The First Global Age
- Study Guide Explain these explorers and their achievements:
1. Marco Polo
2. Prince Henry
3. Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella
4. Ferdinand Magellan
5. Amerigo Vespucci
6. Bartholomeu Dias
7. Vasco de Balboa
8. Vasco da Gama
9. James Cook
10. Ponce de Leon
11. Hernando Cortez
Define or explain these terms and items:
12. Conquistadors
13. Bullion
14. Astrolabe
15. Circumnavigation
16. Encomienda
17. Caravels
18. Joint-Stock companies
19. Monopoly
20. Mercantilism
21. Line of Demarcation
22. Triangle trade
23. Explain the motivations for exploration
Explain these Native Americans items:
24. Inca decline
25. Mayan location
26. Aztecs decline
27. Montezuma II
28. City of Tenochtitlan
29. Reasons for Native American decline
Scientific Revolution
30. The main ideas of Scientific Revolution
31. Copernicus
32. Galileo
33. Aristotle
 Explain Three ways in which the world changed, because
of the Age of Exploration.
Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
- The curiosity of the Renaissance replaced old legends & myths with something closer to the truth.
- The main ideas of the Enlightenment Age: belief in ___________________________________
and classical themes and ideals.
-Scientific Method, use__________________________________________________________
- ______________________________ advanced Scientific Method by advocating experimenting
and don’t rely on Aristotle’s theories.
- ______________________________: the moon, sun, and planets move in perfect circular paths
around and immovable __________________at the ____________________________________ Aristotle, Ptolemy, the Bible.
- ______________________________: Planets ________________________________________
- _________________________________ believed that the earth was round and that it rotated on
______________________ as it revolved around the sun. The sun stayed still at the __________ of
the Universe. His theories were based on ___________________________________.
-Johannes Kepler based his theories on direct observation.
a) _______________________________________, but in an oval (ellipses) path not in a circle.
b) Planets did not always travel at the same speed.
c) Proved all of it with________________________
-Galileo Galileia) He believed like Copernicus that the ______________________________ around the sun.
b) He was able to prove ________________________did move around the sun using his
_______________________.
c) ____________________________________________ him contradicting their opinion and
made him recant his claim.
d) Went before the Inquisition and ______________________________________________.
- ___________________________ wrote the book Discourse on Method – the search for one’s own
existence - “I think, therefore I am”.
- ___________________________ developed Calculus and wrote Principia, theories about gravity
and why planets move.
- ___________________________ based Chemistry on fact and proved there was _____________
than only four elements{earth, air, fire, water}.
- __________________________________ made a ________________________ using mercury.
- ________________________ studied Oxygen and started the frame work for modern chemistry.
- Zacharias Janssen invents1st ____________________________________– 1590.
- _______________The belief in the _____________________________ or Supreme Being but a
denial of ___________________________, basing one’s belief on the light of nature and reason.
- The new _____________________about the world will lead to an expanding thirst for what the rest
of the world could offer Europe. Some of those things will be _____________ and riches that were
coming through the ________________ and written about by Marco Polo…
-Summary-
-
Asia: The Spice Lands
Europeans had traded with Asia long before the Renaissance. The ___________________
had opened a door of desire for ___________________________________________.
When the ____________________ conquered much of Asia (1200’s-1300’s), Asian goods
began to flow into Europe.
Early Travelers used the Mongolian protected __________________________ into Asia.
____________________________, Italian explorer - He arrived in _______A.D.1271
He stayed _________________________________________ – First written account of
China, by a European.
His book inspired ______________________________ and later Explorers are going to
use __________________________ to travel into Asia.
-Mongolia China- 1000’sA.D. to 1400’s Nomadic_____________________{groups based on families} carried out a
series of invasions that transformed the culture of eastern _______________________________.
- Mongolian’s will rule China for about ______________________________.
- During the 1100’s _____________________________ were the dominant nomadic group.
- Expert fighters on ___________________________________________.
- Temujin, Also known as ___________________________ united many clans under one gov’t –
he was a great military leader and created a large empire.
- By A.D 1200’s the _________________ extended from China to the western frontiers of Europe.
- Many of the great ______________________________ ran through the Mongol Empire.
- Encouraged close contact between the _____________________________________________
(something the ____________________________________).
- The Mongols will adopt the ______________________________ of the conquered Chinese.
- Mongols will thrive do to their__________________________________
-Yuan Dynasty- A.D.1260-1294
- Ruled by Mongols led first by _______________________________{Genghis Khan’s grandson}.
