NAME________________ DATE_________ PERIOD_________
Outline the cell theory in your own words.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Match the number with the name of the scientist. Write the correct number on the line
provided below the table.
A) Hooke
1. Observes organisms from ponds
B) Schwan
2. Concludes that all plants are made up
of cells
C) Leeuwenhoek
3. Sketches his findings “cork”
D) Virchow
4. Concludes that animals are made up of
cells
E) Schledion
5. All cells come from exciting cells
A) Hooke (_______) B) Schwan (_________) C) Leeuwenhoek (_______)
D) Virchow (________) E) Schledion (______)
Discuss the evidence for the cell theory.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
Draw and label a prokaryotic cell which contains the following structures: cell wall, plasma
membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, naked DNA.
1
State one function for each of the following: cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosome, plasma
membrane, mesosome.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Complete the Cell diagram by placing the correct name behind the arrow of the organelle.
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Centrioles
Vacuole
Organelles
Cell Wall
Rough ER
Nucleus
Lysosome
Cell Membrane
Smooth ER
Ribosome
State one function for each of the organelles listed above.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions
Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes. Label the following parts:
bilayer, phospholipid molecule, hydrophilic end, hydrophobic end, integral protein, peripheral
protein, cholesterol, and glycolipid.
Differentiate between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
List five functions of membrane proteins.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Explain why the cell membrane is called amphipathic
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Explain how the membrane fluidity is controlled in two ways
______________________________________________________________________________
3
______________________________________________________________________________
Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions
The cell membrane is also called the _______________ membrane and is made of a
phospholipid _____________. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water attracting)
__________ and two hydrophobic (water repelling) ____________. The head of a phospholipid
is made of an alcohol and __________ group, while the tails are chains of ____________.
Phospholipids can move _______________ and allow water and other _________ molecules to
pass through into or out of the cell. This is known as simple ____________ because it does not
require __________ and the water or molecules are moving __________ the concentration
gradient.
SKETCH AND LABEL a phospholipid coloring the heads red and the tails blue.
PHOSPHOLIPID
Another type of lipid in the cell membrane is ______________ that makes the membrane
more fluid. Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are __________ that also aid in diffusion and
in cell recognition. Proteins called _____________ proteins go all the way through the bilayer,
while ____________ proteins are only on one side. Integral proteins are also called __________
proteins. Large molecules like ___________ or carbohydrates use proteins to help move across
cell membranes. Some of the membrane proteins have carbohydrate __________ attached to
help cells in recognize each other and certain molecules.
List 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane:
a.
_________________________________________
b.
_________________________________________
c.
_________________________________________
d.
_________________________________________
Correctly color code and identify the name for each part of the cell membrane.
Letter
_____
_____
_____
_____
Name/Color
Phospholipid bilayer (no color)
Integral protein (pink)
Fatty acid tails (orange)
Phosphate heads (yellow)
Letter
_____
_____
_____
_____
4
Name/Color
Peripheral protein (red)
Cholesterol (blue)
Glycoprotein (green)
Glycolipids (purple)
Match the cell membrane structure or its function with the correct letter from the cell membrane
diagram.
Letter
_____
_____
_____
Structure/Function
Attracts water
Helps maintain flexibility of
membrane
Involved in cell-to-cell
recognition
Letter
Structure/Function
_____
_____
Repels water
Make up the bilayer
_____
Help transport certain
materials across the cell
membrane
Osmosis and Tonicity
Define osmosis. _____________________________________
In which direction does water move across membranes, up or down the concentration gradient?
________________
Define these 3 terms:
a. isotonic_____________________________________
b. hypertonic
_____________________________________
c. hypotonic
_____________________________________
Use arrows to show the direction of water movement into or out of each cell. Color and
label the cell in an isotonic environment light blue, the hypotonic environment yellow, and the
hypertonic environment light green.
5
Match the description or picture with the osmotic condition:
A. Isotonic
B. Hypertonic
C. Hypotonic
_____ solution with a lower solute concentration
_____ solution in which the solute concentration is the same
_____ condition plant cells require
_____ condition that animal cells require
_____ red blood cell bursts (cytolysis)
_____ plant cell loses turgor pressure (Plasmolysis)
_____ solution with a higher solute concentration
_____ plant cell with good turgor pressure
_____ solution with a high water concentration
Label the tonicity for each solution (isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic):
____________
____________
6
____________
____________
____________
_
___________
Transport Requiring Energy
What type of transport is represented by the following picture? _______________________
What energy is being used? ______________
In which direction (concentration gradient), is the movement occurring? _________________
Color the internal environment of the cell yellow. Color and Label the transport proteins red
and the substance being moved blue.
One type of active transport is called the ________________ pump which helps muscle cells
contract. This pump uses ___________ to move ions __________ the concentration gradient.
The protein that is used to pump the ions through is called a ____________ protein and it
changes its __________ to move the ions across the cell membrane. Label and color the carrier
proteins red and the ions green.
7
State the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis including phagocytosis and pinocytosis
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
State the difference facilitated diffusion and active trransport
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
TOPIC 11.1 STUDY GUIDE Defense against infectious disease
Instructions:. Define the below vocabulary words & address the below learning
objectives.
Define the following vocabulary words:
blood clotting
clotting factor
thrombin
fibrogen
fibrous protein
clonal selection
memory cells
active immunity
passive immunity
antigens
helper T cells
B-cells
cardiac isoenzyme
human chorionic onadotrophin
vaccine
attenuated virus
inactivated toxins
Address the following Learning Objectives:
11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting .Limit this to the release of clotting factors from
platelets and damaged cells resulting in the formation of thrombin. Thrombin catalyses
the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into the fibrous protein fibrin, which captures blood
cells.
11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the
basis of immunity. This is intended to be a simple introduction to the complex topic of
immunity. The idea of a polyclonal response can be introduced here.
11.1.3 Define active and passive immunity.
11.1.4 Explain antibody production. Limit the explanation to antigen presentation by
macrophages and activation of helper T-cells lead into activation of B-cells which divide
to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
11.1.5 Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in
treatment. Detection of antibodies to HIV is one example in diagnosis. Others are
detection of a specific cardiac
11.1.6 Explain the principle of vaccination. Emphasize the role of memory cells. The primary
and secondary responses can be clearly illustrated by a graph. Precise details of all the
types of vaccine (attenuated virus, inactivated toxins, and so on) for specific diseases are
not required.
11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccine use
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1. Blood clotting is an example of a metabolic pathway.
Describe the process of blood clotting.
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2. Briefly describe the principle of polyclonal selection.
3. State the role of memory cells following an infection.
4. Define active and passive immunity.
Active:
Passive:
5. State examples of the following types of immunity.
Active
Natural
Artificial
Natural
Passive
Artificial
6. Explain how antibodies are produced.
Use the following terms: pathogen, phagocyte, epitope (antigen), helper T-cell, B-cell, clone,
plasma cell, antibody.
 Pathogen is ingested by a macrophage.
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7. Explain the principles of vaccination.
 Antigen is introduced to the body
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
8. Discuss the benefits and potential dangers of
vaccinations.
Benefits
Potential Dangers
Eradication of diseases, such as smallpox.
Further reading: “The Media’s MMR Hoax” http://www.badscience.net/2008/08/the-medias-mmr-hoax/
In this article, Dr Ben Goldacre debunks the dangerous myth that the MMR vaccine is linked to
autism. This was a case of very poor science reporting by a poor newspaper, based on poor
scientific research. The resulting panic resulted in dropping MMR vaccination uptake rates.
Ethical discussion: What are the ethical considerations of enforced vaccination programmes?
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