0\LQWHUHVWLQWKHWRSLFZDVSDUWLFXODUO\VWLPXODWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHWUDQVOD
WLRQRIVODQJFDXVHVSUREOHPVIRUWKHWUDQVODWRUEHFDXVHWKLVSKHQRPHQRQFDQQRW
EHWUDQVODWHGZRUGE\ZRUGEXWWKHHTXLYDOHQWLQPHDQLQJVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGLQWKH
WDUJHWODQJXDJH6RZKDWLVVODQJ"'XHWRWKHSDLQIXOH[SHULHQFHLQWKHSDVWZKLFK
FRXOGKDYHOHGWRWKHORVVRIWKHODQJXDJH/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWVDQGOLQJXLVWLFDVVR
FLDWLRQVDUHYHU\ZRUULHGDERXWWKHSXULW\RIWKHODQJXDJH7KXVOLQJXLVWVSUHIHUGLV
FXVVLQJKRZSHRSOHVKRXOGXVHODQJXDJHWRGHVFULELQJKRZWKH\XVHLWLQHYHU\GD\
OLIH(YHU\QRQWUDGLWLRQDOYDULHW\RIWKHODQJXDJHKDVEHHQFULWLFLVHGDQGUHJDUGHG
DVWDUQLVKHGVSHHFKGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHODQJXDJHVWDQGDUGV.QLnjNãWD&RQ
VHTXHQWO\VODQJKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDVVRPHWKLQJWDNHQIURPWKHGXPSRIODQJXDJH
3LNþLOLQJLV1HYHUWKHOHVVVRPH/LWKXDQLDQVFKRODUVGRKDYHSRVLWLYHYLHZV
RQWKHXVHRIVODQJ-DNDLWLHQơDQG9RVLO\WơIRULQVWDQFHGHVF
ULEHVODQJDVHPRWLYHH[SUHVVLYHDQGFRORXUIXOWKRXJKGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHVWDQGDUG
ODQJXDJHDQG3LNþLOLQJLVVWDWHVWKDWXVLQJVODQJLVVKRZLQJSUHIHUHQFH
IRUWKHZRUGVWKDWH[SUHVVGLVWLQFWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVXEMHFWLYHHYDOXDWLRQ7KXV
WRXQGHUVWDQGVODQJDQGLWVRULJLQV,ZLOOUHIHUWR(QJOLVKVFKRODUV7KHZRUGVODQJ
LVRIXQFHUWDLQRULJLQ$VIDUDVWKHHW\PRORJ\LVFRQFHUQHGLWV¿UVWRFFXUUHQFHLV
GDWHGLQ7KH 2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\ZKHUHLWLVGH¿QHGDVµWKHVSHFLDOYR
FDEXODU\XVHGE\DQ\VHWRISHUVRQVRIDORZRUGLVUHSXWDEOHFKDUDFWHUODQJXDJHRI
DORZDQGYXOJDUW\SH¶EXWLWVXOWLPDWHVRXUFHUHPDLQVXQNQRZQ92/;
7KHPHDQLQJRIVODQJZDVPXFKFOHDUHULQWKHROGWLPHVZKHQLWZDVµXVHGE\
%ULWLVKFULPLQDOVWRUHIHUWRWKHLURZQVSHFLDOODQJXDJH¶$QGHUVVRQ7UXGJLOO
/DWHUVODQJJUDGXDOO\DFTXLUHGWKHIHDWXUHVRIVXEFXOWXUDOVSHHFK$OOHQ
7RGD\WKHUHLVQRFOHDUGH¿QLWLRQRIVODQJWREHGHWHFWHGHLWKHULQWKHGLFWLRQDULHVRU
WKHOLWHUDWXUH(YHU\HIIRUWWRGH¿QHVODQJDVDNLQGRIYRFDEXODU\KDVIDLOHG'LFWLRQD
ULHVGHVFULEHVODQJE\LWVLQIRUPDOLW\PHWDSKRUVSOD\IXOQHVVDQGXQFRQYHQWLRQDOLW\
6ODQJLVDSODFHIRUFKHHN\QHZZRUGVDQGSKUDVHV6ODQJZRUGVPD\HQWHUVWDQGDUG
XVDJHHJ(QJOLVKmoviesIULGJHFUD]\PDWKV RUUHPDLQVODQJIRU\HDUVHJ/LW
KXDQLDQãXOơµVFKRRO¶NOLIDµVXSHUYLVRU¶fuksasµ¿UVW\HDUVWXGHQW¶mokaµWHDFKHU¶
91
Filologija 2010 (15)
IHUV
Filologija 2010 (15)
NDEDNDVµFDIH¶DQG(QJOLVK±superGDJRODJODP6RPHRIWKHVHZRUGVMXVWFLUFX
ODWHIRUDZKLOHDQGZKHQWKH\DUHIRXQGUHGXQGDQWJREDFNWRWKHLUVXEFXOWXUDO
RULJLQVZKLOHRWKHUVGLVDSSHDU
,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWVODQJWHUPVH[LVWRQDFRQWLQXXPDQGWKDWRQHSHUVRQ¶VVODQJ
PD\EHDQRWKHUSHUVRQ¶VFROORTXLDOOH[LFDOLWHP7KXVWKHLQWHUVSHUVHEHWZHHQVODQJ
DQGFROORTXLDOZRUGVLVYHU\FORVH(EOHGHVFULEHVVODQJDVµDQHYHUFKDQJLQJVHWRI
FROORTXLDOZRUGVDQGSKUDVHV¶EXWWKRXJKFROORTXLDOWHUPVWHQGWRVKDUH
LQIRUPDOLW\ZLWKVODQJWKH\DUHQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKJURXSLGHQWLW\1RUPDOO\VODQJ
LWHPVDUHVKRUWOLYHGSDUWLFXODUO\WKHRQHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSHHUJURXSV,WLVµWKDW
SRUWLRQRIWKHYRFDEXODU\ZKLFKFKDQJHVPRVWIUHHO\¶*OHDVRQ7KH\ORVH
