),/2/2*,-$ ,661; 81'(567$1',1*6/$1*,175$16/$7,21 -2/$17$/Ơ*$8'$,7Ơ 9\WDXWR'LGå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njNãWD&RQ VHTXHQWO\VODQJKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDVVRPHWKLQJWDNHQIURPWKHGXPSRIODQJXDJH 3LNþLOLQJLV1HYHUWKHOHVVVRPH/LWKXDQLDQVFKRODUVGRKDYHSRVLWLYHYLHZV RQWKHXVHRIVODQJ-DNDLWLHQơDQG9RVLO\WơIRULQVWDQFHGHVF ULEHVODQJDVHPRWLYHH[SUHVVLYHDQGFRORXUIXOWKRXJKGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHVWDQGDUG ODQJXDJHDQG3LNþLOLQJLVVWDWHVWKDWXVLQJVODQJLVVKRZLQJSUHIHUHQFH IRUWKHZRUGVWKDWH[SUHVVGLVWLQFWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVXEMHFWLYHHYDOXDWLRQ7KXV WRXQGHUVWDQGVODQJDQGLWVRULJLQV,ZLOOUHIHUWR(QJOLVKVFKRODUV7KHZRUGVODQJ LVRIXQFHUWDLQRULJLQ$VIDUDVWKHHW\PRORJ\LVFRQFHUQHGLWV¿UVWRFFXUUHQFHLV GDWHGLQ7KH 2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\ZKHUHLWLVGH¿QHGDVµWKHVSHFLDOYR FDEXODU\XVHGE\DQ\VHWRISHUVRQVRIDORZRUGLVUHSXWDEOHFKDUDFWHUODQJXDJHRI DORZDQGYXOJDUW\SH¶EXWLWVXOWLPDWHVRXUFHUHPDLQVXQNQRZQ92/; 7KHPHDQLQJRIVODQJZDVPXFKFOHDUHULQWKHROGWLPHVZKHQLWZDVµXVHGE\ %ULWLVKFULPLQDOVWRUHIHUWRWKHLURZQVSHFLDOODQJXDJH¶$QGHUVVRQ7UXGJLOO /DWHUVODQJJUDGXDOO\DFTXLUHGWKHIHDWXUHVRIVXEFXOWXUDOVSHHFK$OOHQ 7RGD\WKHUHLVQRFOHDUGH¿QLWLRQRIVODQJWREHGHWHFWHGHLWKHULQWKHGLFWLRQDULHVRU WKHOLWHUDWXUH(YHU\HIIRUWWRGH¿QHVODQJDVDNLQGRIYRFDEXODU\KDVIDLOHG'LFWLRQD ULHVGHVFULEHVODQJE\LWVLQIRUPDOLW\PHWDSKRUVSOD\IXOQHVVDQGXQFRQYHQWLRQDOLW\ 6ODQJLVDSODFHIRUFKHHN\QHZZRUGVDQGSKUDVHV6ODQJZRUGVPD\HQWHUVWDQGDUG XVDJHHJ(QJOLVKmoviesIULGJHFUD]\PDWKV RUUHPDLQVODQJIRU\HDUVHJ/LW KXDQLDQãXOơµVFKRRO¶NOLIDµVXSHUYLVRU¶fuksasµ¿UVW\HDUVWXGHQW¶mokaµWHDFKHU¶ 91 Filologija 2010 (15) IHUV Filologija 2010 (15) NDEDNDVµFDIH¶DQG(QJOLVK±superGDJRODJODP6RPHRIWKHVHZRUGVMXVWFLUFX ODWHIRUDZKLOHDQGZKHQWKH\DUHIRXQGUHGXQGDQWJREDFNWRWKHLUVXEFXOWXUDO RULJLQVZKLOHRWKHUVGLVDSSHDU ,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWVODQJWHUPVH[LVWRQDFRQWLQXXPDQGWKDWRQHSHUVRQ¶VVODQJ PD\EHDQRWKHUSHUVRQ¶VFROORTXLDOOH[LFDOLWHP7KXVWKHLQWHUVSHUVHEHWZHHQVODQJ DQGFROORTXLDOZRUGVLVYHU\FORVH(EOHGHVFULEHVVODQJDVµDQHYHUFKDQJLQJVHWRI FROORTXLDOZRUGVDQGSKUDVHV¶EXWWKRXJKFROORTXLDOWHUPVWHQGWRVKDUH LQIRUPDOLW\ZLWKVODQJWKH\DUHQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKJURXSLGHQWLW\1RUPDOO\VODQJ LWHPVDUHVKRUWOLYHGSDUWLFXODUO\WKHRQHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSHHUJURXSV,WLVµWKDW SRUWLRQRIWKHYRFDEXODU\ZKLFKFKDQJHVPRVWIUHHO\¶*OHDVRQ7KH\ORVH WKHLUFRQQRWDWLRQVRIVODQJLQHVVLIWKH\KDYHEHHQLQXVHIRUVRPHWLPHZKLOHRWKHUV YDQLVKHQWLUHO\2WKHUVODQJZRUGVVKRZQRVLJQVRIIDGLQJ$VDUHVXOWWKH\HQWHU WKHOH[LFDOVWRFNRIPDLQVWUHDP(QJOLVKDQGSXWSUHVVXUHRQVXEJURXSPHPEHUVWR