Name: ___ANSWERS________
Date: _______________________
Period: ______________________
Chapter 29 Civil Rights Review Worksheet—ANSWERS
Person, Place, Date, Term
Description
refer to and study “Civil Rights
Movement—Alphabet Soup”
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
Dred Scott was a slave who sued unsuccessfully for
his freedom in the famous lawsuit Dred Scott v.
Sanford
Provision that exempts certain people from a law on
the basis of previously existing circumstances
Laws enacted by Southern state and local
governments to separate white and black people in
public and private facilities;
An annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying
to vote—African Americans and poor white citizens
were often too poor to pay the poll tax;
which bears his name—The court ruled 7 to 2 against Scott, stating that slaves were property, and the court could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment
Grandfather clause
—especially a clause formerly in some Southern states’
constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls
Jim Crow Laws
named after a popular old minstrel song that ended in the words “Jump, Jim Crow”
Poll Tax
to reinstate white voters who could not pay the poll tax, several Southern states added the grandfather clause which allowed
Plessy v Ferguson
What were some of the actions taken by President Truman as a result of the Committee on Civil Rights?
Thirteenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
citizens to still vote if their grandfathers were able to vote
Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the State of Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for Blacks and Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had taken a seat in the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blacks only" car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-1 decision in this case that the
separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregated facilities.
Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti-lynching law and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal agencies and the military. He issued executive orders banning racial discrimination in the military and in federal hiring. He also took steps to end employment discrimination by companies holding government contracts.
abolished slavery.
grants voting rights regardless of race.

Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution prohibits
both Congress and the states from putting
restrictions (poll tax, literacy test, etc.) on the right
to vote in federal elections.

A test that judged the reading of voters to determine
if they could vote or not; African Americans were
often given more difficult questions than white,
Racial prejudice or discrimination
Linda Brown’s parents sued the school board
Warren Court
handed down a unanimous 9-0 decision which
stated, in no uncertain terms, that "separate
Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution recognized former slaves as citizens.

Fifteenth Amendment (1867)
The amendment states:
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution

The amendment states:
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Twenty-fourth Amendment
(1964)
The amendment states:

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.
Section 2.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Literacy test
or given a test in a foreign language in the
end though it was white officials that graded it and they could pass or fail applicants as they wished
racism
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)
In Topeka, Kansas,
attend a better all-white school miles closer to their home and than the segregated elementary school she was assigned to (Linda Brown—7 years-old—had to walk a mile through a dangerous train switching yard to get to a bus to take her to her school rather than attending a school several blocks from her home); on 17 May 1954 the
for not allowing their daughter to
Discuss three results of the
Brown v. Board of Education
decision.
How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s?
Thurgood Marshall
educational facilities are inherently unequal." This
ruling eliminated the doctrine of "separate but
equal”.
The
decision gave legal support of the African American
struggle for civil rights.
won twenty-nine out of the thirty-two cases
The nine African American students who attempted
to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock,
Arkansas
In response to
many whites resisted
desegregation and in many places the Ku Klux Klan
reappeared;
ordered school desegregation
be implemented “with all deliberate speed”
Nine black students (“The Little Rock Nine”)
seeking to enter Little Rock Central High School
were stopped by Governor Orval Faubus, the
National Guard, and angry white segregationists.
These actions forced President Eisenhower to
intervene.
A document signed by a group of 101 southern
members of Congress
pledged use of
“all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this
decision”
Put under the jurisdiction of the federal government
A boycott of public transportation in Montgomery,
Alabama in response to Rosa Parks being arrested;
the boycott lasted for
381 days until the Supreme Court outlawed bus
segregation
Refusal to obey an unjust law
Protests where demonstrators did not used any kind
of force or violence no matter what was said or done
Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. The governor of Virginia threatened to close the state’s public schools and send white children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress signed a “Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision.”