WKHLUFRQQRWDWLRQVRIVODQJLQHVVLIWKH\KDYHEHHQLQXVHIRUVRPHWLPHZKLOHRWKHUV
YDQLVKHQWLUHO\2WKHUVODQJZRUGVVKRZQRVLJQVRIIDGLQJ$VDUHVXOWWKH\HQWHU
WKHOH[LFDOVWRFNRIPDLQVWUHDP(QJOLVKDQGSXWSUHVVXUHRQVXEJURXSPHPEHUVWR
LQYHQWDQHZFRGH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSUHVHQWHGDERYHVODQJLVDQRQ
VWDQGDUGYDULHW\ZLWKWKHSRZHUWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHIHHOLQJRIWRJHWKHUQHVVEHWZHHQ
VSHDNHUV
7KHGLVFXVVLRQVRIDUVKRZVWKDWVODQJLVDYDULHW\RIODQJXDJHZKLFKLVXVHGIRU
VRFLDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOSXUSRVHVWRRSSRVHSOD\RUJHQWO\WHDVHµSURSHU¶VRFLHW\
DQGLWVVWDQGDUGOLQJXLVWLFIRUPV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVQRVWDQGDUGWHVWWKDWZLOOGHFLGH
ZKDWVODQJLVDQGZKDWLWLVQRWDQG6SHDUVJRHVDVIDUDVVD\LQJWKDW¶H[SUHVVLRQV
WKDWDUHLGHQWL¿HGDVVODQJDUHVRPHWLPHVOLWWOHPRUHWKDQHQWHUWDLQLQJZRUGSOD\DQG
PXFKVODQJLVOLWWOHPRUHWKDQDQHQWHUWDLQLQJDOWHUQDWLYHZD\RIVD\LQJVRPHWKLQJ¶
LLL0RVWSHRSOHUHFRJQLVHVODQJZKHQWKH\KHDULWRUVHHLWZULWWHQEXWWKH
GH¿QLWLRQRIVODQJDQGZKLFKWHUPVVKRXOGRUVKRXOGQRWEHLQFOXGHGFRQWLQXHVWREH
WKHVXEMHFWRIGHEDWH$VZHKDYHVHHQSDUWRIWKHSUREOHPZLWKGH¿QLQJVODQJLVWKDW
WKHWHUPLVEDVHGRQDVHWRIFKDUDFWHULVWLFV$QGHUVVRQ7UXGJLOOFKDUDFWHUL
VHVODQJDVDUHODWLYHFRQFHSWZKLFKPRYHVIURPVODQJLQWRQHXWUDODQGHYHQIRUPDO
ODQJXDJH7KLVHQDEOHVVODQJWRFKDQJHDQGYDU\QRWRQO\IURPSODFHWRSODFHEXW
IURPGLDOHFWWRGLDOHFW$VVODQJLVW\SLFDORILQIRUPDOVLWXDWLRQVZKLFKDUHQRW¿[HG
DQGFKDQJHWKURXJKWLPHDQGSODFHLWLVW\SLFDORIVSRNHQODQJXDJH6ODQJLVDKLJKO\
LQIRUPDOUHJLVWHURIVSHHFKZKLFKGLIIHUVIURPVWDQGDUGXVDJHDQGVKDUHVERXQGDULHV
ZLWKRWKHULQIRUPDOOHYHOVRIYRFDEXODU\³6ODQJLVDVW\OHFDWHJRU\ZLWKLQWKHODQJXD
JHZKLFKRFFXSLHVDQH[WUHPHSRVLWLRQRQWKHVSHFWUXPRIIRUPDOLW\´7KRUQH
%XWLWLVDQH[WUHPHO\VOLSSHU\FRQFHSWDQGWKHLGHDRIµSRSXODUVSHHFK¶RIIHUHG
E\$OOHQYLDDEURDGHUFRQFHSWWKDWLQFOXGHVVODQJLVSUHIHUUHGE\PDQ\OLQ
JXLVWVµ3RSXODUVSHHFK¶LVWREHXQGHUVWRRGDVZRUGVDQGSKUDVHVWKDWDUH
EHORZWKHOHYHORIVWDQGDUGDQGIRUPDOVSHHFKUHODWHGWRVWUHHWVSHHFK$OOHQSRLQWV
RXWWKDWµVODQJLVSDUWRIWKHOLIHRIPRGHUQFLWLHVRUPRUHFRUUHFWO\WRGD\RIPRGHUQ
VRFLHW\LQJHQHUDO¶7KLVHPSKDVLVHVWKDWVODQJLVVRFLDOUDWKHUWKDQDOLQJXLV
WLFWHUPDQGLVXVHGWRPDUNVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHV
6LQFHVODQJLVDSV\FKRVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOSKHQRPHQRQWKHPDLQSUREOHPVRI
VODQJWUDQVODWLRQDULVHEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQODQJXDJHV\VWHPVDQGFXOWXUHV
:KDWLVPRUHWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJ LVLQÀXHQFHGE\VXFKIDFWRUVDVWKHGLIIHUHQFH
92
93
Filologija 2010 (15)
LQWKHZULWLQJWUDGLWLRQVRIFXOWXUHVDQGWKHUROHRIFHQVRUVKLS$FFRUGLQJWR1LGD
WKH WUDQVODWLRQ PLJKW EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH OLQJXLVWLF DQG FXOWXUDO GLVWDQFH
WKDWRFFXUVEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHZD\WKHPHVVDJHLVH[SUHVVHG:KHQFXO
WXUHVDQGODQJXDJHVDUHFORVHO\UHODWHGWKHWUDQVODWRUIDFHVPLQRUSUREOHPVGXULQJ
WKHWUDQVODWLRQSURFHVV+RZHYHUZKHQFXOWXUHVDUHSDUDOOHOEXWODQJXDJHVGLYHUJH
WKHWUDQVODWLRQSURFHVVEHFRPHVVXI¿FLHQWO\FRPSOLFDWHG7KXVZKHQWKHGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQODQJXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHVDUHH[WUHPHO\JUHDWWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGEHUHDG\WR
SHUIRUPYDULRXVVKLIWVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVRIWUDQVODWLRQDVZHOODVWRFKRRVHWKHULJKW
WUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\,ZRXOGOLNHWRDGPLWWKDWWKHFKRLFHRIDWUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\DOVR
VKRZVWKHNLQGRIWKHVRFLHW\WKHWUDQVODWRUEHORQJVWR1LGDVWDWHVWKDW³GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQODQJXDJHVFDXVHPDQ\PRUHVHYHUHFRPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHWUDQVODWRUWKDQGR
GLIIHUHQFHVLQODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUH´7KHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGEHDZDUHWKDW
KLVKHUWUDQVODWLRQFRUUHVSRQGVWRFHUWDLQFXOWXUHUHDGHUVKLSDQGFRQYH\VWKHSURSHU
PHDQLQJ7KHJUHDWDWWHQWLRQVKRXOGEHDOVRSDLGWRWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVHQVLWLYHWH[WV
VLQFHLWLVFXOWXUHWKDWGHWHUPLQHV LIDWH[WLVVHQVLWLYH7KXVWKHWH[WZKLFKLVDFFHS
WDEOHE\DVRXUFHDXGLHQFHZKHQWUDQVODWHGLQWRDQRWKHUODQJXDJHPD\EHXQDFFHSWDE
OHWRWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHUHDGHUEHFDXVHRIGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDOQRUPVGLIIHUHQWVRFLDO
UHDOLW\DQGGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJH6DSLUFODLPHGWKDW³WKHQHWZRUNRIFXOWXUDOSDWWHUQVRI
FLYLOL]DWLRQLVLQGH[HGLQWKHODQJXDJHZKLFKH[SUHVVHVWKDWFLYLOL]DWLRQ/DQJXDJH
LVDJXLGHWRµVRFLDOUHDOLW\¶´6DSLULQ/XQJ,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWK/XQJ
WUDQVODWRUVVKRXOGEHFRQVFLRXVDERXWWKHFXOWXUDOYDOXHVHQFRPSDVVHGLQODQJXDJH
FXOWXUHV+RZHYHU-RKQ6FKPLW]EHOLHYHVWKDW³WUDQVODWRUVKDYHQRULJKWWRLPSURYH
WKHRULJLQDO´DQGWKH\³VKRXOGEHIDLWKIXOWRWKHYXOJDULW\DQGFUXGLW\RIWKHRULJLQDO´
6FKPLW]LQ/XQJ
7KHFRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHODQJXDJHXVDJHERWKVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQLVVWULFWO\FRQWURO
OHGE\FHQVRUVKLS$FFRUGLQJWR$OODQWKHPDLQSXUSRVHRIWKHODQJXDJHFHQVRULQJLV
WRSURWHFWWKHUHDGHUIURPWKHPRUDOKDUPDVZHOODVWRSUHVHUYHWKHODQJXDJHSXULW\
7KHFHQVRUVKLSRIVODQJLVQRWVRVWULFWDQGWKHXVHRIVODQJRQVRPHRFFDVLRQVLV
WUHDWHGDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHRIWKHODQJXDJH&ULVDIXOOLVWDWHVWKDWWKHLQIRUPDONLQG
RIODQJXDJHVXFKDVVODQJZRUGV³PD\KDYHERWKDSURSRVLWLRQDOPHDQLQJUHODWLQJ
WRWKHPHVVDJHFRQYH\HGDQGDQH[SUHVVLYHRQHZKLFKUHYHDOVWKHDWWLWXGHRIWKH
VSHDNHUZULWHU´7KHUHDUHVHYHUDORSLQLRQVDERXWWKHXVHRIVODQJLQOLWH
UDWXUHVRPHOLQJXLVWVYLHZVODQJDVDQLQDSSURSULDWHNLQGRIODQJXDJHWKDWVKRXOGEH
DYRLGHGEHFDXVHRILWVQHJDWLYHHIIHFWRWKHUVGHVFULEHVODQJZRUGVDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYL
FHZKLFKKHOSVWRFUHDWHWKHDWPRVSKHUHRIWKHWH[WPDNLQJWKHWRQHRIWKHWH[WPRUH
VSHFL¿FH[SUHVVLYHDQGHYHQOLYHO\+RZHYHUZHVKRXOGDGPLWWKDWWKHPHDQLQJRI
VODQJZRUGVLVRIWHQVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWLQWKHODQJXDJHDQGLWLVKDUGWR¿QGWKHHTXL
YDOHQWRILWLQWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH7/QHYHUWKHOHVVVODQJVKRXOGEHWUDQVODWHGLQWR
WKH7/GLUHFWO\RURWKHUDSSURSULDWHOLQJXLVWLFLWHPVKRXOGEHFKRVHQWRSUHVHUYHWKH
VW\OHRIWKHVRXUFHWH[W67 7KXVWKHWUDQVODWRUPXVWKDYHDJRRGSHUFHSWLRQRIWKH