LQYHQWDQHZFRGH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVSUHVHQWHGDERYHVODQJLVDQRQ VWDQGDUGYDULHW\ZLWKWKHSRZHUWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHIHHOLQJRIWRJHWKHUQHVVEHWZHHQ VSHDNHUV 7KHGLVFXVVLRQVRIDUVKRZVWKDWVODQJLVDYDULHW\RIODQJXDJHZKLFKLVXVHGIRU VRFLDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOSXUSRVHVWRRSSRVHSOD\RUJHQWO\WHDVHµSURSHU¶VRFLHW\ DQGLWVVWDQGDUGOLQJXLVWLFIRUPV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVQRVWDQGDUGWHVWWKDWZLOOGHFLGH ZKDWVODQJLVDQGZKDWLWLVQRWDQG6SHDUVJRHVDVIDUDVVD\LQJWKDW¶H[SUHVVLRQV WKDWDUHLGHQWL¿HGDVVODQJDUHVRPHWLPHVOLWWOHPRUHWKDQHQWHUWDLQLQJZRUGSOD\DQG PXFKVODQJLVOLWWOHPRUHWKDQDQHQWHUWDLQLQJDOWHUQDWLYHZD\RIVD\LQJVRPHWKLQJ¶ LLL0RVWSHRSOHUHFRJQLVHVODQJZKHQWKH\KHDULWRUVHHLWZULWWHQEXWWKH GH¿QLWLRQRIVODQJDQGZKLFKWHUPVVKRXOGRUVKRXOGQRWEHLQFOXGHGFRQWLQXHVWREH WKHVXEMHFWRIGHEDWH$VZHKDYHVHHQSDUWRIWKHSUREOHPZLWKGH¿QLQJVODQJLVWKDW WKHWHUPLVEDVHGRQDVHWRIFKDUDFWHULVWLFV$QGHUVVRQ7UXGJLOOFKDUDFWHUL VHVODQJDVDUHODWLYHFRQFHSWZKLFKPRYHVIURPVODQJLQWRQHXWUDODQGHYHQIRUPDO ODQJXDJH7KLVHQDEOHVVODQJWRFKDQJHDQGYDU\QRWRQO\IURPSODFHWRSODFHEXW IURPGLDOHFWWRGLDOHFW$VVODQJLVW\SLFDORILQIRUPDOVLWXDWLRQVZKLFKDUHQRW¿[HG DQGFKDQJHWKURXJKWLPHDQGSODFHLWLVW\SLFDORIVSRNHQODQJXDJH6ODQJLVDKLJKO\ LQIRUPDOUHJLVWHURIVSHHFKZKLFKGLIIHUVIURPVWDQGDUGXVDJHDQGVKDUHVERXQGDULHV ZLWKRWKHULQIRUPDOOHYHOVRIYRFDEXODU\³6ODQJLVDVW\OHFDWHJRU\ZLWKLQWKHODQJXD JHZKLFKRFFXSLHVDQH[WUHPHSRVLWLRQRQWKHVSHFWUXPRIIRUPDOLW\´7KRUQH %XWLWLVDQH[WUHPHO\VOLSSHU\FRQFHSWDQGWKHLGHDRIµSRSXODUVSHHFK¶RIIHUHG E\$OOHQYLDDEURDGHUFRQFHSWWKDWLQFOXGHVVODQJLVSUHIHUUHGE\PDQ\OLQ JXLVWVµ3RSXODUVSHHFK¶LVWREHXQGHUVWRRGDVZRUGVDQGSKUDVHVWKDWDUH EHORZWKHOHYHORIVWDQGDUGDQGIRUPDOVSHHFKUHODWHGWRVWUHHWVSHHFK$OOHQSRLQWV RXWWKDWµVODQJLVSDUWRIWKHOLIHRIPRGHUQFLWLHVRUPRUHFRUUHFWO\WRGD\RIPRGHUQ VRFLHW\LQJHQHUDO¶7KLVHPSKDVLVHVWKDWVODQJLVVRFLDOUDWKHUWKDQDOLQJXLV WLFWHUPDQGLVXVHGWRPDUNVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHV 6LQFHVODQJLVDSV\FKRVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOSKHQRPHQRQWKHPDLQSUREOHPVRI VODQJWUDQVODWLRQDULVHEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQODQJXDJHV\VWHPVDQGFXOWXUHV :KDWLVPRUHWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJ LVLQÀXHQFHGE\VXFKIDFWRUVDVWKHGLIIHUHQFH 92 93 Filologija 2010 (15) LQWKHZULWLQJWUDGLWLRQVRIFXOWXUHVDQGWKHUROHRIFHQVRUVKLS$FFRUGLQJWR1LGD WKH WUDQVODWLRQ PLJKW EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH OLQJXLVWLF DQG FXOWXUDO GLVWDQFH WKDWRFFXUVEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHZD\WKHPHVVDJHLVH[SUHVVHG:KHQFXO