“When Sex Has Lost its Significance”: Homosexuality, Society, and

“When Sex Has Lost its Significance”:
Homosexuality, Society, and Roman Law in the 4th Century
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Christopher Records is a fourth year
History major and Classical Studies
minor. He has taken classes and engaged
in research on Roman law since his
freshman year, and has remained
interested since then in the relationship
of the law to Roman culture and society.
He intends to pursue a law degree in the
near future, and to eventually practice
public interest law or teach legal history.
FA C U LT Y M E N T O R
He would like to thank Professor Michele
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Salzman for her guidance and patience,
throughout this research project and
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in which she was gracious enough to
supervise him.
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“WHEN SEX HAS LOST ITS SIGNIFICANCE”:
Christopher Records
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