ODQJXDJHLQZKLFKVKHWUDQVODWHVWKHWH[WDQGEHDFTXDLQWHGZLWKFXOWXUDOSHFXOLDULWLHV
WKDWDUHUHODWHGWRWKHWH[W7KHDSSURSULDWHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGVRIWHQFKRVHQWRVROYH
WKHSUREOHPVWKDWDULVHZKHQWUDQVODWLQJVODQJDUHVRIWHQLQJVW\OLVWLF compensation
DQGGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV
Filologija 2010 (15)
0HWKRGRIVRIWHQLQJLVFORVHO\UHODWHGWRG\QDPLFHTXLYDOHQFHDQGLVIRFXVHGRQ
WKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHWDUJHWWH[W77UHDGHUKRZVKHZRXOGXQGHUVWDQGWKHWUDQVIHU
UHGPHVVDJH,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH77VKRXOGEHIRUPXODWHGLQVXFKD
ZD\WKDWLWZRXOGVRXQGQDWXUDOIRUWKHUHDGHU6SHFLDODWWHQWLRQPXVWEHSDLGWRWKH
WUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJZRUGVDWWKHVHPDQWLFOHYHOZKHUHSUREOHPVDUHFDXVHGE\VXFK
DSKHQRPHQRQDVVODQJ$SDUWIURPWKLVWKHXVHRIVODQJLQWKHWH[WPLJKWQRWIXO¿O
WKHH[SHFWDWLRQVRIWKH77UHDGHUVDQGFRXOGVRXQGXQQDWXUDORUUXGHWRWKHP7KH
RPLVVLRQRIVODQJ ZRUGV LVQHFHVVDU\LQDFHUWDLQW\SHRIGLVFRXUVHEXWLIWKHGHJUHH
RIRPLWWHGRUVRIWHQHGVODQJLVWRRKLJKLQWKH77WKHVW\OHRIWKHWH[WLVGLVWRUWHG
7KXVWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGEHDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVW\OLVWLFVWDQGDUGVIRUYDULRXV
W\SHVRIWH[WVGLIIHUDFURVVWKHODQJXDJHV7KHSXUSRVHRIVRIWHQLQJHIIHFWLVWRVRIWHQ
WKHUXGHQHVVDQGYXOJDULW\RIVODQJZKHQLWFDUULHVQHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQVRULWVXVDJH
LVLQDSSURSULDWHLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKHRWKHUZRUGZLWKWKHSURSHUPH
DQLQJLVFKRVHQ6XFKPHWKRGLV³DIDLUO\W\SLFDODWWHPSWWRDFFRPPRGDWHVODQJWR
YDU\OLWHUDU\ODQJXDJHZKLFKPD\DOORZQDWLYHRULJLQVODQJXQLWV´=DXEHUJD
7KHH[DPSOHVWRLOOXVWUDWHVODQJWUDQVODWLRQIURP(QJOLVKLQWR/LWKXDQLDQDUH
WDNHQIURP7RQ\3DUVRQ0DQDQG:LIH WUDQVODWHG E\'=DLNDXVNLHQơ ,UYLQH
:HOVK 7UDLQVSRWWLQJ WUDQVODWHG E\ ' 6WDþLRNDV DQG 0HOYLQ %XUJHVV -XQN
WUDQVODWHG E\$3DWLRPNLQDV&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV
6RXUFH7H[W
>@$QGGRQ¶WVWDUWWHOOLQJP\EORNHKH¶VPHVVLQJ
DURXQGZLWKP\EHVWIULHQGRND\0LVWHU0DQ"
>@$IWHUDELWWKHSLJVJRWERUHGRUWKH\GHFLGHG
ZH¶GOHJJHGLW
>@7KHODVWWKLQJWKLVFRSSHUZDQWHGZDVWRWXUQ
XSDWWKHVWDWLRQZLWKDNLQGRQDFKDUJHRIQLF
NLQJIURPVNLSV
>@$OZD\VWU\LQJWRPDNHVXUH-HUU\HDWVKLVYHJ
JLHV
>@,OLNHWREUHDWKHLQDOLWWOHVPDFN
>@,¶GKDGDOLWWOHGDERXWRIP\SDFNHWHDUOLHU
>@,¶PFRPLQJGRZQ,¶PGRLQJ FROGWXUNH\
>@,WRRNDVZLJRIP\GULQNDQG,WKRXJKW6KLW
>@,¶YHEHHQDOLWWOHSURVVLHIRUDKDOIDQKRXU
>@:KLWWKHIXFNKDSSHQHG
@%HWWHUJHDUXVXDOO\
>@,NQRZWKDWZLWKWKLQJVWKH\DUHEHWZHHQXV
VRRQHU RU ODWHU \RX¶UH JRLQJ WR PHHW VRPH OLWWOH
IXFNEXGG\
>>@<RX¶UHJRLQJWRJHWEXWWIXFNHGE\IDWH
>@<RXFDQ¶WPDNHDQRPHOHWWHE\NHHSLQJ\RXU
GLFNLQ\RXUWURXVHUV
7DUJHW7H[W
>@,UQHSUDGơNLWSDLVW\WLMRJPDQRvaikinasNDå
Ną LãGDULQơMD VX PDQR JHULDXVLD GUDXJH VXWD
ULDPSRQHäPRJDX"
>@3RNXULRODLNRIDUDPVDWVLERGR2JDOMLHQX
VSUHQGơNDGpasprukom
>@3ROLFLQLQNDVWLNUDLQHWXUơMRGLGHOLRQRURYHVWLV
ƳQXRYDGąYDLNơ]RDSNDODWLQWRYDJ\VWHLããLXNãOLǐ
NRQWHLQHULR
>@-LYLVDGDWLNULQDDU'åHULVYDOJRGDUåRYHV
>@0ơJVWXNYơSWHOWLKHURLQR
>@.LHNDQNVþLDXWUXSXWƳSDơPLDXLãVDYRMRSD
NHOLR
>@0DQEORJDQHEHJDOLXLãWYHUWL
>@6ULnjEWHOơMDXLãVWLNOLQơVânjGDVSDJDOYRMDX