WXUHVDQGODQJXDJHVDUHFORVHO\UHODWHGWKHWUDQVODWRUIDFHVPLQRUSUREOHPVGXULQJ WKHWUDQVODWLRQSURFHVV+RZHYHUZKHQFXOWXUHVDUHSDUDOOHOEXWODQJXDJHVGLYHUJH WKHWUDQVODWLRQSURFHVVEHFRPHVVXI¿FLHQWO\FRPSOLFDWHG7KXVZKHQWKHGLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQODQJXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHVDUHH[WUHPHO\JUHDWWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGEHUHDG\WR SHUIRUPYDULRXVVKLIWVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVRIWUDQVODWLRQDVZHOODVWRFKRRVHWKHULJKW WUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\,ZRXOGOLNHWRDGPLWWKDWWKHFKRLFHRIDWUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\DOVR VKRZVWKHNLQGRIWKHVRFLHW\WKHWUDQVODWRUEHORQJVWR1LGDVWDWHVWKDW³GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQODQJXDJHVFDXVHPDQ\PRUHVHYHUHFRPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHWUDQVODWRUWKDQGR GLIIHUHQFHVLQODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUH´7KHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGEHDZDUHWKDW KLVKHUWUDQVODWLRQFRUUHVSRQGVWRFHUWDLQFXOWXUHUHDGHUVKLSDQGFRQYH\VWKHSURSHU PHDQLQJ7KHJUHDWDWWHQWLRQVKRXOGEHDOVRSDLGWRWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVHQVLWLYHWH[WV VLQFHLWLVFXOWXUHWKDWGHWHUPLQHV LIDWH[WLVVHQVLWLYH7KXVWKHWH[WZKLFKLVDFFHS WDEOHE\DVRXUFHDXGLHQFHZKHQWUDQVODWHGLQWRDQRWKHUODQJXDJHPD\EHXQDFFHSWDE OHWRWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHUHDGHUEHFDXVHRIGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDOQRUPVGLIIHUHQWVRFLDO UHDOLW\DQGGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJH6DSLUFODLPHGWKDW³WKHQHWZRUNRIFXOWXUDOSDWWHUQVRI FLYLOL]DWLRQLVLQGH[HGLQWKHODQJXDJHZKLFKH[SUHVVHVWKDWFLYLOL]DWLRQ/DQJXDJH LVDJXLGHWRµVRFLDOUHDOLW\¶´6DSLULQ/XQJ,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWK/XQJ WUDQVODWRUVVKRXOGEHFRQVFLRXVDERXWWKHFXOWXUDOYDOXHVHQFRPSDVVHGLQODQJXDJH FXOWXUHV+RZHYHU-RKQ6FKPLW]EHOLHYHVWKDW³WUDQVODWRUVKDYHQRULJKWWRLPSURYH WKHRULJLQDO´DQGWKH\³VKRXOGEHIDLWKIXOWRWKHYXOJDULW\DQGFUXGLW\RIWKHRULJLQDO´ 6FKPLW]LQ/XQJ 7KHFRUUHFWQHVVRIWKHODQJXDJHXVDJHERWKVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQLVVWULFWO\FRQWURO OHGE\FHQVRUVKLS$FFRUGLQJWR$OODQWKHPDLQSXUSRVHRIWKHODQJXDJHFHQVRULQJLV WRSURWHFWWKHUHDGHUIURPWKHPRUDOKDUPDVZHOODVWRSUHVHUYHWKHODQJXDJHSXULW\ 7KHFHQVRUVKLSRIVODQJLVQRWVRVWULFWDQGWKHXVHRIVODQJRQVRPHRFFDVLRQVLV WUHDWHGDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHRIWKHODQJXDJH&ULVDIXOOLVWDWHVWKDWWKHLQIRUPDONLQG RIODQJXDJHVXFKDVVODQJZRUGV³PD\KDYHERWKDSURSRVLWLRQDOPHDQLQJUHODWLQJ WRWKHPHVVDJHFRQYH\HGDQGDQH[SUHVVLYHRQHZKLFKUHYHDOVWKHDWWLWXGHRIWKH VSHDNHUZULWHU´7KHUHDUHVHYHUDORSLQLRQVDERXWWKHXVHRIVODQJLQOLWH