3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In recent decades, the marine environment has been looked into as a
possible source of biomedically important secondary metabolites for use in
human or animal medicine. Many organisms from the marine environment
have been found to produce antibacterial compounds. These include
sponges, ascidian, marine algae, sea grass and microorganisms etc. Marine
macro algae have been found to be a prominent source of bioactive
fc& nq
compounds. Their community structure can be influenced by,¼herbivores and
are prone to fouling as well. Hence, they have evolved defensive mechanisms
and produce secondary metabolites to protect themselves from herbivores
and fouling. The ecological role of such secondary metabolites from micro and
macro algae as herbivore deterrents (Hay and Fencial 1988; Van Alstyne and
Paul, 1989; Hay and Steinberg, 1992) and antifouling (Armstrong et al., 2001;
Mayer and Hamann, 2004) has been reported.
Various active compounds have been identified from seaweeds. The
first attempt to locate bioactivity in marine algae was initiated around the
1950s. Pratt et al. (1951) studied the antibacterial activity of seaweeds
followed by Mautner et al. (1956). Many reports have focused on various
biomedical properties like antibacterial (Burkholder et al., 1960; Hornsey and
Hide, 1976 and Caccamese et al., 1980), antiviral (Rinehart et al.,1993;
Stonard and Andersen, 1980; Tachibana et al.. 1981; Kashman et al.. 1989),
antifungal (Carte, 1996: Tang et al., 2002: Rajeev et al., 2004), cytotoxic
(Gerwick and Fenical,
1982; Schmitz et al. 1993), antioxidant (Josephine et al.,
2007; Kumar Chandini et al., 2008), anticoagulant (Matsubara et al., 2001)
and various pharmacological activities (Yamaguchi et al.,
1996; Faulkner,
2002; Mosaad et al., 2006).
Also, the seaweed surface associated of bacteria play a role and
assists the hosts in antifouling defense (Paul et al.,
1987). The epiphytic
bacteria possess antagonistic activity (Emmanuel Joshua Jeba Singh et al.,
2008). The environmental factors like light intensity, nutrient levels, salinity
and seasons influence the secondary metabolites production (Van Aistyne,
1988). The vast literature on natural products from seaweeds especially
pertaining to the objectives of the study has been presented in table format.
S.
NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
Author
Year
Pratt, R., R. Mautner, 1951
G.M. Gardner, y. Sha
and J. Dufrenoj
Mautner,
H. C.,
G.M. 1953
Gardner, and G.M. Pratt
Vacca, D.D. and R.A. 1954
Walsh
............
Gerber, P., J. Dutcher, E. 1958
Adams and J. Sherman
Works
Report on antibiotic activity of Indian
I seaweed extracts.
Antibiotic activity of seaweed extracts.
uric dFLJO3CLCIIdI activity 01 an extract
obtained from Ascophyllum nodosum.
Protective effect of seaweed extracts for
chicken embryos infected with influenza
P rr mi mr c xiir"c
I I I
5.
6.
7.
Allen, M.B. and W. Y. 1960
Dawson
Burkholder, P. R. L.
1960
Burkholder and L. R.
Almodovar
Maritinez-Nadar,
N. G., 1963
L.C. Rodriguez and C. Casillas, Sarganin and
Chonalgin
II
VI LI .2.
Production of antibacterial substance by
benthic tropical marine algae.
Antibiotic activity of some marine algae
of Puerto Rico.
New antibiotics substances from marine
algae from Puerto Rico
10
1 Lefevse, M.
8.
9.
1964
11.
Olesen,P.E., A. Maretzki
and L.A. Almondoras
Burkholder, P.R., L.M.
Burkholder
and
L. R.
Almodovar
Chapman, V.J.
1970
12.
Glowbitza, K.W.
1970
10.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21
22.
23.
Rao, M
I Dawes, C. J.
Fenical, W., J.J. Sims, D.
Squatrito, R.M. Wing and
P. Radlick
Bhakuni, D. and Y.M.
Silva
Hornsey, I.S. and D.
Hide
Moebus, K. and K.M.
Johnson
Fenical,W.
Sachithananthan, K., and
A. Sivapalan
Sims, J.J., M.S. Donnell,
J.V. Leary and aH.Lacy
Hornsey, I.S. and D.
Hide
Hornsey, I.S. and D
Hide
247Ehresmann, D.W., E.F.
Deig, M.T. Hatch, L.H. Di
Salvo and N. A. Vedros
25.
26.
Faulker, D.J.
Parekh, K.S.
27.
Richards, JT., E. R.
Kern, L.A. Glasgow, J.C.
Overall, E.F. Deign and
M.T. Hatch
1964
1966
-
1970
Extra cellular products of Algae. In:
Algae and man.
An
investigation
of
antimicrobial
substances from marine algae.
Antibiotic activity of some marine algae
of Puerto Rico.
Seaweeds and their uses.
Antimicrobial Constituents in algae.
Quantitative determination of acrylic
acid in marine algae.
The economic seaweeds of India.
1971
lndole-3-acetic acid in the green algal
coenocyte
Caulerpa
prolifera
(Chlorophyceae, Siphonales).
1973 Zonarol and Isozonarol, fungitoxic
hydroquinones from the brown seaweed
Dictyopteris zonarioides.
1974
Biodynamic substances from marine
algae.
1974
The
antimicrobial
production
of
I compounds by British Marine algae.
1974
Exudation of dissolved organic 'C' by
brown_algae.
1975. Halogenation in the Rhodophyta: a
review.
1975
Antibacterial properties of some marine
algae of Sri Lanka
1975 j Antimicrobial Agents from Marine Algae.
1976 1 The production of anti microbial
a
compounds by British marine algae II.
Seasonal variations in production of
antibiotics.
1976b The production of antimicrobial
compounds by British marine algae.IIl.
Distribution of activity within the algal
thallus.
1977
Antiviral substances from Californian
marine algae.
Antibiotics from algae.
pharmaceutically
and
Antimicrobial
active substances from marine sources.
1978 - Antiviral activity of extracts from marine
algae.
1978
1978
IN
Marine
derived
In: I
antoti cs
Antibiotics: Isolation, separation and
purification.
29. Caccamese, S. and R. 1979 Screening for antimicrobial activities in
Azzolina
marine algae from Eastern Sicily.
30. Glombitza, K.W.
1979 Antibiotics from algae.
31.[ãamese, -- S.,
ft 1980 Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of
Azzoline, G. Furnasi, M.
extracts from Mediterranean algae.
Cormaci
and
Y. S.
Grasso
32. Chapman, V.J. and D.J. 1980 1 seaweeds and their uses
Chapman
Kazlauskas, R., J. 1980 New metabolites from the brown alga
Mulder, P.T. Murphy and
Caulacystis caphalornithos.
R.J. Wells
34. Naqvi, SW., A. Solimabi, 1980
creening oi some marine piants Irom
S. Y.
Kamat,
L.
the Indian coast for biological activity.
Fernandes, C.V.G.
Reddy, D.S. Bhakuni and
B.N. Dhawan
1
1980 Antispasmodic and Anti-inflammatory I
35. Solimabi and B. Das
activity of Carrageenan from Hypnea
musciformis wulfen.
36. ! Caccamese, S., R 1981 Antimicribial and antiviral activities of
Azzolina, G. Furnari, M
some marine algae from eastern Sicily
Cormaci and S. Grasso
37. Gerwick, W.H. and W 1981 lchthyotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites
Fenical
of the tropical brown alga Stypopodlum
- zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss
---
38f Gerwick, W.H.
1981 The natural product chemistry of the
Dictyotaceae.
39. Naqvi, S.W., A,Solirnabi, 1981 Screening of some marine plants from
S.Y. Kamat, L. Fernandes
the Indian Coast for biological activity.
and
C.V.G.
Reddy
40 Sreenivasa Rao, P. and 1981 Antibacterial activity of Indian seaweed,
K.S. Parekh
extracts
41
De Silva, S.M.S., S.K.T. 1982 Antibacterial activity of extract from the
brown seaweed Stoechospermum
Carnage, N.S. .kumar
marginatum.
and
S.
Balasubramaram
L...
42. Fenical, W.
1982 Natural products chemistry in the
marine environment
43. Hoppe, H.A. and T. 1982 Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical
-- -.
Levring
Science.
1984 Seaweeds in pharmaceutical studies
Baker, J.T.
and applications.
.11.
45. Dosai,
R. G. 1984 - polysaccharides from Indian seaweeds
Y.A.,
Parekh, V.D. Chauhan
- and
46. Fenical, W. and V.J. Paul 1984 Antibiotic and cytotoxic terpenoids from tropical green algae of the family
28. Shield, L.S. and K.Lj1978
Rinehart
_J
Udoteaceae
477Jtndlay, J.A. and A.D. r1984
Antibacterial constituents of the diatom
Patil
48. Khan, K.H. and
4^^j
and
Mahmood
Nay/cu/a de/ognei
.A. 1984 TAntibacterial and antifungal activities of
marine algae from Karachi seashore of
Pakistan.
49. Ma, J.W. and W.C. Tan 1984 Screening for antimicrobial activities in
marine algae from the Quingdao coast,
China.
50. Parekh,
K. S.,
H.H. 1984 Antibacterial
activity
of
Indian
Parekh and P.S. Rao
seaweeds.
Pederson, A.
1984 Studies on phenol content and heavy
metal uptake in fucoids
52. Pesando, D. and B. 1984 Screening of marine algae from French
Caram
Mediterranean coast for antibacterial
and antifungal activity.
53.1Rao,NLS.A.V.P K.V. 11984 Carbohydrates
of
Padina
Sastry and E.V. Rao
tetrastromatica.
54. Reichelt, J.L. and
KTi
Antimicrobial activity from marine algae.
Borowitzka
Results of a large scale screening
programme.
J. and CA. 1984
Borden
56. Caccamese, S., R.M. 1985
I Toscano, G. Furnari and
M. Cormaci____
57. Glombitza, K.W. and K. 1985
j Kiapperich
51 Stein,
I
58. Jacobs, R.S., P. Culver,
R. Langdon, T. O'Brien
Jnd S. White
59. Parekh, K., H. Parekh,
I H.M. Mody and P.S. Rao
1985
Causative and beneficial algae in
human disease conditions.
Antimicrobial activities of red and brown
algae from Southern Italy coast.
_____
Antibiotics from algae. XXXIV Cleavage
of the high molecular weight methylated
phlorotannin fraction from the brown
_Laa Pelvetia cana/icu/ata.
Some pharmacological observations on
marine natural products
Effect of antibacterial substances from
seaweeds on the growth of bacteria
marine plants their biology, chemistry
and Utilization.
co 7 Padmakumar, K. and K. 1986 Antimicrobial activity some marine
Ayyakkannu
algae of Porto Novo and Pondicherry
j_waters,eastcoastof±ndia.
61. Ballantine, D. L., W. H. 1987 Antibiotic activity of lipid soluble extracts
from Caribbean marine algae.
I Gerwick, S.M. Velez and
E. Alexander
62. Chennubhotla, V.S.K., N. 1987 Seaweed resources of India
Kaliaperumal and S.
I Kalimuthu
63. llvessalo, H. and J. 1987 Nutrient availability and accumulation of
Tuomi
I phenolic compound in the brown algae
Fucusvascu/osu.s
I ()
Maruyama, Nakajima, Yamamoto
64.
A study on the anticoagulant and
fibrinolytic activities of a crude fucoidan
and
from the edible brown seaweed Laminar/a
religiosa, with special reference to its
inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma180 ascites cells subcutaneously
implanted into mice
1 Paul, V.J. and W
65.
Natural products chemistry and
I Fenical
chemical defense in tropical marine
algae of the phylum Chlorophyta.
66. Paul, V.J., MM. Littler, 1987 Evidence for chemical defense in
D. S. Littler and W.
tropical
green
algae
Caulerpa
Fenical
ashmeadii
(Caulerpaceae:
Chlorophyta): Isolation of new bioactive
sesquiterpenoids.
67. Rosell, K.G and L.M.
1987 Fatty acids as antimicrobial substances
Srivastava
in brown algae.
68. Viso, A.C., D. Pesando 1987 Antibacterial and antifungal properties
and C. Baby of some marinediatoms in culture
69. Ireland, C.M., D.M. Roll, 1988 Uniqueness of the marine environment:
T. F.
Molinski,
T. C.
categories of marine natural products
Mckee, T.M. Zarbriske
from invertebrates In: Biomedical
and J.C. Sweresy
importance of_marine _organisms.
70. Mearns—Spragg, A., M. 1988 Cross- species induction and
Bregu, K.G. Boyd and
enhancement of antimicrobial activity
J.G. Burgess
produced by epibiotic bacteria from
marine algae and invertebrates after
exposure to terrestrial bacteria
71. PadmakumarK.
1988 Bio active substances from marine
algae and mangroves.
72. Raghukumar, C. and bT1988 Changes in the marine green algae
Chandramohan
I
Chaetomorpha media on infection by a
fungal pathogen.
73. Sreenivasa Rao,P.P 1988a Antibacterial activity from Indian species
P. Sreenivasa Rao and
of Sargassum.
LS.M._Karmarkar
74. Asari, F., T. Kusumi and 1989 Turbinaric acid, a cytotoxic
H. Kakisawa
secosqualene carboxylic acid from the
brown alga Turbinaria ornata.
1989 Novel Pharmaceutical compounds from
75. I Austin, B.
Jjmarine bacteria.
7. Dave, M.J. and V.D. 1989 Seaweed as a source of food, feed and
Chapman
fertilizer invention intelligence.
P7. Glombitza, K.W. and M. 1989 Secondary
metabolites
of
Koch
pharmaceutical potential.
Graufel ,V., B. Kloareg, 1989 New natural polysaccharides with
S. Mabeau, P. Durand
potent antithrombic activity:
- and J.Jozefonvicz
jucans from brown algae
79. Kobashi, K.
1989 Pharmacological active metabolites
from symbiotic microalgae in Okinawan
marine invertebrates.
L
-.
J. 1987
8
I
E7.
80. Watanabe,
K., -. M. 1989
Miyakado, N. Ohno, A. j
Okada, K. Yanagi and K.
Monguchi
___
81. Caballero Ortega, P. and1990
F.R. Melian_Gonzalez 82. Furusawa, E. and S. 1990 Furusawa
A polyhalogenated insecticidal
monoterpene from the red alga,
--
Plocamium telfa/riae
Antimicrobial activities in algae extracts
fromthe cost of Grand Canary Island.
Antitumor potential of low-dose
chemotherapy manifested in
combination with immunotherapy of
Viva-Natural, a dietary seaweed extract,
onLewis lung carcinoma
Pharmacological activities of marine
algae.__
Antitumor activity of marine algae
83. Guven, K.C., B. Guvener 1990
and E.
84. Noda, H., H. Amano, K. 1990 Arashima
and
K.
Nisizawa
-
85. Perez, R.M.G., J.G.A. 1990 Antimicrobial activity of some American
Avila, S.G. Perez, A.C. algae.
Martinez
and
G. C.
Martinez
86I Pesando, D.
1990 Antibacterial and antifungal activities o—fl
marl_ I
__
87. Sreenivasa Rao, PP., P. 1 1990 Antibacterial activity of Sargassum
Sreenivasa Rao and
w/ghtii.
S.M. Karmakar
88. Numata, A., S. Kanbara, 1991 Cytotoxic activity of marine algae and
C. Takahashi, R. Fujiki,
cytotoxic principle of the brown alga
M. Yoneda , E. Fujita and
Sarrgassum tort/le
. Y. Nabeshima
-
.Sreenivasa
Rao,
PP.
1991
Biological
investigation
of
Indian
marine
89.
algae and screening of some green, red
and brown seaweeds for their
antimicrobial activity
90. Sridhar, K.R. and N. 1991 Antimicrobial activity of seaweeds.
_J Viyvathi
91. Tariq, V.N.
1991 Antifungal activity in crude extracts of
marine red algae.
92. Ballesteros, E., D. Martin 1992 Biological activity of extracts from some
and M.J. Uriz
.
Mediterranean macrophytes
93. Clardy, J., K.M. Snader 1992 A pentahalogenated monoterpene from
and M.R. Boyd
the red alga Port/er/a hornemannii
i
I
.
produced a novel cytotoxicity profile
against a diverse panel of human tumor
cell lines.
94. Garg, H.S., T. Sharma, 1992 An antiviral Sphingosine derivative from
D.S.
Bhakuni,
B.N.
green alga U/va fasc/ata
and
Bo
s
e
_Jramanik
A.
95. Guerriero,
A.,
A.t
1992 Isolation of toxic and potentially toxic
Meinesz, M. DAmbrosio
sesqui and monoterpens from the
and F. Pietra tropical green seaweed Cauferpa
taxifof/a which has invaded the region of
Cap Martin and Monaco.
21
96. Kumar, V.
97. Lustigman, B., L.H. Lee
and N. Thees
98. Naqvi, B.S., A. Khan, D.
Shaikh and M.R. Shaikh
99. Ohigashi, H., Y. Sakai,
K. Yamaguchi, I.
Umezaki and
K.
Koshimizu
100 Paul, V.J.
101. Sreenivasa Rao, P.P.
102. Ahmad, VU., S.A.
Perveen and M. Shamed
103.I Cannell, R.J.P.
105. Guerriero,
A.,
F.
Marchetti, M.
D'Ambrosio, S. Senesi,
F. Dini and F. Pietra
106. Ireland, C.M., B.R. Copp,
M.P. Foster, L.A.
McDonald, D.C. Radisky
and J.C. Swersey
107. Kajiwara,
T.,
K.
Kodama, A. Hatanaka
--and K. Matsui
108. Lemee, R., D. Pesando,
M. Durand-Clement and
---A. Dubreuil ____ _____
109. Lincoln,
R.A.,
K.
Stupinsky and J. M.
.J_Walter
110. Renn. D.W.
1992
Biocidal activity of certain marine algae
from Tuticorin_coast.
1992 Production of antimicrobial substances
by macroalgae of the New York I New
Jersey coast.
1992 Nematicidal properties of selected
Marine Algae From Karachi.
1992 Possible anti-tumor promoting
properties of marine algae and in vivo
activity of Wakame
..Lseaweed extract
1992 Ecological roles of marine natural
products.
1992 Biological investigations of India
Phaeophyceae 10. Seasonal variation
of antimicrobial activity of fractions from
Sargassum Johnston/i Setchell et
Gardner from Okha, West Coast of
India
1993 Sterols from marine green algae
Codium decortacatum.
1993 Algae as a source of biologically active
p roducts.
_____ _______
1993 Marine natural products chemistry
1993 New ecotoxicologically and biogenetically
relevant terpenes of the tropical green
seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia which is
invading the Mediterranean
1993 Biomedical potential of marine natural
products
1993TVotatile compounds from Japanese
marine brown algae.
1993
Preliminary survey of toxicity of the
green alga Caulerpa taxifolia introduced
____ into the Mediterranean.
1993 I Bioactive compounds from algae
1993
Medical and biotechnological
applications of marine macroalgal
I polysaccharides
111 Hun, W.W., G.S. Hock
1994 Antibacterial properties of Malaysian
and P.S. Moi
seaweeds.
112 Ayyad, S.E.N. and F.A. 1994 Caulerpin, an antitumor indoe alkaloid
Badria
JfromCaulerpa racernosa
-
113 Becerro, MA., N. L. 1994 Antimicrobial activity and surface
Lopez, X. Turon and M.J.
bacterial film in marine sponges.
Un iz
- ....J._____________ --
- -. -
114.
Kaliaperumal, N.
1994
Seaweed resources of Tamilnadu coast
115.
Kamat.
S.Y.,
S.D. 1994
Wahidulla, L. Souza, C.G.
Naik, V. Ambiye,
D.S.
Bhakuni, S. Jam, A.K.
Goeland R.C. Srimal
Newman,
D.J.,
K.M. 1994
Snader and M.R. Boyd
Bioactivity of marine organisms: Part
VII--Effect of seaweed extract on central
nervous system
116.
117.
Sastry, V.M.V.S.
G.R.K. Rao
and 1994
1994
R.
Sridharan,
G. K.
.jjrivedi and H.H. Mathur
119. Boisson-Vidal, C., F. 1995
Haroun, M. Ellouali, C.
Blondin and J.
Jozefonvicz 120. Jurd, K.M., D.J. Rogers, 1995
G. Blunden and D.S.
McLellan
121. Kaliaperumal,
N. S. 1995
Kalimuthu
J. R.
and
____ Ramalingam
122. Mahasneh,l., M. Jamal, 1995
M. Kashasneh and M.
Ziodeh
123. Sreenivasa Rao, P.P. 1995
Steinberg, P.D.
1995
125.
Bauer, A.W., W.M. Kirby, 1996
K.C. Sherris and M.
Turck
____
126. I Bongiorni, L. and F. 1996
Pietra
ii Cart, B.K. -
1996
128.
129
130.
Chennubhotla, V.S.K._1996
Harlin, M.M.
-
1996
Okai, Y
K. Higashi- 1996
Okai, Y. Yano and S.
Otani
131. Premila Crasta JN.S. 1 1996
I Raviraja
and
K. I
Sridhar
-1
Isolation and structure/activity features
of halomon- related antitumor
monoterpenes from the red alga
Port/er/a hornemann/j.
Antibacterial substances from marine
algae: Successive extraction using
benzene, Chloroform _and _Methanol.
Antimicrobial activities of marine algae
from the Indian coast.
Biological activities of polysaccharides
from marine algae.
Anticoagulant properties of sulphated
polysaccharides and a proteoglycan
from Cod/u n
r fragile ssp. atlanticurn.
Economically important seaweeds
Antibiotic activity of marine algae
against multiantibiotic resistant bacteria
Antimicrobial activity of frozen samples
of genus Sargassurn Collected from
Okha, West coast of India.
Seasonal variation in the relationship
between growth rate and phlorotannin
production in the kelp Ecklonia radiata.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a
standardized single disc method.
Marine natural products for industri
—al 1
applications.
Biomedical potential of marine natural
pro-ducts
Seaweed and their importance
-- . -.
Allelochemistry in marine macroalgae.
Identification
of
antimutagenic
substances in an extract of edible red
alga. Porphyra tenera(Asadusa-non)
Antimicrobial activity of some marine
algae of Southwest Coast of India
23
132. Robles-Centeno, P. 0., 1996
D.L. Ballantine and W.H.
Gerwick
133. Vlachos, V., A. Critchley 1996
and Y.A. Von Holy,
134. Anggadiredja, J., R. 1997
Andyani, R. Hayati, K.H.
I Muawanah
135. Carlucci, M.J., C.A.
1997
Pujol, M. Ciancia, M.D.
Noseda, M.C.
Matulewicz, E.B.
.pamonte,A.s.cerezo
4
136. Cho, E.J., S.H.Rhee and 1997
K.Y. Park
137. Fenical, W.
1997
138. Harada,
I Kamei
H.
and
Y. 1997
139. Konig, G.M. and A.D. '1997
Wright
L
140. Matsukawa, R., Z.
1997
Dubinsky, E. Kishimoto,
K. Masaki, Y. Masuda, T.
Takeuchi, M. Chihara, Y.
Yamamoto, E. Niki and I.
Karube
141. Mearns-Spragg, A., K.G. 1997
Boyd, M.O. Hubble and
J.G. Burgess
142. Melo,
V.M.M.,
D.A. 1997
Medeiros., F.J.B. Rios.
L.I.M. Castelar and A. de
FF.U.Carualho
141 Okai, Y. and K. Higashi- 1997
Okai,
Dynamics of antibacterial activity in
three species of Caribbean marine alga
as function of habitat and life history.
Establishment of protocol for testing
antimicrobial activity in southern African
ma croa lgae.
Antioxidant activity of Sargassum
polycystum (Phaeophyta) and
Laurencia obtuse (Rhodophyta) from
Seribu Islands
Antiherpetic and anticoagulant
properties of carrageenans from the red
seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and
their cyclized derivatives: correlation
between structure and _biological activity
Antimutagenic and cancer cell
inhibitory effects of seaweeds
New oharmaceuficals from marine
organisms.
Selective cytotoxicity of marine algae
extracts to several human leukemic cell
lines:____
Sesquiterpene
content
of
the
antibacterial dichiormethane extract of
the red alga Laurenciaobtusa.
A comparison of screening methods fo-r
antioxidant activity in seaweeds
Antibiotics from surface associated
marine bacteria. Proceedings of the
fourth under water science symposium,
Society for underwater Technology,
London
Antifungal properties of proteins
(agglutinins) from the red alga Hypnea
musciformis (wulfen) Lamouroux
Potent anti inflammatory activity of
pheophytina derived from edible green
algae Enteromorpha prolifera (Sujiaonori)
144. Padmakumar, K. and K
Seasonal variation of antibacterial and
Ayyakkannu
antifungal activities of the extracts of
marine algae from Southern Coast of
LIndia.
145. Park. J.C., J.S. Choi. 11997
Hepatoprotective effect of extracts and
S.H. Song, M.R. Choi,
phenolic compound from marine algae
K.Y. Kim and J.W. Choi
in bromobenzene-treated rats
24
146
Riguera, R.
1997
Isolating bioactive compounds from
marine
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