>@3XVYDODQGƳEXYDXVPXONLDprostitute
>@3RJDODLVNDVDWVLWLNR
>@3DSUDVWDLGơOJHUHVQơVSUHNơVNRN\EơV
>@ äLQDX NDG NDL PnjVǐ WRNLH VDQWXNLDL DQNV
þLDXDUYơOLDXVXVLUDVLNRNLąPHUJXåơOĊ
>@6XNXUWDVWDLSNDGOLNLPDVWDYHVXODPG\Wǐ
>@7XQHQXODLNDLVDYRJDLGåLXNRNHOQơVHQHWRP
OHWąNHSGDPDV
7KHH[DPSOHVDERYHFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHVRIWHQLQJHIIHFWZDVHPSOR\HG
WRQHXWUDOL]HVODQJZRUGVDQGH[SUHVVLRQVLQWKH67IRUWKHUHDVRQWRFRQIRUPZLWK
WKHUXOHVRIZULWLQJLQWKH777KLVWUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\LVSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXOLQWKH
WUDQVODWLRQRIGLUW\VODQJZRUGVGHQRWLQJVH[DQGVZHDULQJVLQFHWKH\DUHHVSHFLDOO\
FHQVRUHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQVRIWKH7/)XUWKHUPRUHVODQJ LWHPVZHUHUHSODFHGE\
DSSURSULDWHVWDQGDUGZRUGV ZLWKWKHSXUSRVHWRDYRLGWKHRYHUXVDJHRIVODQJLQWKH
ODQJXDJHDQGNHHSWRWKHOLWHUDU\QRUPVRIWKH7/ 7KHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJLVJUHDW
O\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHFRPPRQYLHZKHOGE\PDQ\OLQJXLVWVLQ/LWKXDQLDWKDWVODQJ
VKRXOGEHDYRLGHGLQWKHOLWHUDU\WH[WDQGRQO\LQYHU\IHZFDVHVVODQJ\H[SUHVVLRQV
PD\DSSHDULQWKHWH[WDVVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHV
$FFRUGLQJWR+DUYH\6W\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQLVDWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGWKDWLVGH¿
QHGDV³DWHFKQLTXHZKLFKLQYROYHVPDNLQJXSRUWKHORVVRIDVRXUFHWH[WHIIHFWE\
UHFUHDWLQJDVLPLODUHIIHFWLQWKHWDUJHWWH[WWKURXJKWKHPHDQVWKDWDUHVSHFL¿FWRWKH
WDUJHWODQJXDJHDQGRUWH[W´+DUYH\%\WKHXVHRIVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQ
PHWKRGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRXVHVODQJLQWKH77DQGDFKLHYHVLPLODUHIIHFWWRWKH67EXWLI
LWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRGRWKHWUDQVODWRUFDQFKRRVHRWKHURSWLRQVWKDWDUHRIIHUHGE\WKLV
WUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\8VXDOO\WKLVWHFKQLTXHLVXVHGWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPRIWKHWUDQ
VODWLRQORVVDQGWU\WRDFKLHYHWKHHIIHFWRIWKHWDUJHWWH[WWKDWLVVLPLODUWRWKHVRXUFH
WH[W6W\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQPHWKRGKHOSVWRVROYHWKHODQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHVSHFL¿F
SUREOHPVWKDWRFFXULQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJEXWWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGGHFLGHZKHW
KHULWLVZRUWKWRWUDQVODWHDFHUWDLQOLQJXLVWLFLWHPDQGVKHVKRXOGWU\WRNHHSWRWKH
SURSHUVW\OHRIWKHWH[WDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH7KHH[DPSOHVRIVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQ
DUHH[KLELWHGLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ
7DUJHW7H[W
>@Štai pXLNLDXVLDVSDY\]G\VNXRYLUVWDãLWDãD
OLVMHLJXWLHQLHNãDLSDSUDãRIDUDRQǐ neturkdyti
MLHPVGLUEWLVDYRGDUEHOLǐ
>@$UNDVNDGDQRUVVYDMRMRQXGåLDXWLYLVąQD
PąLUQHWJLQHSDMXGLQGDPDVMRLãYLHWRV
>@7XUơVLãODPDQþLǐ±SULSDLã\VEDXGą
>@ 1XOLSWL QXR DGDWRV JDOL WLN åLQJVQHOLV SR
åLQJVQHOLR
>@âDNơV«
>@$ãDSDNDX
>@.RNLąQRUVVXNXULDJDOơWXPWLHVLRJSDVL
GXONLQWL
StyOLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQZDVDSSOLHGWRWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHDQDO\]HGH[DPSOHV