UDWXUHVRPHOLQJXLVWVYLHZVODQJDVDQLQDSSURSULDWHNLQGRIODQJXDJHWKDWVKRXOGEH DYRLGHGEHFDXVHRILWVQHJDWLYHHIIHFWRWKHUVGHVFULEHVODQJZRUGVDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYL FHZKLFKKHOSVWRFUHDWHWKHDWPRVSKHUHRIWKHWH[WPDNLQJWKHWRQHRIWKHWH[WPRUH VSHFL¿FH[SUHVVLYHDQGHYHQOLYHO\+RZHYHUZHVKRXOGDGPLWWKDWWKHPHDQLQJRI VODQJZRUGVLVRIWHQVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWLQWKHODQJXDJHDQGLWLVKDUGWR¿QGWKHHTXL YDOHQWRILWLQWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH7/QHYHUWKHOHVVVODQJVKRXOGEHWUDQVODWHGLQWR WKH7/GLUHFWO\RURWKHUDSSURSULDWHOLQJXLVWLFLWHPVKRXOGEHFKRVHQWRSUHVHUYHWKH VW\OHRIWKHVRXUFHWH[W67 7KXVWKHWUDQVODWRUPXVWKDYHDJRRGSHUFHSWLRQRIWKH ODQJXDJHLQZKLFKVKHWUDQVODWHVWKHWH[WDQGEHDFTXDLQWHGZLWKFXOWXUDOSHFXOLDULWLHV WKDWDUHUHODWHGWRWKHWH[W7KHDSSURSULDWHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGVRIWHQFKRVHQWRVROYH WKHSUREOHPVWKDWDULVHZKHQWUDQVODWLQJVODQJDUHVRIWHQLQJVW\OLVWLF compensation DQGGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV Filologija 2010 (15) 0HWKRGRIVRIWHQLQJLVFORVHO\UHODWHGWRG\QDPLFHTXLYDOHQFHDQGLVIRFXVHGRQ WKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHWDUJHWWH[W77UHDGHUKRZVKHZRXOGXQGHUVWDQGWKHWUDQVIHU UHGPHVVDJH,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH77VKRXOGEHIRUPXODWHGLQVXFKD ZD\WKDWLWZRXOGVRXQGQDWXUDOIRUWKHUHDGHU6SHFLDODWWHQWLRQPXVWEHSDLGWRWKH WUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJZRUGVDWWKHVHPDQWLFOHYHOZKHUHSUREOHPVDUHFDXVHGE\VXFK DSKHQRPHQRQDVVODQJ$SDUWIURPWKLVWKHXVHRIVODQJLQWKHWH[WPLJKWQRWIXO¿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³DIDLUO\W\SLFDODWWHPSWWRDFFRPPRGDWHVODQJWR YDU\OLWHUDU\ODQJXDJHZKLFKPD\DOORZQDWLYHRULJLQVODQJXQLWV´=DXEHUJD 7KHH[DPSOHVWRLOOXVWUDWHVODQJWUDQVODWLRQIURP(QJOLVKLQWR/LWKXDQLDQDUH WDNHQIURP7RQ\3DUVRQ0DQDQG:LIH WUDQVODWHG E\'=DLNDXVNLHQơ ,UYLQH :HOVK 7UDLQVSRWWLQJ WUDQVODWHG E\ ' 6WDþLRNDV DQG 0HOYLQ %XUJHVV -XQN WUDQVODWHG E\$3DWLRPNLQDV&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV 6RXUFH7H[W >@$QGGRQ¶WVWDUWWHOOLQJP\EORNHKH¶VPHVVLQJ DURXQGZLWKP\EHVWIULHQGRND\0LVWHU0DQ" >@$IWHUDELWWKHSLJVJRWERUHGRUWKH\GHFLGHG ZH¶GOHJJHGLW >@7KHODVWWKLQJWKLVFRSSHUZDQWHGZDVWRWXUQ XSDWWKHVWDWLRQZLWKDNLQGRQDFKDUJHRIQLF NLQJIURPVNLSV >@$OZD\VWU\LQJWRPDNHVXUH-HUU\HDWVKLVYHJ JLHV >@,OLNHWREUHDWKHLQDOLWWOHVPDFN >@,¶GKDGDOLWWOHGDERXWRIP\SDFNHWHDUOLHU >@,¶PFRPLQJGRZQ,¶PGRLQJ FROGWXUNH\ >@,WRRNDVZLJRIP\GULQNDQG,WKRXJKW6KLW >@,¶YHEHHQDOLWWOHSURVVLHIRUDKDOIDQKRXU >@:KLWWKHIXFNKDSSHQHG @%HWWHUJHDUXVXDOO\ >@,NQRZWKDWZLWKWKLQJVWKH\DUHEHWZHHQXV VRRQHU RU ODWHU \RX¶UH JRLQJ WR PHHW VRPH OLWWOH IXFNEXGG\ >>@<RX¶UHJRLQJWRJHWEXWWIXFNHGE\IDWH >@<RXFDQ¶WPDNHDQRPHOHWWHE\NHHSLQJ\RXU GLFNLQ\RXUWURXVHUV 7DUJHW7H[W >@,UQHSUDGơNLWSDLVW\WLMRJPDQRvaikinasNDå Ną LãGDULQơMD VX PDQR JHULDXVLD GUDXJH VXWD ULDPSRQHäPRJDX" >@3RNXULRODLNRIDUDPVDWVLERGR2JDOMLHQX VSUHQGơNDGpasprukom >@3ROLFLQLQNDVWLNUDLQHWXUơMRGLGHOLRQRURYHVWLV ƳQXRYDGąYDLNơ]RDSNDODWLQWRYDJ\VWHLããLXNãOLǐ NRQWHLQHULR >@-LYLVDGDWLNULQDDU'åHULVYDOJRGDUåRYHV >@0ơJVWXNYơSWHOWLKHURLQR >@.LHNDQNVþLDXWUXSXWƳSDơPLDXLãVDYRMRSD NHOLR >@0DQEORJDQHEHJDOLXLãWYHUWL >@6ULnjEWHOơMDXLãVWLNOLQơVânjGDVSDJDOYRMDX >@3XVYDODQGƳEXYDXVPXONLDprostitute >@3RJDODLVNDVDWVLWLNR >@3DSUDVWDLGơOJHUHVQơVSUHNơVNRN\EơV >@ äLQDX NDG NDL PnjVǐ WRNLH VDQWXNLDL DQNV þLDXDUYơOLDXVXVLUDVLNRNLąPHUJXåơOĊ >@6XNXUWDVWDLSNDGOLNLPDVWDYHVXODPG\Wǐ >@7XQHQXODLNDLVDYRJDLGåLXNRNHOQơVHQHWRP OHWą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ÀXHQFHGE\WKHFRPPRQYLHZKHOGE\PDQ\OLQJXLVWVLQ/LWKXDQLDWKDWVODQJ VKRXOGEHDYRLGHGLQWKHOLWHUDU\WH[WDQGRQO\LQYHU\IHZFDVHVVODQJ\H[SUHVVLRQV PD\DSSHDULQWKHWH[WDVVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHV $FFRUGLQJWR+DUYH\6W\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQLVDWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGWKDWLVGH¿ QHGDV³DWHFKQLTXHZKLFKLQYROYHVPDNLQJXSRUWKHORVVRIDVRXUFHWH[WHIIHFWE\ UHFUHDWLQJDVLPLODUHIIHFWLQWKHWDUJHWWH[WWKURXJKWKHPHDQVWKDWDUHVSHFL¿FWRWKH WDUJHWODQJXDJHDQGRUWH[W´+DUYH\%\WKHXVHRIVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQ PHWKRGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRXVHVODQJLQWKH77DQGDFKLHYHVLPLODUHIIHFWWRWKH67EXWLI LWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRGRWKHWUDQVODWRUFDQFKRRVHRWKHURSWLRQVWKDWDUHRIIHUHGE\WKLV WUDQVODWLRQVWUDWHJ\8VXDOO\WKLVWHFKQLTXHLVXVHGWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPRIWKHWUDQ VODWLRQORVVDQGWU\WRDFKLHYHWKHHIIHFWRIWKHWDUJHWWH[WWKDWLVVLPLODUWRWKHVRXUFH WH[W6W\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQPHWKRGKHOSVWRVROYHWKHODQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHVSHFL¿F SUREOHPVWKDWRFFXULQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJEXWWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGGHFLGHZKHW KHULWLVZRUWKWRWUDQVODWHDFHUWDLQOLQJXLVWLFLWHPDQGVKHVKRXOGWU\WRNHHSWRWKH SURSHUVW\OHRIWKHWH[WDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH7KHH[DPSOHVRIVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQ DUHH[KLELWHGLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ 7DUJHW7H[W >@Štai pXLNLDXVLDVSDY\]G\VNXRYLUVWDãLWDãD OLVMHLJXWLHQLHNãDLSDSUDãRIDUDRQǐ neturkdyti MLHPVGLUEWLVDYRGDUEHOLǐ >@$UNDVNDGDQRUVVYDMRMRQXGåLDXWLYLVąQD PąLUQHWJLQHSDMXGLQGDPDVMRLãYLHWRV >@7XUơVLãODPDQþLǐ±SULSDLã\VEDXGą >@ 1XOLSWL QXR DGDWRV JDOL WLN åLQJVQHOLV SR åLQJVQHOLR >@âDNơV« >@$ãDSDNDX >@.RNLąQRUVVXNXULDJDOơWXPWLHVLRJSDVL GXONLQWL StyOLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQZDVDSSOLHGWRWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHDQDO\]HGH[DPSOHV IRUWKHSXUSRVHWRFRPSHQVDWHWKHOLQJXLVWLFORVVWKDWRFFXUUHGEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIH UHQFHVLQFXOWXUHV7KLVPHWKRGHQDEOHGWKHWUDQVODWRUVWRXVHPRUHVODQJZRUGVLQ WKH77DQGHVWDEOLVKWKHVXLWDEOHVW\OHDQGWRQHRIWKHWH[W7KHGLVSODFHGFRPSHQ sationW\SHLVWKHPRVWFRPPRQLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJZRUGVIURP(QJOLVKLQWR /LWKXDQLDQDVWKHWUDQVODWRUVWU\WRWUDQVODWHWKH67E\WKHXVHRIVODQJ\H[SUHVVLRQV LQWKH77LQWKRVHSODFHVRIWKHWH[WZKHUHWKH7/KDVWKHH[SUHVVLRQZLWKYHU\VLPL ODURUWKHVDPHPHDQLQJ,QDGGLWLRQWKLVPHWKRGRIWUDQVODWLRQKHOSVWRSUHVHUYHWKH VSHFL¿FVW\OHRIODQJXDJHWKDWLVXVHGLQWKH67DVZHOODVWRFRQYH\DOPRVWWKHVDPH HIIHFWRIWKH77RQLWVUHDGHUVDVWKH67GRHV 95 Filologija 2010 (15) 6RXUFH7H[W >@,WMXVWJRHVWRVKRZZKDWWKLVFRXQWU\¶VFRPH WRLIWKHYLOODLQVJRDQGWHOOWKHSROLFHZKDWWKH\¶UH GRLQJVRWKH\FDQEHOHIWDORQHWRJHWRQZLWKLW >@1RRQHHYHUXVHGWRWKLQNRIVWHDOLQJZKROH KRXVHVDQGZLWKRXWHYHQKDYLQJWRPRYHWKHP HLWKHU >@,I\RXKDYHPRQH\WKH\¶OO¿QH\RX >@<RXKDYHWRGRWKHVHWKLQJVELWE\ELW >@*UHDW >@,FRXOGQ¶WEHOLHYHLW >@6RPHRQH \RX FDQ KDYH XQFRPSOLFDWHG VH[ ZLWK 'LUHFWRUOLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGUHIHUVWRWKHDFWLRQZKHQZRUGVRIWKH67 DUHWUDQVODWHGVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGLQWRWKH77$FFRUGLQJWR9LQD\DQG'DUEHOQHW OLWHUDOWUDQVODWLRQ LV³WKHGLUHFWWUDQVIHURID6/WH[WLQWRDJUDPPDWLFDOO\DQGLGLR PDWLFDOO\DSSURSULDWH7/WH[WLQZKLFKWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VWDVNLVOLPLWHGWRREVHUYLQJ WKHDGKHUHQFHWRWKHOLQJXLVWLFVHUYLWXGHVRIWKH7/´)DZFHWWUHIHUULQJWRWKHOLWHUDO WUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWLV³WKHUDUHEXWDOZD\VZHOFRPHFDVHZKHQDWH[W FDQJRIURPRQHODQJXDJHLQWRDQRWKHUZLWKQRFKDQJHVRWKHUWKDQWKRVHUHTXLUHG E\WKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHJUDPPDU´:HVKRXOGDGPLWWKDWLWLVDSSURSULDWH WRWUDQVODWHZRUGVOLWHUDOO\ZKHQHYHULWLVSRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHHTXLYDOHQWVLQWKH7/ +RZHYHU WKH direct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quid,WKLHYHGIURP GDG¶VFDVKFDUG >@7KH\¶GSDLGIRUDOOWKHIRRG9RQQ\DQG-HUU\ KDGHYHQEHHQNHHSLQJPHLQFLJJLHV >@DQGDKIHDUQRWKLQJH[FHSWQRWVFRULQJ) Filologija 2010 (15) >@«EXWDKQHHGWDHEHSLWWLQPDVNDWHVRDQ >@<HJRDWWKHJHDUWKDLU" >@$UHQ¶W\RXJRQQDEHDMXQNLHZLWKXV" 7DUJHW7H[W >@.OLMDLXåGDXJLDXEDNVǐ >@1RULFL]R" >@7HEHWXUơMDXLãWơþLRVąVNDLWRVQXãYLOSWąãLP WLQĊ >@MLHDSUnjSLQGDYR9RQơLU'åHULVPDQHQHWJL