African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups had staged some successful protests
Leading civil rights attorney In total, Marshall
he argued before the
Supreme Court (including Brown v Board of Education); On June 13, 1967, President Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." He was the first African-American to hold the position.
“Little Rock Nine”
Brown II
the Brown v Board of Education decision,
in response, the Supreme Court handed down a second ruling (known as Brown II) that
Little Rock Crisis
Wednesday, Sept. 4, 1957,
He federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent in 1,000 paratroopers to protect the students and to allow them to enter. Students attended for that year then Faubus shut down Central High rather than let integration continue.
Southern Manifesto
which called the Court’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and
Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision?
Explain the primary effect of the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, on the bus company and the community.
Federalized
Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the president nor Congress forced them to act quickly
African American passengers who regulary used the buses for transportation boycotted them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Americans, the bus company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually forced the bus company to desegragete buses.
—during
the Civil Rights Movement, the president often federalized state National Guardsmen until federal troops could arrive
Montgomery Bus Boycott
the boycott
was organized by the MIA and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.; many African Americans chose to walk for miles rather than take the bus—in many cases people organized car pools; donations were taken up to purchase “boycott taxies” to pick up and drive walkers;
What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Rock incident had on the nation?
What was the Montgomery Improvement Association
Civil disobedience
How did many African Americans react to the death of Martin Luther King Jr.?
Non-violent Protest
Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of the African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the cause and anger towards the segregation list
The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders working for fair conditions for minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African American neighborhoods across the country exploded in violence. A week of rioting left 46 dead and thousands injured.
2
to them;
Protested segregation through everyday acts all her
life; through planning with NAACP, she refused to
give up her seat to white passenger and ignited the
Civil Rights Movement.
visit relatives
murdered by
Ku Klux
Klan
mother chose to have the
casket open at his funeral, showing the beating
picture of his corpse appeared in a
magazine
Martin Luther King, Jr. was the instrumental leader
of the civil rights movement; he believed in nonviolence and civil disobedience; he was head of the
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and
then the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC);
probably most
remembered for his famous “I have a Dream”
speech
Form of protest where protesters would sit down at
segregated lunch counters and refuse to leave until
they were served
became a staple of the early Civil Rights Movement under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.; King got the idea from Mohandas Gandhi who used the technique to help India overthrow British rule
Rosa Parks
He was a seamstress and an NAACP officer. Jo Ann Robinson and NAACP leader E.D. Nixon helped Parks plan the boycott; On December 1, 1955 she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat which had become part of “white only” section
What did the experiences of Martin Luther King Jr. in Chicago show?
Emmett Till Case
after the front of the bus had been filled; For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride the buses in Montgomery; Finally, in 1956, the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation
King’s experiences showed that significant obstacles to full equality remained and that the fight against racial discrimination in the North did not draw support from white Americans in the way that demonstrations against southern segregation had done a few years earlier.
In August 1955, went to
a group called the “uptown
near Money, Mississippi. There he was
”. Emmett Till, a fourteen year old boy from Chicago visiting relatives in Money, was killed by a group called the “uptown Ku Klux Klan” for allegedly
whistling at a white woman in a store, His
that had been inflicted on her son by his two
white abductors before he was shot. Thousands were exposed to this site when a
. The murder and subsequent acquittal galvanized opinion in the North in the same way that the long campaign to free the "Scottsboro Boys" had in the 1930s. This case shocked both whites and blacks for the cruelty of the killing. It prompted blacks to become more involved with protests.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
was born in Atlanta, Georgia to the Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. (King was born Michael but in 1934 his father—Rev. Michael King, Sr.—returned home from Europe where he had toured the site where Martin Luther had begun the Protestant Reformation and upon returning home he changed his name as well as his sons.) He graduated from Morehouse
College in 1948 at age nineteen and earned his Ph.D. in Theology from Boston University in 1955. King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953 and they had four children. While at Crozer Theological Seminary, King first became acquainted with the ideas of Mohandas Gandhi, which influenced him greatly in his future years. In 1953, King became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. He was selected to lead the 1955
Montgomery Bus Boycott. He was then instrumental in the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King led the SCLC in a number of triumphs over racial injustices and became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. His is
which came at the conclusion the Civil Rights March on Washington which he had spearheaded. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee while he stood on his hotel balcony. James Earl Ray was arrested and convicted of the crime. In 1986, a U.S. national holiday was established in honor of Martin Luther King Jr., which is called Martin Luther King Day. It is observed on the third
Monday of January each year, around the time of King's birthday. On January 18, 1993, for the first time, Martin Luther King Day was officially observed in all 50 U.S. states. In addition, many U.S. cities have officially renamed one of their streets to honor King. Since his death, Coretta Scott King has followed her husband's footsteps and is active in matters of social justice and civil rights. The same year Martin Luther King was assassinated, Mrs. King established the
King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide.