IRUWKHSXUSRVHWRFRPSHQVDWHWKHOLQJXLVWLFORVVWKDWRFFXUUHGEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIH
UHQFHVLQFXOWXUHV7KLVPHWKRGHQDEOHGWKHWUDQVODWRUVWRXVHPRUHVODQJZRUGVLQ
WKH77DQGHVWDEOLVKWKHVXLWDEOHVW\OHDQGWRQHRIWKHWH[W7KHGLVSODFHGFRPSHQ
sationW\SHLVWKHPRVWFRPPRQLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJZRUGVIURP(QJOLVKLQWR
/LWKXDQLDQDVWKHWUDQVODWRUVWU\WRWUDQVODWHWKH67E\WKHXVHRIVODQJ\H[SUHVVLRQV
LQWKH77LQWKRVHSODFHVRIWKHWH[WZKHUHWKH7/KDVWKHH[SUHVVLRQZLWKYHU\VLPL
ODURUWKHVDPHPHDQLQJ,QDGGLWLRQWKLVPHWKRGRIWUDQVODWLRQKHOSVWRSUHVHUYHWKH
VSHFL¿FVW\OHRIODQJXDJHWKDWLVXVHGLQWKH67DVZHOODVWRFRQYH\DOPRVWWKHVDPH
HIIHFWRIWKH77RQLWVUHDGHUVDVWKH67GRHV
95
Filologija 2010 (15)
6RXUFH7H[W
>@,WMXVWJRHVWRVKRZZKDWWKLVFRXQWU\¶VFRPH
WRLIWKHYLOODLQVJRDQGWHOOWKHSROLFHZKDWWKH\¶UH
GRLQJVRWKH\FDQEHOHIWDORQHWRJHWRQZLWKLW
>@1RRQHHYHUXVHGWRWKLQNRIVWHDOLQJZKROH
KRXVHVDQGZLWKRXWHYHQKDYLQJWRPRYHWKHP
HLWKHU
>@,I\RXKDYHPRQH\WKH\¶OO¿QH\RX
>@<RXKDYHWRGRWKHVHWKLQJVELWE\ELW
>@*UHDW
>@,FRXOGQ¶WEHOLHYHLW
>@6RPHRQH \RX FDQ KDYH XQFRPSOLFDWHG VH[
ZLWK
'LUHFWRUOLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGUHIHUVWRWKHDFWLRQZKHQZRUGVRIWKH67
DUHWUDQVODWHGVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGLQWRWKH77$FFRUGLQJWR9LQD\DQG'DUEHOQHW
OLWHUDOWUDQVODWLRQ LV³WKHGLUHFWWUDQVIHURID6/WH[WLQWRDJUDPPDWLFDOO\DQGLGLR
PDWLFDOO\DSSURSULDWH7/WH[WLQZKLFKWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VWDVNLVOLPLWHGWRREVHUYLQJ
WKHDGKHUHQFHWRWKHOLQJXLVWLFVHUYLWXGHVRIWKH7/´)DZFHWWUHIHUULQJWRWKHOLWHUDO
WUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWLV³WKHUDUHEXWDOZD\VZHOFRPHFDVHZKHQDWH[W
FDQJRIURPRQHODQJXDJHLQWRDQRWKHUZLWKQRFKDQJHVRWKHUWKDQWKRVHUHTXLUHG
E\WKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHJUDPPDU´:HVKRXOGDGPLWWKDWLWLVDSSURSULDWH
WRWUDQVODWHZRUGVOLWHUDOO\ZKHQHYHULWLVSRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHHTXLYDOHQWVLQWKH7/
+RZHYHU WKH direct RU OLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQ LV FRPPRQO\ XVHG LQ WUDQVODWLRQV LI WKH
67DQGWKH77ODQJXDJHVEHORQJWRWKHVDPHIDPLO\RUWKH\VKDUHWKHVDPHRUYHU\
VLPLODUFXOWXUHV)XUWKHUPRUHWKLVPHWKRGRIWUDQVODWLRQPD\EHDSSURSULDWHLQWKH
WUDQVODWLRQDPRQJWKH(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVVRPHRIZKLFKVKDUHWKHFRQFHSWVRIWKH
FXOWXUHDQGWKHFLYLOL]DWLRQKDYHFHUWDLQNLQGRIVLPLODULWLHVLQWKHZD\RIWKLQNLQJRU
VWUXFWXULQJWKHODQJXDJHSDWWHUQV7KHXVHRIWKLVPHWKRGRIWUDQVODWLRQLVEHFRPLQJ
PRUHZLGHO\XVHGLQWKHFDVHRIVODQJWUDQVODWLRQ6ODQJFDQEHWUDQVODWHGLQWRWKH77
LIRQO\LWVHTXLYDOHQWLVDYDLODEOH7KHUHIRUHWKHVW\OHRIWKH77KDVWREHNHSWFORVH
WRWKH67DVPXFKDVLWLVSRVVLEOHDQGLILWLVQRWWKHRWKHUWUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\VKRXOG
EHFKRVHQ&RQVLGHUWKHH[DPSOHVEHORZ
6RXUFH7H[W
>@6XSHUJOXHIRUELJJHUEXFNV
>@)DJ"
>@,VWLOOKDGWKDWKXQGUHG quid,WKLHYHGIURP
GDG¶VFDVKFDUG
>@7KH\¶GSDLGIRUDOOWKHIRRG9RQQ\DQG-HUU\
KDGHYHQEHHQNHHSLQJPHLQFLJJLHV
>@DQGDKIHDUQRWKLQJH[FHSWQRWVFRULQJ)
Filologija 2010 (15)
>@«EXWDKQHHGWDHEHSLWWLQPDVNDWHVRDQ
>@<HJRDWWKHJHDUWKDLU"
>@$UHQ¶W\RXJRQQDEHDMXQNLHZLWKXV"
7DUJHW7H[W
>@.OLMDLXåGDXJLDXEDNVǐ