YDLãLQGDYRFL]DLV >@LUDãQHELMDXQLHNRWLNJUơVPơVQHSDJDXWL NDLIR) >@EHWPDQUHLNLDXåVLGơWLVDYRSDþLnjåDV >@$UWXULþLDNRNLRSURGXNWR" >@7XQHQRULEnjWL QDUNDãDVNDLSPHV" 7KHH[DPSOHVRIVODQJGHPRQVWUDWHKRZWKHLWHPVZHUHWUDQVODWHGGLUHFWO\LQWR WKH77$OWKRXJKWKHPHDQLQJRIVRPHZRUGVLVVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWLQWKH77GXHWR WKHFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFGLIIHUHQFHVWKH67PHVVDJHVZHUHUHYHDOHGSURSHUO\LQ WKH777KHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGRIdirect transfersFDQEHHYDOXDWHGSRVLWLYHO\ZLWK UHVSHFWWRVODQJXVDJHDVDVW\OLVWLFGHYLFHZKLFKPDNHVWKHODQJXDJHPRUHVSHFL¿F H[SUHVVLYHDQGOLYHO\0RUHRYHUVODQJVHUYHVDVPHDQVWRUHYHDOWKHDWWLWXGHRIWKH VSHDNHURUWKHZULWHUDVZHOODVWRFUHDWHWKHVSHFL¿FDWPRVSKHUHDQGWKHVW\OHRIWKH WH[W 7KHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJLVDGLI¿FXOWWDVNIRUHYHU\WUDQVODWRUVLQFHWKLVODQJXDJH SKHQRPHQRQLVFORVHO\NQLWZLWKWKHFXOWXUHDQGVRFLHW\RIWKHVRXUFHODQJXDJH7KH WKUHHPHWKRGVGLVFXVVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJKHOSPXFKWRSHUIRUPWKHDFWLRQ RIWUDQVODWLRQKRZHYHUWKHWUDQVODWRUVKRXOGDFKLHYHVXFKWUDQVODWLRQZKLFKLVOLQ JXLVWLFDOO\FRUUHFWDQGDFFHSWDEOHWRWKHUHDGHURIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH 96 5HIHUHQFHV Filologija 2010 (15) $OOHQ,UYLQJ/HZLV7KHFLW\LQVODQJ1HZ<RUNOLIHDQGSRSXODUVSHHFK1HZ<RUN2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV $OOHQ,UYLQJ/HZLV6ODQJ6RFLRORJ\,Q-0H\5$VKHUHGV&RQFLVH(QF\FORSH GLDRI3UDJPDWLFV$PVWHUGDP(OVHYLHU3±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ơ(YDOGD/LHWXYLǐNDOERVOHNVLNRORJLMD9LOQLXV9DJD .QLnjNãWD 3UDQDV$SLH QXNU\SLPXV QXR NDOEǐ QRUPǐ .DOERV NXOWnjUD 9LOQLXV 0RNVOR LU HQFLNORSHGLMǐOHLG\NOD /XQJ 5DFKHO 7UDQVODWLQJ 6HQVLWLYH 7H[WV ,Q 3HUVSHFWLYHV 6WXGLHV LQ 7UDQVODWRORJ\ 9RO$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ 1LGD(XJHQH3ULQFLSOHVRI&RUUHVSRQGHQFH ,Q/9HQXWLHG7KH7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV5HD GHU/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH 3LNþLOLQJLV-XR]DV/LHWXYLǐNDOERVVWLOLVWLND9LOQLXV0RNVODV 6SHDUV5LFKDUG6&RQWHPSRUDU\$PHULFDQVODQJ,OOLQRLV17&3XEOLVKLQJ*URXS 7KRUQH%DUULH*HQGHUSOD\JLUOVDQGER\VLQVFKRRO1HZ%UXQVZLFN5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 7KH2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV 9LQD\-HDQ3DXODQG-HDQ'DUEHOQHW$0HWKRGRORJ\IRU7UDQVODWLRQ ,Q/9HQXWLHG7KH 7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV5HDGHU/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH 9RVLO\Wơ.OHPHQWLQD3DXNãWƳSDåLQVLLãEDOVRŠeima =DXEHUJD,HYD3UDJPDWLF$VSHFWVRIWKH7UDQVODWLRQRI6ODQJDQG)RXUOHWWHU:RUGV,Q3HU