- In 1271, Kublai established the __________________, which at that time ruled over present-day
__________________________________China.
- Under pressure from his Mongolian advisors, Kublai decided to invade ___________________,
Burma, Vietnam and Java which will be a costly failure.
-China- Located in _____________________________ along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean, China is
the world's third largest country.
- Invented a _____________________, Gunpowder and a _______________________________.
- Portugal was first to reach the shores of China during the _____________________________
- Confucius China had little use for _________________________. They did not encourage trade
with Europe and Middle East.
- Trade Goods: __________________________________________
- Around 1405, ___________ set sail to explore new places for China. On ships the size of a
__________ field that carried _____________________________ or more. The first Ming
emperor wanted to trumpet Chinese power.
-Summary-
Diverse Traditions of Asia
-The Muslim Turks- Controlled the trade routes between __________________________________.
- During the 1390’s – _________________________________________, a Turkish
Mughal{means _____________________} and devout Muslim, spread Islam in Asia.
- Timur took two of Genghis' ___________________________ to link himself to
_________________________________
- He ruled most of the Middle East and Russia –created the City of ____________________,
a great trading and craft center.
- Mongol warriors ran a poor gov’t – _____________caused their decline.
- The Mughal Turks of Asia will start a _______________________________________
with the _____________________
-India- Southern Asia, bordering the _______________________ and the Bay of Bengal,
between Burma and Pakistan
- Around 400s the __________________________ crumbles and the Mughals conquer the
warring kingdoms.
- Good _____________________ opened for trade by the Mughals.
- Built the _______________________________ – 20 years 20,000 workers.
- Trade Goods: ___________________________________________
-Southeast Asia- Includes: Peninsulas: Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia
Islands: Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines
- __________________ climate and with _________________
- Influenced by India and China
- Trade Goods :_____________________________________
-Korea- Believed to be descendants of ______________________________.
- Korea sits between ________________________ & they both greatly influenced Korea.
- Under the control of China from 109- 313A.D. – Adopted Chinese culture: Confucianism,
Buddhism, Calligraphy, and Ideas about Gov’t, Art and Sciences.
- Defeated ________________________________ A.D.1592 attempt to invade Korea.
- Trade Goods:___________________________________________
-Summary-
Japan
-
It consists of __________________________: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido, etc
Have many earthquakes, ________________________ and volcanic eruptions.
First descendants were hunters and gathers from the mainland
Most of their ________________________________{only 20% of the land could be farmed}.
Due to heavy summer rain, it is the ideal place to ______________________________.
Incorporated many elements of ________________________ into their own: Art,
__________________________________________ writing (The characters only).
-Taika Reforms or “Great Change” –
- In the 800’s Japanese leaders ____________________________(Tang Dynasty).
- Society: Colors were important (clothing, paper, etc.); Wrote poetry to ___________________;
_______________________________; creative writing was encouraged, like the
__________________________ literature about their daily life.
-Religion- Japan developed their own type of _______________________.
- Zen- individuals had to ___________________________only done by enlightenment: body
discipline and meditation. It taught them to act instinctively.
-Government- ______________________________ - All Japanese land belonged to the emperor- government
officials will give out ______________ and ___________________________.
- A __________________, a military government.
- A Warrior’s job was to ____________________________________________________.
-Bakufu  ________________________:
- Military and political leader
 ________________________:
- High-ranking samurai lords who provided shogun with warriors in exchange for land.
 ________________________:
- Lower-ranking warriors who served their daimyo in exchange for Small manors. Lived
by a code of ethics called _________________________.
 ________________________:
- Lowest class: worked land for their lord.
- Mongol invasions (1185 – 1333 A.D.) __________________ wanted to conquer Korea and Japan.
- Sent 450 ships & 15,000 troops to Japan. A _____________________________ destroyed them.
- 7 years later, he ________________________ and another typhoon destroyed them as well.
- Japanese called this, ______________________________________________________.
-Trade- Merchant class develops & trade increases- they formed ____________________________
- Trade Goods: pottery, __________________________________________________, etc
-Summary-
The Search for Spices
-Motives for European Exploration1. _____________________  to get to Asia for new goods.
2. _____________________  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. _____________________ Christian Converts.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of ___________________________.
5. New __________________________________ advances.
6. ___________________________________________________.
7. ________________________________________________ control trade from East to West.
-Quest for Spices- Italian Marco Polo’s book, “_________________________________________” about
Chinese wealth & splendor fascinated many Europeans.
- _______________________ flowed to Europe along dangerous, complex overland trade
routes{____________________}.
- Asian Spices and goods: ____________________________________________________
_____________________________were used to flavor meat.
-Italian Monopoly- The ____________________________________________ controlled all the trade routes.
- The Italians had a Monopoly in Europe, trading Asian goods.
- ____________________- Exclusive control of a product or business by one person or group.
- The rest of Europe wanted to cut out the ______________________, so the goods could be
bought cheaper.
- Because of the ________________________________ many 1400’s European explorers will
challenge the __________________________________, searching for a route to Asia.
Fear of the Unknown- Violent _______________________________________ winds made sea travel difficult.
- Some believed that terrible ____________________________________ lived in the sea.
- It was also believed that the world was _____________ and that the sea to the south was
_____________________________________.
-Technology- Ancient sailors used the _________________________________ to determine direction.
- An ________________________________ was used to tell how long they had been out.
- Several improvements in technology helped Europeans conquer
their fears:
a) _____________________________- enabled them to determine geographical direction.
b) _____________________________ - determines latitude at sea, using the sun and stars.
c) ________________________________________ - a mapmaker.
d) _____________________________- Coordinates latitude and longitude.
d) _____________________________- boat that combined the square sails with the multitriangle shaped sails and masts.
-Summary-
Spain Enters the Race
-Christopher Columbus- __________________________________________ ruled Spain in the late 1400’s
- In 1492 the last of the __________________________ were defeated in Granada.
- The Crown was going need ___________________, to build its power & strength.
- So Isabella and Ferdinand decided to join the Spice trade and will back
_____________________ navigator ____________________________
- Columbus believes the world is a ________and he could make it to Asia ________
- He used
Map, which was wrong.
- His first voyage began in __________________, with three ships:___________
__________________________________________________
- He never made it to the spice islands of Asia, instead he ran into the
“_______________________________________”
- His voyages were considered to be _____________________, because he never
brought back _____________________________________________.
- Columbus’s true achievement was ___________________________________
_________________________________________(Americas).
-Dividing the World- _________________ ________________ was an imaginary line that ran from
the South Pole to the North Pole. ______________________ VI was given the task
of setting the line to settle a dispute in 1493 then later 1494(Treaty of Tordesillas).
 ________________________ gets everything west of the line
 ________________________ gets everything east of the line and Brazil
-Financing the Voyages- Voyages required large ____________________________, because supplies and
__________________________were needed for the long trips.
- ________________________________- organizations that sold stock or shares, in
the explorations. So the risks and profits can be shared.
- _________________________________ – the theory that a Nation's (country)
power depends on its wealth, so a nation must export more than they import (build
its supply of gold and silver).
-Summary-
Age of Exploration (1400’s to 1700’s)
Date
Explorer
Nationality
Achievement
Around
1000 A.D
Norse
(Viking)
First European to reach North
American Mainland – (Canada).
1271-1295
Italian
Traveled to the Far East, China.
Inspired men like Columbus to
travel because of his book
1394-1460
Portuguese
1487-1488
Portuguese
Created navigation school in
Portugal Explored the
western African coastline
First European to round the
Cape of Good Hope in Africa.
1492-1498
Portuguese
First European to round
the Cape of Good Hope in
Africa and go onto India.
1497-1503
Italian
1497-1498
Italian
This map maker’s name
will be used to name the
new Continent
Explored the shores of
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia.
1500-1501
Portuguese
Claimed Brazil for Portugal
1513
Spanish
Led expedition across Panama
and found the Pacific Ocean
1513
Spanish
Explored Florida looking for the
Fountain of Youth
1520-1521
Portuguese
Commanded first globe circling
voyage
1519-1521
Spanish
Conquered Aztecs in Mexico
1523-1535
Spanish
Conquered Peru and the Incas
1539-1541
Spanish
Explored American SoutheastDiscovered the Mississippi River
1577-1580
English
First Englishman to sail around the
world. Claimed California for
England
1603-1616
French
1609-1611
English
Explored eastern coast of North
America and the coast of the
St. Lawrence River to Lake
Champlain.
Explored Hudson Bay, Hudson
River,
and Hudson Strait
1682
French
Traveled to the mouth of the
Mississippi River and claimed it
for France
1768-1779
English
Explored New Zealand, Hawaii,
and Australia.
-Other Notables Items- Conquistadors- Spanish conquerors looking for riches –
“Gold, God & Glory”.
- Bullion- Spanish gold and silver.
- Circumnavigation - circling the globe.
- Cartographer - a mapmaker.
Effects of Exploration
-Columbian Exchange- Christopher Columbus ___________________________ from the Old world to the New world
- New ideas and new products flooded back and forth.
 Products: ______________________________________, silks and jewels…
 New World: corn, chocolate, potatoes, squash, pumpkins,
_______________________________________________…
 Old World: _____________________________________…
- ________________________________________ prospered the most from the new trade.
-Encomienda- The Europeans exploit the lands and the peoples they found in Africa, Asia and the
Americas{Indians}.
-Encomienda _______________granted the right to __________________________ from
the Native Americans, exchange for (unwanted) ________________________ conversion
to ____________________________________.
- Europeans conquer Native Americans and their population declines do to:
a)
b)
- Spanish men and Native American women have children - Result is _______________
— mixed Spanish and Native populations.
- Some Native Americans _________________________Spanish conquerors. Spain
__________________________ encomienda system _________________.
- The need for workers in mines and on farms was met with ____________________
-Slavery- For centuries ________________________________ had been involved in an overland
_____________________ with the ______________and the people of the ____________
- Most Africans came from __________________________
- First ______________________of African slaves brought by the Spanish in__________.
- Dutch Ships brought the _______________ to the English colonies.
- _____________ was the bottom line & ____________________ brought the most profit.
- They came by the way of the _________________________________, a three-way
pattern of colonial trade:
a) ______________________________________ goes to Africa.
b) _________________________go to the Americas.
c) Tobacco and other ____________________________________ go to England.
- ___________________________________ is the Torturous journey of enslaved people from
____________________________________________________ on slave ships.
- 1500’s to 1800’s - There will be about ______________________ Africans shipped to the Americas.
-Summary-
Date:
The Early Americans
-First Americans-
 Crossed from Asia to North America by the _____________________________________ {Bering Strait}.
 Much of what we know comes from ______________________________________________- uncovered
homes, burial mounds, pottery, baskets, stone tools and the bones of people and animals.
 In North America they settled in _______________________________________________, which caused
them to develop differently.
 Used their _________________________________for their basic needs:___________________________
_______________________________________.
 Much of what we know comes from __________________________________________ digs- uncovered
homes, burial mounds, pottery, baskets, stone tools and the bones of people and animals.
 Earliest known ceremonial centers of the ancient Americas appeared near modern day ________________
___________________________around 1200 B.C.
 The _____________________________ were the first major civilization in Mexico. Served as the nerve
center for the first complex society of the _______________________________.
 “_______________________________” was not what the people called themselves - It means
“________________________________” and comes from the rubber trees that flourish in the region.
 They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and ____________________________________________
for the civilizations that followed.
-Northwest- The Arctic Present day Canada and Alaska- cold weather made farming impossible.
 They were hunters and fisherman- whales’ sea lions, water birds. Ate mostly meat and used animal skins for
clothing and lived in Pit houses.
-Pacific Northwest Warmer climate and thick forests. Hunted the same foods as arctic, plus small forest animals and acorns.
 Fished with spears and nets and used trees to build houses and canoes
 Believed in mythical ancestor, who they descended from.
 Traded with people from Alaska to Northern Cal.
-California /Intermountain region–
 Those living on the coast had warm climate and ate abalone, mussels and sea bass, seals, berries and nuts.
 Believed in natural spirits that inhabit the earth
 Those living inland- desert and mountains{Great Basin} and lived in Wickiups and in small groups
-Southwest Present day Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Northern Mexico
 Invented techniques of irrigation- the Hohokan tribes dug canals- Pueblo’s tribes dug terraced fields that looked like
steps, to check the erosion. Most people lived in Adobe apartment like homes
-Great Plains Vast thick grasslands that stretched from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. The thick sod was bad for
farming and dependent on Bison (buffalo) - for food clothing, shelter and tools.
 Their homes were called Tepees, made mostly from the Buffalo
-Eastern Woodlands Hunters – deer, turkey, geese and squirrel- used every part of the animal for food, their tools and clothing.
 Farmers- corn, squash, beans and tobacco, etc.
 Had a high level of political organization-( A.D1500 the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca formed
the Iroquois League)
 They lived in Longhouses and Wigwams.
 Created the game of lacrosse.
-Summary-
Date
Mayan Indians
-When and Where-
- The Mayan lived in ____________________________America between A.D300 & A.D900.
-Society- A loose group of City-States linked together by culture, politics and trade.
- Economy based on Agriculture and Trade.
- Largest city was Tikal in present day Guatemala
- Nobles served as military leaders and managed public works, collected taxes and enforced
laws
- A King ruled and was a spiritual leader.
- Ulama, this ancient basketball like game had political and religious significant. They
believed it maintained the cycles of the sun, moon and bring life-giving rain.
- Religion- Religion was the center of their lives – believed in two levels of life:
a) Physical life
b) Spiritual world
- Used bloodletting and human sacrifices to appease the gods and keep the world in balance.
- Priests held great power because only they could conduct the ceremonies to ensure good
harvests and success in war.
- Built Temples and Pyramids.(largest structures in the Americas until 1903).
-Achievements- Excellent mathematicians ( . = 1 .. = 2 …= 3 - = 5 __.__ =6)
- Developed a concept of zero using a shell.
- Had a 360 day calendar
- Developed a hieroglyphic writing system
a) Used phonetic syllables and some represent full words.
b) Wrote on books made of Bark
- Probably wrote thousands of paper books only 31/2 survived
-Decline- By the 900’s - Maybe warfare, disease or overpopulated and could not support large society
- By 1500’s - When the Spanish invaded they were divided into small villages or faded into
other Indian societies.
-Summary-
Date:
Aztecs and Incas
• Both the ______________________________ will be influenced by the Mayan Indians
who lived in Meso{Middle} America between A.D300 and A.D900.
-Aztec- Capital City Tenochtitlan, was on a small island on the western shore of lake Texcoco.
- The city became an important economic and social institution. Over 60,000 people
visited the market daily.
- The Aztec Empire stretched from central Mexico to Guatemala.
- They conquered people and had the people pay tribute, in the form of food, clothing &
raw materials.
- They borrowed their religion from the Maya and Toltec
a) prisoners were sacrificed to keep the gods happy and to have a good harvest.
- Decline was due to rebellions and Spanish invasion.
- They thought Hernando Cortez was their god Quetzalcoatl - god of intelligence and
self-reflection, a patron of priests a giver of life.
- Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs & killed Chief Montezuma II
-Incas- In South America along the Pacific coast- present day Peru, Chile and Ecuador,
Argentina and Bolivia.
- A.D.1438-King Pachacuti expanded the empire and created a strong, central gov’t.
Also courts, military posts, trade inspections, a tribute system and the Gov’t cared for
elderly.
- Capital City, Machu Picchu, filled with temples, plazas and homes and markets.
- Agricultural techniques -Terraced farm land
- Empire had a ton of gold and silver.
- They believed in many gods & human sacrifices.
- Declined due to Spanish invasion, led by Francisco Pizarro.
- Pizarro kills the Inca leader Atahualpa.
-Summary-
Exploration Project
Directions: For this project you are going to create a poster and an accompanying paper
Or a PowerPoint. The teacher will give you your topic.
Your Topic:
Due Date:
-The Written*Include: 1) When and for whom did they explore? 2) They could be described as? 3) They are
remembered for doing what? 4) How did they affect the world or what changed because of them?
5) What characteristics do they share with today’s astronauts or deep sea divers? 6) Would you
have done what your explorer had done and explain why?
- Your paper must be Three paragraphs at the least. Nothing less! It must
have an introductory paragraph, a body and a concluding paragraph.
Each paragraph must be a least 5 full sentences(the body will be way more).
-Poster/Paper-
And
- Have a large title of your topic. It can be a Collage or a Portrait about
your topic. Around 22*28 and make sure the visuals fill the poser.
-PowerPoint-
OR
- You must have a cover page and six pages for each of the Included questions.
- Make sure you completely answered each question for the written.
- Must have a visual that goes with your topic on each page.
- No Prezi! ... Microsoft or Google slides
-Grading- Your Paper is worth 50 points.
1) All “Included” items are worth 5 points each
2) Structure is worth 20 points
- Your Poster is worth 50 points.
1) Neatness and Organization and Title and Color, Topic related
- Your PowerPoint: Written = 60 … Visuals = 30 … Digital Design = 10
 Extra Credit- Type your Written paper, 5 points extra credit. PowerPoint you come during
lunch to present it, 10/5 points.