Sit-ins
; the first sit-ins were organized by CORE to protest segregation in the North in the 1940s; the tactic became popular and effective in the 1960s when film crews would cover such protests and the world got to see the ugly face of racism as whites would beat, jeer at, and pour food over students who refused to strike back
What was the Christian Leadership Conference, and what did it seek to achieve?
Why did Martin Luther King Jr. move his family into a Chicago slum apartment in 1966?
What accomplishments of the civil rights movement were achieved through nonviolent means? Why, despite these accomplishments, did some African Americans come to reject
nonviolence? (Think About: accomplishments in education, voting, and use of public facilities; what was required of nonviolent protesters; difference between de facto and de jure
segregation)
What strategies made the Montgomery Bus Boycott a success?
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Freedom Riders
The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent resistance in protests
King hoped to draw attention to the housing problems African Americans faced in the urban North.
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were
unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for right they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not an effective means of ending de facto segregation, which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and social status.
African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus boycott to war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep the community from losing heart
The first civil rights law since Reconstruction
 Established federal Commission on Civil
Rights
 Established a Civil Rights Division in the
Justice Department to enforce civil rights laws
 Enlarged federal power to protect voting rights
James Farmer, director of CORE, called for a
movement (the Freedom Riders) to test racial
discrimination in bus stations and terminal she sent
400 US marshals to protest the riders on their trip
and (freedom riders led to) banned segregation in all
3
Freedom Summer
interstate travel facilities, including waiting rooms,
restrooms, and lunch counters.
Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to
register blacks to vote in MS; Volunteers beaten,
killed; businesses, homes, churches burned;
With help of Kennedy and federal marshals, he
integrated University of Mississippi, later shot
In June of 1964, three civil rights workers disappeared in Neshoba County,
Mississippi—It was later learned that Klansmen and local police had murdered the men, two of whom were white (investigation is portrayed in the movie Mississippi Burning.
James Meredith
In September 1962, a federal court ordered the
What did the freedom riders hope to achieve?
Violence in Birmingham
Ernest Withers
Birmingham Church Bombing (16th Street Baptist Church Bombing)
University of Mississippi to accept James Meredith, a twenty-eight-year-old Air Force Veteran, much to the consternation of segregationists; Governor Ross Barnett said he would never allow the school to be integrated; After days of violence and rioting by whites, Meredith, President Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort James Meredith to the University; In 1966 Meredith began a 220-mile "March Against Fear" from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson,
Mississippi—he hoped to demonstrate a positive change in the racial climate, but he was shot soon after he commenced the march; Civil rights leaders rallied to the cause and came to continue the march from the point at which Meredith fell.
They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation rulings
Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life; Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of protesting, Martin Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand African-American children took to the streets in protest, police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor’s men arrested 959 of them and a day later attacked them with fire hoses,
dogs, and clubs—TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of viewers heard the children screaming; Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation
An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to people then things would change
Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the
grief that followed helped ensure the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover—But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening
the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison
Proposed by President Kennedy on June 19, 1963. It was the most significant piece of legislation to date, and it has had a lasting effect in the elimination of discrimination and segregation. President Johnson signed the bill into a law in July 2, 1964.
 Banned most discrimination in
employment and in public
accommodations.
 Enlarged federal power to protect voting
rights and speed up school desegregation.
 Established Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission to insure fair
treatment in employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Explain why Malcolm X was not a supporter of the March on Washington.
Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the march "The Farce on Washington".
Integrating University of
Alabama
June 11, 1963, two students escorted by federal marshals attempted to enroll for class at the University of Alabama (an
Governor George
Wallace made his infamous "Stand in the
Schoolhouse Door” in an attempt to prevent racial
integration of Alabama schools—
,
Kennedy
ordered the troops to make sure
African Americans were allowed to enter.
Planning for the event
among the “big
six”;
Kennedy eventually endorsed the march when it was
agreed that the federal government could have an
input into it.
The
march ended with Dr. King’s “I have a dream”
speech.
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who
was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to
register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
all-white university); they were barred from doing so when Alabama
Wallace said, “I say, Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever”; After trying to get Wallace to back down voluntarily
federalized the Alabama National Guard and
Wallace backed down and the University of Alabama was integrated
March on Washington
The march was initiated by A. Philip Randolph.
was complicated by differences
members but eventually agreed upon. Known in the press as "the big six”; The 1963 March on Washington was initially opposed by Kennedy as he believed that any march during his presidency would indicate that the leaders of the civil rights campaign were critical of his stance on civil rights. Kennedy also felt that the march could antagonize.
Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the march "The Farce on Washington". Historians now view the march as a great success for both King and the federal government as it went well in all aspects - peaceful, informative, well
organized etc. The rumors that federal representatives would cut off the PA system if the speeches became too rabble-raising have not been proved. August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 demonstrators—including 45,000 whites— marched to the nation’s capital to demand for equality. They assembled at the Lincoln Memorial and listened to speakers demand the immediate passage of the civil rights bill.
This speech was one of the most important speeches in history. It gave hope to many blacks around the nation.
What effect do you think the March on Washington had on the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Andrew Goodman
Fannie Lou Hamer
The March on Washington provided civil rights leaders with the chance to deliver their message to a national audience. After hearing moving and eloquent speeches such as the “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King Jr., members of Congress my have been more compelled to pass the Civil rights Act more quickly than they might have otherwise.
Was the daughter of a Mississippi sharecropper and became the voice of the SNCC organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP); she spoke at the 1964 Democratic National Convention and in a televised speech that shocked the convention and viewers nationwide—Hamer described how she was jailed for registering to vote in 1962: “The first [prisoner] began to beat [me], and I was beat by the first until he was exhausted. . . . The second [prisoner] began
to beat. . . .I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me in my head and tell me to ‘hush.’ . . .All of this on account we want to register, to become first-class citizens, and if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America.”
4
James Chaney
Michael Schwerner
Why did Civil Rights groups organize Freedom Summer?
“Bloody Sunday”—The Selma
Campaign
was a civil rights worker who was murdered by
gunshot in 1964 while trying to register voters as
part of Freedom Summer
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who
was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to
register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
On March 7, 1965, about 600 protesters set out on a
50-mile protest march from Selma, Alabama to the
state capital of Montgomery.
where
state and local lawmen attacked them with billy
clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma.
They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationist strongholds and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act
The marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80 but only got as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge six blocks away,
Describe the even in Selma, Alabama, that helped spur the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Voting Rights Act: 1965
De facto segregation
De jure segregation
Hough Riots
What were some of the causes and effects of the urban riots of the mid-1960s?
Explain some of the most important factors that led to the development of a Black Power movement in the mid-1960s. (Think About: de jure segregation versus de facto segregation, gains
African Americans had made by the mid-1960s, and the treatment of African Americans by law officers in Northern cities)
How did the message of Malcolm X differ from that of other civil rights leaders in the early 1960s?
Malcolm X
King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them. Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people
Police attacked activists protesting the violence used to prevent African Americans from registering to vote. Public outrage over the attacks help lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act just five months later.
In response to “Bloody Sunday”—President Johnson delivered a nationwide speech to congress asking for the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Eventually it was approved.

Eliminated voter literacy tests

Enabled federal examiners to register voters
Segregation that exists by practice, custom; problem
in North
Segregation required by law; problem in South
Race Riots in Cleveland, Ohio; started on July 18 and lasted for 6 days after a white dinner owner refused to given an African American a glass of water—By the end of the riots, four people were killed. About 240 fires were reported during the riots.
African American frustrations with continuing discrimination and the prevalence of white racism helped trigger the riots. The riots caused death and destruction and left white and black Americans more polarized than before.
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent mans included the desegregation of schools and public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were
unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for rights they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not effective means of ending de facto segregation which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little hope of improving their economic and social status.
Malcolm X advocated African American separatism and called for freedom to be brought about “by any means possible.” This philosophy differed greatly from other leaders, who strove to achieve racial integration through peaceful means.
Malcolm X (dropping what he called his “slave
name”) was a minister and national spokesman for
the Nation of Islam; but eventually broke ties with
the Nation of Islam
led by Elijah Muhammad and appealed to African
Americans to embrace the Islamic faith and
preached black nationalism;
ideas were popularized by one of their leaders
known as Malcolm X
militant Black Power groups; They used guns
and violence to confront police and law, and to give
more power to blacks; They preached ideas of Mao
Zedong
provided social services to the ghettos
and won popular support because of this.
because: he learned that Elijah Muhammad had broken his own rules by committing adultery and after pilgrimage to Mecca and learning that Islam really preached racial equality—he began to push for integration; At a speaking engagement in the Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom on February 21,
1965 three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage and shot him 15 times at close range—it was believed that he was killed by the Nation of Islam for speaking out against their views but this was never proven
Nation of Islam (Black
Muslims)
Their philosophy advocated for African Americans to separate themselves from whites and from their own self-governing communities blacks separate from whites—believed whites source of black problems; Their
Black Panthers
Black Panther Party was the most famous of the
and had violent confrontations with police; They
What were some of the positive aspects of the Black Power movement?
What were the goals of the Black Panther Party? What were the methods they advocated in their attempt to achieve these goals?
Why was the public reaction to the Back Panthers mixed?
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Black Power Movement had many positive aspects, including an emphasis on racial pride and an interest in African culture and heritage.
The Black Panther Party wanted “land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace” as well as the freedom to determine their own destiny. The group believed that it should arm itself in order to defend the black community from “racist police oppression.”
Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence; however, some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs
 Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental
of most housing
 Strengthened anti-lynching laws
 Made it a crime to harm civil rights workers
5
Kerner Commission
Commission found “white racism” as the main
cause of urban violence
; The Kerner Commission was the popular name given to the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders; The 11-member commission was created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United
White Flight
Affirmative Action
States. The commission's report, usually called the "Kerner Report," was released on February 29, 1968. The report named one main cause for urban violence: White Racism; the report said, “Our nation is moving toward two societies, on black, one white—separate but equal; the report called for the nation to create new jobs, construct new housing, and end de facto segregation in order to wipe out the destructive ghetto environment—the Johnson administration ignored
many of the recommendations because of white opposition to such sweeping changes.
White flight is a term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always upper and middle class, moving away from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, finding new homes in nearby suburbs; Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, due to racist real-estate covenants and other discriminatory practices, non-white people were almost never afforded the same opportunities to move away from the cities, even when they may have been economically
able to do so.
involve making special efforts to hire or enroll
groups that have suffered discrimination;
some criticize action programs as “reverse
discrimination” that set minority hiring or
enrollment quotas and deprived whites of
opportunities.
Marshall, as the head of the NAACP’s team of
lawyers, argued many important civil rights cases
before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he
gave all African-American children the opportunity
to succeed and achieved an important first step in
the complete abolishment of segregation. King, as
the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His
love, courage, patience, optimism, and integrity
made him an example to all Americans. He inspired
those on the front lines of the moment to persevere
and those outside the moment to sympathize with,
and participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped
African Americans to take pride in themselves and
their race. The changes he underwent—from a
criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of black
separatism and hatred of whites to a more tolerant
Muslim civil rights organizer—made him a
powerful role model for young African Americans.
Affirmative action programs
many colleges and almost all companies that do business with the federal government adopted such
programs. But in the late 1970s,
Compare what Thurgood
Marshall, Martin Luther King,
Jr., and Malcolm X achieved
for African Americans. (Think
About: the importance of
changing unjust laws, effective
protests and demonstrations in
the South, and African
Americans’ attitude toward
themselves)
people began to
affirmative
Describe three factors responsible for
discontent among African Americans during
the 1960s.
African Americans wanted an end to discrimination, better jobs, better income, and better places to live.
Explain some of the most
important factors that led to the
development of the civil rights
movement in 1950s and 1960s.
(Think About: economic gains
made by African Americans
during World War II,
participation of African
Americans in the war, early
World War II created opportunities for African
Americans that they were unwilling to give up after
the war ended. Many African-American soldiers
returned from World War II determined to fight for
their won freedom. The groundwork for a civil
rights movement was laid by organizations that,
6
efforts by civil rights
organizations, early success in
the courts)
How did the civil rights
movement evolve from the
mid-1950s to the late 1960s?
Discuss changes in the goals,
tone, and leadership of the
movement during this period.
(Think About: de jure versus
de facto segregation,
contributions of major leaders,
objectives and strategies of
various civil rights
organizations)
during the war, fought against Jim Crow laws and
voting restrictions. The NAACP adopted a
successful strategy for fight civil rights in the courts.
The most important victory was the Supreme
Court’s groundbreaking decision in Brown v. Board
of Education, which finally declared separate
schools for black unconstitutional. This important
blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen the
efforts of civil right organizations.
The movement at first focused on segregation
enforced by law and later turned to fundamental
economic and social inequalities. Early leader
Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP won several key
Supreme Court cases including the landmark Brown
v. Board of Education, which made segregated
schools unconstitutional. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
and Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in
the South using boycotts. King and others founded
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
which stressed nonviolent tactics such as sit-ins to
protest segregation in public facilities. The Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in sitins but also used more confrontational tactics.
Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights
Act of 1965. By the late 1960s, however, anger and
frustration over the continuing high rate of poverty
and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new
militancy among African Americans, especially in
the North. Malcolm X of the Nation of Islam,
Stokely Carmichael of SNCC, and the political party
the Black Panthers urged blacks to defend
themselves against white violence and called for
“Black Power.” Clashes between blacks and white
7
In what ways did African
Americans’ economic
situations improve during the
1970s?
authorities led to riots in many large cities. King’s
assassination in 1968 marked a turning point for the
movement and a low point in race relations for the
nation.
The number of African American—owned
businesses rose greatly. The income gap between
white Americans and African Americans narrowed.
In addition, increased enrollment in colleges and
universities ensured that more African Americans
would gain better paying jobs.
Los Angeles riots (LA Riots or
the Rodney King riots)
Sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police officers accused in the videotaped beating
of black motorist Rodney King. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mainly young black and Latino males, joined in
what has often been characterized as a race riot, involving mass law-breaking, including looting, arson and murder. In
all 50 to 60 people were killed during the riots.
What did the civil rights
movement accomplish?