VSHFWLYHV6WXGLHVLQ7UDQVODWRORJ\9RO$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV3XEOLVKLQJ &RPSDQ\ -RODQWD/ơJDXGDLWơ 6/(1*26835$7,0$6,59(57,0$6 6DQWUDXND 3DJULQGLQLDLåRGåLDL VOHQJRIHQRPHQDVVXãYHOQLQLPDVVWLOLVWLQơNRPSHQVDFLMDWLHVLR JLQLVYHUWLPDV /LQJYLVWDLQHYLVDGDVXWDULDGơOUDãRPRVLRVLUãQHNDPRVLRVNDOERVVNLUWXPǐ6OHQJDV NDLS QHEHQGULQơV NDOERV HOHPHQWDV SULVLGHGD SULH ãQHNDPRVLRV NDOERV SDLQXPR ,OJDLQLXL VNLUWXPDLWDUSEHQGULQơVLUQHEHQGULQơVNDOERVU\ãNơMDSULNODXVRPDLQXRUDãRPRVLRVNDOERV VWDELOXPR/LHWXYLǐNDOERW\URMHGDXJGơPHVLRVNLULDPDWDLV\NOLQJDPNDOERVYDUWRMLPXLMRV JU\QXPXLLUQRUVVOHQJDV\UDODLNRPDVåDUJRQXLUQXNU\SLPXQXREHQGULQơVNDOERVQRUPǐ ODEDLVYDUEXDQDOL]XRWLLUYHUWLQWLNDLSVOHQJDV\UDYHUþLDPDVLãDQJOǐƳOLHWXYLǐNDOEąSD O\JLQWL VOHQJR YDUWRMLPR NRN\EĊ LU MR GDåQƳ RULJLQDOLDPH LU LãYHUVWDPH WHNVWH 6OHQJDV \UD YDUWRMDPDVƳYDLULRVHSDVDXOLRãDO\VHNXULǐNDOERVLUNXOWnjURVVNLULDVLQHVVOHQJRIHQRPHQDV DSLEnjGLQDVRFLDOLQHVJUXSHVLUMǐYHUW\EHVWRGơOUDVWLWLQNDPRVUHLNãPơVåRGƳYHUþLDQWWHNVWą \UD VXGơWLQJD 9HUWLPR PHWRGDL NXULH JDOơWǐ SDGơWL LãVSUĊVWL YHUWLPR SUREOHPDV YHUþLDQW VOHQJąLãDQJOǐƳOLHWXYLǐNDOEąLUSDGDU\WǐWHNVWąOLQJYLVWLãNDLWLQNDPąWDLSSDWLUSULLPWLQą VNDLW\WRMDPVLãODLNDQWRULJLQDORNDOERVNXOWnjUą\UDVXãYHOQLQLPDVVWLOLVWLQơNRPSHQVDFLMDLU WLHVLRJLQLVYHUWLPDV -RODQWD/ơJDXGDLWơ 81'(567$1',1*6/$1*,175$16/$7,21 6XPPDU\ Filologija 2010 (15) .H\ZRUGVVODQJSKHQRPHQRQVRIWHQLQJVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV ,Q/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWLFVWKHUHKDVEHHQDWHQGHQF\WRVWXG\WKHPRVWVDOLHQWDVSHFWVRI ODQJXDJHXVH2YHUWLPHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVWDQGDUGDQGQRQVWDQGDUGYDULHWLHVPD\ EHFRPHTXLWHFRQVLGHUDEOHGXHWRWKHFRQVHUYDWLVPRIWKHZULWWHQIRUP/LWKXDQLDQOLQJXLVWV DQGOLQJXLVWLFDVVRFLDWLRQVDUHYHU\ZRUULHGDERXWWKHSXULW\RIWKHODQJXDJHDQGWKRXJKVODQJ SKHQRPHQRQKDVEHHQFULWLFL]HGDQGUHJDUGHGDVWDUQLVKHGVSHHFKGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHODQJXD JHVWDQGDUGVLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWR¿QGRXWDQGDQDO\]HKRZVODQJLVWUDQVODWHGIURP(QJOLVK LQWR/LWKXDQLDQLGHQWLI\LWVHIIHFWRQWKHODQJXDJHDQGFRPSDUHLWVTXDOLW\DQGLWVIUHTXHQF\ LQWKHWDUJHWWH[W6ODQJLWHPVDUHXVHGDOORYHUWKHZRUOGLQGLIIHUHQWVRFLHWLHVDQGFKDUDFWHUL ]HVRFLDOJURXSVDQGWKHLUYDOXHVWKXVLWLVQRWDOZD\VSRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHH[DFWHTXLYDOHQW RIVODQJDQGUHQGHULWLQWRWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQFXOWXUHVEHWZHHQWKH ODQJXDJHV7KHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGVWKDWDUHPDLQO\XVHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIVODQJDUHVRIWH QLQJVW\OLVWLFFRPSHQVDWLRQDQGGLUHFWWUDQVIHUV
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz