A Framework for Physical Activity as a
Complex and Multidimensional Behavior
Kelley K. Pettee Gabriel
University of Texas Health Science Center
James R. Morrow, Jr.
University of North Texas
OBJECTIVES
o PA Self-Report Methods: „Hit and Miss‟
o Conceptual Framework: PA
o Revisiting Definitions
o Considerations: Selecting Self-report Methods
2
BACKGROUND
o Research Link: PA and Health Outcomes
o PA Incorporated: Design and Implementation
o Need: Accurate Quantification of PA
o Lack of „Gold Standard‟ Measure(s)
o Relevant Construct Confusion
3
SELF-REPORT HIT AND “MISS”
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Misconstrue
Miscount
Misstate
Misjudge
Misplace
Misprint
Misread
Misreport
Missay
Misdescribe
Misguide
Misinform
Misinterpret
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Misname
Misrepresent
Mischoose
Mischief
Miscommunication
Misunderstand
Mistake
Mislead
Miscode
Misquote
Misidentify
Miscue
Mischievous
Individual-Level
Population-Level
Surveillance
4
FRAMEWORK
5
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
HUMAN MOVEMENT
Energy Expenditure
Physical Activity
Behavior
Sedentary
Human
Movement
Physiological
Attributes
Physical Fitness
6
Human Movement
Framework
Metabolic
Rate
Leisure
Occupational/School
Resting
Energy
Expenditure
Physical Activity
Basal
Thermic Effect of Food
Household/Caretaking/Domestic
PA Related EE
Transportation
Behavior
Sitting
Media Use
Attributes
Cardiorespiratory
Fitness
Strength
Muscular
Fitness
Endurance
Discretionary
Non-Occupational
School
Computer Use
Sedentary
Physical
Fitness
Body
Composition
Flexibility
Sleeping
Occupation/School
Human
Movement
Non
Discretionary
Balance and
Coordination
Driving
Sitting
Riding
7
BOUCHARD AND SHEPHARD
Bouchard and Shephard,1994.
8
LAMONTE and AINSWORTH
LaMonte & Ainsworth, MSSE, June 2001.
9
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
MODEL COMPARISON
Bouchard & Shephard
1994
LaMonte & Ainsworth
2001
Pettee Gabriel & Morrow
2010
Health-Related Fitness
Movement
Movement
Sedentary Behavior
No
No
Yes
Relationship between
Behavior & Attributes
No
No
Yes
Main Construct
Energy Expenditure
Physical Activity
Behavior
Sedentary
Human
Movement
Physiological
Attributes
Physical Fitness
10
DEFINITIONS
11
DEFINITIONS
12
DEFINITIONS
Page 20
Page 21
13
DEFINITIONS
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal
muscles that results in energy expenditure above resting level
(Caspersen et al., 1985).
Health Enhancing Physical Activity is any form of activity that benefits health.
Health Enhancing Physical Activity is any form of physical activity that benefits health and fitness
without undue harm or risk (Foster, 2000). This can be all daily activities and can, but does not
necessarily, include sports. Not all physical activity is beneficial for health (Hagströmer, 2007). To be
beneficial for health, physical activity should be ‘moderate’ or ‘vigorous’:
Moderate-intensity physical activity raises the heart-beat and leaves the person feeling warm and
slightly out of breath. It increases the body’s metabolism to 3-6 times the resting level (3-6 MET ’s)
(Cavill et al., 2006). Brisk walking, for example, has an equivalent of 4.5 MET’s (Ainsworth et al.,
2000).
Vigorous-intensity physical activities enable people to work up a sweat and become out of breath.
They usually involve sports or exercise, like running or fast cycling. They raise the metabolism to at
least six times its resting level.
EUPHIX:EU Public Health Information & Knowledge System , version 1.11, 17 December 2009
14
WHAT‟S MISSING?
o Recognition that PA is a Complex Behavior
o Sedentary Behavior
o PA in Context of Other Constructs of HM
o Appropriate Use of Measurement Tool(s)
15
Conceptual Framework
Human Movement
Health Enhancing PA: Activity
that, when added to the lightEnergy
Expenditure
intensity
activities
of daily life,
produces health benefits.
Physical Activity
Physical Activity: The behavior
that drives human movement
which results in physiological
attributes including increased
Behavior
physical activity-related energy
expenditure and improved
physical fitness.
Sedentary
Human
Movement
Physiological
Attributes
Physical Fitness
Sedentary: Behavior that
produces little to no human
movement resulting in minimal
(or no) physiological gain.
16
FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS
17
PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
Basal
Metabolic Rate
Resting
Energy Expenditure
Thermic Effect of Food
PA Related EE
Human
Movement
Physiological
Attributes
Direct
Measures
Cardiorespiratory
Strength
Muscular Fitness
Endurance
Body Composition
Physical Fitness
Flexibility
Balance and Coordination
18
Behavior
Leisure
Frequency
Occupational/School
Intensity
Physical Activity
Household/Caretaking/Domestic
Duration
Transportation
Behavior
Sitting
Non-Occupational &
School Computer Use
Media Use
Sleeping
Occupation/School
Human
Movement
Discretionary
Frequency
Duration
Sedentary
Non-Discretionary
Driving
Sitting
Riding
19
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DOMAINS
Physical Activity
Leisure
Occupational
School
Household
Caretaking
Domestic
Transportation
20
BEHAVIOR
Leisure
Physical fitness often
Occupational/School
inferred with physical
activity assessment
Household/Caretaking/Domestic
Transportation
Sitting
Non-Occupational &
School Computer Use
Discretionary
Media Use
Physical
inactivity
is not the
inverse of
physical
activity
Behavior
Human
Movement
Sedentary
Sleeping
Occupation/School
Physical Activity
Non-Discretionary
Driving
Sitting
Riding
21
BEHAVIOR
Leisure
Occupational/School
Physical Activity
Household/Caretaking/Domestic
Transportation
Sitting
Non-Occupational &
School computer use
Media Use
Perceived
Behavior
Human
Movement
Discretionary
Sedentary
Sleeping
Occupation/School
Behavior
Non-Discretionary
Driving
Sitting
Riding
22
CONSIDERATIONS
23
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Physical
Activity
Activity
Characteristics
Population/Sample
Characteristics
Study
Characteristics
Instrument
Characteristics
24
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
STUDY CHARACTERISTICS
Budget
Staff Resources
Study
Characteristics
Study Design
Population
Sample Size
Study Objectives
Outcomes and Confounders
Geographical Location/Seasonality
Temperature, Precipitation, Daylight Hours
25
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
Age
Gender
Race
Ethnicity
Population
Characteristics
Primary Language
Cultural Norms
Socio-Economic Status
Educational Attainment
Health Status
Cognition
Disability Status
Functional Ability
26
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Activity v Intensity Specific
Psychometric Properties
Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity
Instrument
Characteristics
Measured Constructs
Relevant to Study Population and Outcomes
Mode of Administration
Interviewer, Self, Computer/Electronic
Recall Time Frame
Specific, Historical, Usual
27
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS
Aerobic (BRFSS)
Moderate (BRFSS)
Vigorous (BRFSS)
Activity
Characteristics
Walking (BRFSS)
Sedentary (NHANES)
Muscular Strengthening (HP2010)
Flexibility (HP2010)
Balance & Coordination
Sports (YBRS)
28
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Physical
Activity
Activity
Characteristics
Population/Sample
Characteristics
Study
Characteristics
Instrument
Characteristics
29
HUMAN MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK
A Complex and Multidimensional Behavior
with a Simple Message
THINK
o Assessing Component(s) of Human Movement v Measuring the Whole of
Human Movement and the Possible Implications.
o Consider what Physical Activity Connotes to the Health Outcomes of the
General Population.
o Consider what Physical Activity Denotes to the Researcher or Health
Practitioner.
30
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Anne-Lorraine T. Woolsey
University of North Texas
31