Would you describe the
movement as a success? (Think
About: political gains, social
and economic gains)
The civil rights movement brought about important
political gains. It eliminated de jure segregation:
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in
public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965
made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal, and the
Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in
housing. In addition, millions of African Americans
were registered to vote, and more blacks were
elected to political office. Social and economic
gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African
Americans still faced housing and job
discrimination, unequal schools because of white
flight to the suburbs, and poverty rate much higher
than whites. The movement, however, did lead to
affirmative action programs designed to equalize
education and job opportunities. Nonviolent
protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as
his personal integrity and philosophy, inspired many
whites to sympathize with African Americans. The
movement also brought many blacks and whites
together to work toward common goals. Students
who described the movement as a success may say
8
What effects did the civil rights
have on many women?
What rights did President
Kennedy want African
Americans to gain through
civil rights legislation?
What role did violence and
nonviolence play in the
struggle for civil rights? How
did each help and hurt the
movement?
What strides did African
Americans make in politics in
the 1970s?
What were some of the ways in
which the civil rights
movement changed between
1960 and 1975?
that the legal and political advances represented a
great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation
had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who
disagree may stress that much remains to be
accomplished in realms of education, job
opportunity, and income equality.
It spurred women to demonstrate for equality by
both inspiring them to act and opening their eyes to
their unequal treatment
He wanted African Americans as well as all other
Americans to have the “right to be served in
facilities which are open to the public—hotels,
restaurants, theaters, retail stores and similar
establishments.”
White racist violence against nonviolent protesters
and demonstrators outraged many Americans and
hastened the political process of change. Some
African Americans came to see nonviolent protest as
an ineffective tool once a certain level of rights had
been achieved. On the other hand, violence by
African Americans in the form of urban riots hurt
the movement by polarizing society.
By the end of the 1970s more than 4,500 African
Americans held elected office. The roster of elected
black officials in 1978 included 16 members of the
House of Representatives.
Gains made through nonviolent protests staged by
groups such as the SCLC during the early stages of
the civil rights movement, and then contrast the shift
toward violence and more radical rhetoric. Students
should point out how some African American
leaders called for separation from white Americans,
whereas earlier activists called for racial equality
and integration. Achievements include gaining
9
Why did organizers have such
a difficult time registering
African American voters
during the early stages of the
civil rights movement?
Why did young people in
SNCC and the MFDP feel
betrayed by some civil rights
leaders?
Why do you think so many
people disliked affirmative
action and busing?
Busing
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
enforceable voting rights, desegregation of public
places and schools, and better economic
opportunities. Perhaps the most dramatic
achievement of the movement was the large number
of African Americans elected to public office.
Activists who attempted to register voters
continually faced from white racists. Many African
Americans refused to register because they were
threatened with the loss of their jobs or physical
harm if they did so.
Because the leaders agreed to compromise with the
Johnson administration that kept most MFDP
delegates from the Democratic convention
Busing made parents angry about having to send
their children outside of their own neighborhoods to
get schooling. Many people disliked affirmative
action because they believed it was a form of
reverse discrimination.
Desegregation busing, also known as forced busing,
is the concept of achieving racial and/or economic
integration in public schools by transporting
schoolchildren to schools outside their area of
residence; The Supreme Court, in Swann v.
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education,
upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving
integration of public schools; Busing led to further
“White Flight” into the suburbs and other areas;
Combined with changes in housing patterns, forced
busing programs were gradually eliminated during
the 1990s as the courts nationwide released districts
from orders under old lawsuits.
Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of
the United States Constitution abolished slavery.
The amendment states:
10
What did the Civil Rights Act
of 1957 do?
Bilingualism
César Estrada Chávez
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
It made it a federal crime to prevent qualified
persons from voting. It also set up the federal Civil
Rights Commission ot investigate violations of the
law.
Ability to speak two languages; the LULAC pushed
to have schools taught in Spanish as well as in
English
Founded the National Farm Workers Association
(NFWA) that later became the United Farm
Workers. In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA led a
strike of California grape-pickers to demand higher
wages. In addition to the strike, they encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support.
The strike lasted five years and attracted national attention. When the U.S. Senate Subcommittee looked into the
situation, Robert Kennedy gave Chávez his total support. In the early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts
to get higher wages from grape and lettuce growers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic
pesticides on grapes. He again fasted to draw public attention. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the
signing of bargaining agreements.
What problems did different
groups of Latino immigrants
share?
Dolores Huerta
Prejudice, job and housing discrimination, high
unemployment, and poverty
The co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of
the United Farm Workers of America, AFLCIO(UFW). As an advocate for farm worker rights
Dolores has been arrested twenty-two times for non-violent peaceful union activities. Even though Dolores has
invested a great deal of time, sweat and tears and has been a big part of the United Farm Workers movement, she still
does not receive the recognition she deserves for her hard work and dedication. To this day at her elder age she is
working hard for the rights of farm workers
What impact did the grape
boycott have?
It hurt the grower’s revenue as well as their public
image and forced them to negotiate with the
UFWOC; it thus enabled the union to win better
wages and working conditions
11
Declaration of Indian Purpose
Indian Civil Rights Act
Why did Native Americans
resist assimilation?
Russell Means
What tactics did AIM use in its
attempts to gain reforms?
Betty Frieden
Feminists
Sexism
The Feminine Mystique
Was a bill of rights for Native Americans they was
written in 1961 by more than 400 representatives of
67 Native American nations who met in Chicago
An act passed by Congress in 1968 which
guaranteed Native American reservation dwellers
some of the rights provided to other citizens under
the Bill of Rights
Some viewed white culture as shallow and
meaningless
Is one of contemporary America's best-known and
prolific activists for the rights of American Indians.
He argues that, "Indian people are dying of
sympathy. What we want is respect." Means has
also pursued careers in politics, acting, and music;
he joined the American Indian Movement and
quickly became one of its most prominent leaders.
He was appointed the group's first national director
in 1970. Later that year, Means was one of the
leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore. In
1972, he participated in AIM's takeover of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington, DC,
and in 1973 he led AIM's occupation of Wounded
Knee, which became the group's most celebrated
action.
AIM used confrontational and sometimes violent
tactics, such as occupying the Bureau of Indian
Affairs and taking hostages during a protest at
Wounded Knee
Woman feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique
and helped form NOW; she galvanized the
movement
Women activist
Treating people different because of their gender
Book written by Betty Friedan that rejected the
12
Gloria Steinem
National Women’s Political
Caucus
What prompted women to
establish NOW?
Explain the primary reason
whey the Equal Rights
Amendment was not ratified.
Phyllis Schlafly
notion that the destiny of women was only to be
wives and mothers; book was a bestseller and helped galvanize women across country
Is a Jewish American feminist and journalist and a
spokeswoman for women's rights. She is the founder
and original publisher of Ms. magazine. In 1971
Steinem founded the National Women's Political
Caucus and the Women's Action Alliance. In 1972
she founded the feminist magazine Ms. and wrote
for the magazine until it was sold in 1987. In 1974
Steinem founded the Coalition of Labor Union
Women.
was formed in 1971 with a goal of increasing the
number of women involved in politics, including
running for office and serving as delegates to
national conventions. Gives money and support to
all pro-choice female candidates
Their dissatisfaction with the EEOC and the need
for a more organized effort to combat sexism
As a result of a viogurs campaign by STOP ERA
and other groups, the Eual Rights Amendment failed
to obtain the votes needed for ratification.
She founded STOP ERA to fight ERA believing it
would force women to give up their traditional roles
as wives and mothers, and that they would lose certain legal protections in the family and
in the workplace
What concerns motivated those
who opposed the ERA?
Shirley Chisholm
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Fear of change and the perceived drastic effects the
amendment might have had on traditional family life
In 1968, she became the first African-American
woman in the United States House of
Representatives
 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States
statute that was passed in response to a series
of United States Supreme Court decisions
limiting the rights of employees who had sued
13
their employers for discrimination. The 1991
Act combined elements from two different civil
rights acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of
1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
14