>@1RULFL]R"
>@7HEHWXUơMDXLãWơþLRVąVNDLWRVQXãYLOSWąãLP
WLQĊ
>@MLHDSUnjSLQGDYR9RQơLU'åHULVPDQHQHWJL
YDLãLQGDYRFL]DLV
>@LUDãQHELMDXQLHNRWLNJUơVPơVQHSDJDXWL
NDLIR)
>@EHWPDQUHLNLDXåVLGơWLVDYRSDþLnjåDV
>@$UWXULþLDNRNLRSURGXNWR"
>@7XQHQRULEnjWL QDUNDãDVNDLSPHV"
7KHH[DPSOHVRIVODQJGHPRQVWUDWHKRZWKHLWHPVZHUHWUDQVODWHGGLUHFWO\LQWR
WKH77$OWKRXJKWKHPHDQLQJRIVRPHZRUGVLVVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWLQWKH77GXHWR
WKHFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFGLIIHUHQFHVWKH67PHVVDJHVZHUHUHYHDOHGSURSHUO\LQ
WKH777KHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGRIdirect transfersFDQEHHYDOXDWHGSRVLWLYHO\ZLWK
UHVSHFWWRVODQJXVDJHDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHZKLFKPDNHVWKHODQJXDJHPRUHVSHFL¿F
H[SUHVVLYHDQGOLYHO\0RUHRYHUVODQJVHUYHVDVPHDQVWRUHYHDOWKHDWWLWXGHRIWKH
VSHDNHURUWKHZULWHUDVZHOODVWRFUHDWHWKHVSHFL¿FDWPRVSKHUHDQGWKHVW\OHRIWKH
WH[W
7KHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJLVDGLI¿FXOWWDVNIRUHYHU\WUDQVODWRUVLQFHWKLVODQJXDJH
SKHQRPHQRQLVFORVHO\NQLWZLWKWKHFXOWXUHDQGVRFLHW\RIWKHVRXUFHODQJXDJH7KH
WKUHHPHWKRGVGLVFXVVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJKHOSPXFKWRSHUIRUPWKHDFWLRQ
RIWUDQVODWLRQKRZHYHUWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGDFKLHYHVXFKWUDQVODWLRQZKLFKLVOLQ
JXLVWLFDOO\FRUUHFWDQGDFFHSWDEOHWRWKHUHDGHURIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH
96
5HIHUHQFHV
Filologija 2010 (15)
$OOHQ,UYLQJ/HZLV7KHFLW\LQVODQJ1HZ<RUNOLIHDQGSRSXODUVSHHFK1HZ<RUN2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
$OOHQ,UYLQJ/HZLV6ODQJ6RFLRORJ\,Q-0H\5$VKHUHGV&RQFLVH(QF\FORSH
GLDRI3UDJPDWLFV$PVWHUGDP(OVHYLHU3±
$QGHUVVRQ/DUV3HWHU7UXGJLOO%DG/DQJXDJH2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO/WG
&ULVDIXOOL(GRDUGR7DERR/DQJXDJHLQ7UDQVODWLRQ,Q3HUVSHFWLYHV6WXGLHVLQ7UDQVODWROR
J\9RO$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
(EOH&RQQLH6ODQJDQG6RFLDELOLW\,QJURXSODQJXDJHDPRQJFROOHJHVWXGHQWV/RQGRQ8QL
YHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUGLQD3UHVV
)DZFHWW 3HWHU 7UDQVODWLRQ DQG /DQJXDJH /LQJXLVWLF 7KHRULHV ([SODLQHG 0DQFKHVWHU 6W
-HURPH3XEOLVKLQJ
*OHDVRQ+$$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRGHVFULSWLYHOLQJXLVWLFV1HZ<RUN+ROW5LQHKDUWDQG:LQV
WRQ
+DUYH\.HLWK&RPSHQVDWLRQ ,Q0%DNHUHG5RXWOHGJH(QF\FORSHGLDRI7UDQVODWLRQ6WX
GLHV/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
-DNDLWLHQơ(YDOGD/LHWXYLǐNDOERVOHNVLNRORJLMD9LOQLXV9DJD
.QLnjNãWD 3UDQDV$SLH QXNU\SLPXV QXR NDOEǐ QRUPǐ .DOERV NXOWnjUD 9LOQLXV 0RNVOR LU
HQFLNORSHGLMǐOHLG\NOD
/XQJ 5DFKHO 7UDQVODWLQJ 6HQVLWLYH 7H[WV ,Q 3HUVSHFWLYHV 6WXGLHV LQ 7UDQVODWRORJ\
9RO$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
1LGD(XJHQH3ULQFLSOHVRI&RUUHVSRQGHQFH ,Q/9HQXWLHG7KH7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV5HD
GHU/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
3LNþLOLQJLV-XR]DV/LHWXYLǐNDOERVVWLOLVWLND9LOQLXV0RNVODV
6SHDUV5LFKDUG6&RQWHPSRUDU\$PHULFDQVODQJ,OOLQRLV17&3XEOLVKLQJ*URXS
7KRUQH%DUULH*HQGHUSOD\JLUOVDQGER\VLQVFKRRO1HZ%UXQVZLFN5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV
7KH2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV
9LQD\-HDQ3DXODQG-HDQ'DUEHOQHW$0HWKRGRORJ\IRU7UDQVODWLRQ ,Q/9HQXWLHG7KH
7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV5HDGHU/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
9RVLO\Wơ.OHPHQWLQD3DXNãWƳSDåLQVLLãEDOVRŠeima
=DXEHUJD,HYD3UDJPDWLF$VSHFWVRIWKH7UDQVODWLRQRI6ODQJDQG)RXUOHWWHU:RUGV,Q3HU
VSHFWLYHV6WXGLHVLQ7UDQVODWRORJ\9RO$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV3XEOLVKLQJ
&RPSDQ\
-RODQWD/ơJDXGDLWơ
6/(1*26835$7,0$6,59(57,0$6
6DQWUDXND
3DJULQGLQLDLåRGåLDL VOHQJRIHQRPHQDVVXãYHOQLQLPDVVWLOLVWLQơNRPSHQVDFLMDWLHVLR
JLQLVYHUWLPDV
/LQJYLVWDLQHYLVDGDVXWDULDGơOUDãRPRVLRVLUãQHNDPRVLRVNDOERVVNLUWXPǐ6OHQJDV
NDLS QHEHQGULQơV NDOERV HOHPHQWDV SULVLGHGD SULH ãQHNDPRVLRV NDOERV SDLQXPR ,OJDLQLXL
VNLUWXPDLWDUSEHQGULQơVLUQHEHQGULQơVNDOERVU\ãNơMDSULNODXVRPDLQXRUDãRPRVLRVNDOERV
VWDELOXPR/LHWXYLǐNDOERW\URMHGDXJGơPHVLRVNLULDPDWDLV\NOLQJDPNDOERVYDUWRMLPXLMRV
JU\QXPXLLUQRUVVOHQJDV\UDODLNRPDVåDUJRQXLUQXNU\SLPXQXREHQGULQơVNDOERVQRUPǐ
ODEDLVYDUEXDQDOL]XRWLLUYHUWLQWLNDLSVOHQJDV\UDYHUþLDPDVLãDQJOǐƳOLHWXYLǐNDOEąSD
O\JLQWL VOHQJR YDUWRMLPR NRN\EĊ LU MR GDåQƳ RULJLQDOLDPH LU LãYHUVWDPH WHNVWH 6OHQJDV \UD
YDUWRMDPDVƳYDLULRVHSDVDXOLRãDO\VHNXULǐNDOERVLUNXOWnjURVVNLULDVLQHVVOHQJRIHQRPHQDV
DSLEnjGLQDVRFLDOLQHVJUXSHVLUMǐYHUW\EHVWRGơOUDVWLWLQNDPRVUHLNãPơVåRGƳYHUþLDQWWHNVWą
\UD VXGơWLQJD 9HUWLPR PHWRGDL NXULH JDOơWǐ SDGơWL LãVSUĊVWL YHUWLPR SUREOHPDV YHUþLDQW
VOHQJąLãDQJOǐƳOLHWXYLǐNDOEąLUSDGDU\WǐWHNVWąOLQJYLVWLãNDLWLQNDPąWDLSSDWLUSULLPWLQą
VNDLW\WRMDPVLãODLNDQWRULJLQDORNDOERVNXOWnjUą\UDVXãYHOQLQLPDVVWLOLVWLQơNRPSHQVDFLMDLU
WLHVLRJLQLVYHUWLPDV
-RODQWD/ơJDXGDLWơ
81'(567$1',1*6/$1*,175$16/$7,21
6XPPDU\
Filologija 2010 (15)
.H\ZRUGVVODQJSKHQRPHQRQVRIWHQLQJVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV
,Q/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWLFVWKHUHKDVEHHQDWHQGHQF\WRVWXG\WKHPRVWVDOLHQWDVSHFWVRI
ODQJXDJHXVH2YHUWLPHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVWDQGDUGDQGQRQVWDQGDUGYDULHWLHVPD\
EHFRPHTXLWHFRQVLGHUDEOHGXHWRWKHFRQVHUYDWLVPRIWKHZULWWHQIRUP/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWV
DQGOLQJXLVWLFDVVRFLDWLRQVDUHYHU\ZRUULHGDERXWWKHSXULW\RIWKHODQJXDJHDQGWKRXJKVODQJ
SKHQRPHQRQKDVEHHQFULWLFL]HGDQGUHJDUGHGDVWDUQLVKHGVSHHFKGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHODQJXD
JHVWDQGDUGVLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWR¿QGRXWDQGDQDO\]HKRZVODQJLVWUDQVODWHGIURP(QJOLVK
LQWR/LWKXDQLDQLGHQWLI\LWVHIIHFWRQWKHODQJXDJHDQGFRPSDUHLWVTXDOLW\DQGLWVIUHTXHQF\
LQWKHWDUJHWWH[W6ODQJLWHPVDUHXVHGDOORYHUWKHZRUOGLQGLIIHUHQWVRFLHWLHVDQGFKDUDFWHUL
]HVRFLDOJURXSVDQGWKHLUYDOXHVWKXVLWLVQRWDOZD\VSRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHH[DFWHTXLYDOHQW
RIVODQJDQGUHQGHULWLQWRWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQFXOWXUHVEHWZHHQWKH
ODQJXDJHV7KHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGVWKDWDUHPDLQO\XVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJDUHVRIWH
QLQJVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQDQGGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV