Lesson 2 Soil
LA.6.2.2.3, SC.6.E.6.1, SC.6.N.1.1, SC.6.N.1.5, SC.6.N.2.1
Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts
you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.
Identify the components of soil.
What is soil?
I found this on page
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
Identify organic and inorganic parts of soil. Describe and give
three examples of each part.
Soil
.
Description:
Description:
Examples:
Examples:
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Study Guide
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Organic
Inquiry Lab
Explain how decomposition affects soil.
into
Decomposition
dark-colored
hold
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.
. This matter helps
in the soil.
Chapter Review
Sequence the materials that make up the inorganic part of soil
from the smallest to the largest.
smallest
particles
Benchmark Practice
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Inorganic
Note-taking
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largest
particles
Weathering and Soil
69
Lesson 2 | Soil (continued)
Formation of Soil
Describe the 5 factors that affect soil formation by
completing the chart.
.
Parent
material
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.
Climate
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.
Topography
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.
Biota
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.
Time
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Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Horizons
70
Weathering and Soil
Label the diagram of soil horizons. Describe each horizon.
.
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How it affects soil formation
Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Factor
Lesson 2 | Soil (continued)
Soil Properties
and Uses
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Identify 8 properties of soil. Circle the properties that can
be measured.
.
.
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
Assess the information about soil properties that support
life. Read each statement below. If the statement is true, write true
on the line. If the statement is false, write false on the line and
rewrite the underlined portion so that it is true.
Note-taking
People can determine how many nutrients are in the soil by
the way plants grow.
It takes a few years to form soil from the parent material.
.
Explain why soils in different locations around the world have
different properties.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Describe the relationship between weathering and soil.
Benchmark Practice
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Inquiry Lab
After soil has been destroyed through misuse, it remains
destroyed for one generation.
Weathering and Soil
71
Review
Weathering and Soil
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study this chapter in your Notebook.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Summarize It
Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts.
Trace the development of soil from parent material to organic-rich soil. Include
in your description the processes that break down rock and the changes that
must occur in order for soil to support life.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
THINK
ABOUT
IT!
Challenge Suppose that you had a large boulder in your yard that you wanted to move.
How could you break the boulder into smaller pieces without using a sledgehammer?
72
Weathering and Soil
Name
Date
Inquiry Lab
Class
6 Earth Structures
SC.6.N.1.1, SC.6.E.6.1
Soil Horizons and Soil Formation
Soil, the complex mixture of weathered rock and partially decayed organic matter,
covers most of Earth’s land surfaces. Soil is different in different locations because it forms
from different rocks and in different climates and topography. As soil develops, it forms
horizontal layers that have different properties. These layers vary in color and thickness.
Together, they form a soil profile. How can you model a soil profile and relate it to how soil
formed at that location?
Question
How is a soil profile in a certain location determined by the soil-forming factors there?
Materials
glue
sand
colored pencils
topsoil
silt
Note-taking
index cards
clay
Safety
Procedure
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Study Guide
2. Examine the soil profile from each of the samples shown in your textbook. Record some
similarities and differences.
Inquiry Lab
1. Look at the Florida soil profile in your textbook. Discuss the types of rocks, the climate,
and the topography of Minnesota, Colorado, and Florida. You can use reference
materials to obtain this information. Record some similarities and differences.
Weathering and Soil
73
Name
Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
Note-taking
3. Draw the sample profiles and mark the A-, B-, and C-horizons that are present on each
drawing.
Form a Hypothesis
Inquiry Lab
4. Use what you know about soil formation and the
sample profiles to state how each soil horizon relates to
factors of soil formation.
Remember to use scientific
methods.
Make Observations
Ask a Question
Test your Hypothesis
5. Choose one of the three soil profiles (Florida,
Minnesota, or Colorado) shown in your textbook. Use
the provided materials to model this profile. Label the
model with the state and the horizons you see.
Communicate Results
6. Examine the information about parent material, climate, and topography for the state
you chose. Make generalizations about how soil profiles are affected by soil-forming
factors.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Analyze and Conclude
74
Weathering and Soil
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Form a Hypothesis
Name
Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
Lab Tips
• Review where silt, clay, sand, and topsoil appear in soil horizons before modeling a soil
profile.
Analyze and Conclude
7. Were any of the profiles missing an A-, B-, or C-horizon?
Explain why a horizon might not be present in a profile.
Note-taking
8. Was one of the horizons thicker in any of the profiles?
What could explain this?
The Big Idea What did your conclusions show about how a soil profile relates to
soil-forming factors?
Study Guide
Communicate Your Results
As a class, place a soil-profile model for each listed state on a map of the United States. For
each profile, discuss what other states might have a similar soil profile.
Chapter Review
Extension
Choose a location on another continent. Find out whether the soil profile and soil-forming
factors there support your hypothesis.
Weathering and Soil
75
Benchmark Practice
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Inquiry Lab
9.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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Weathering and Soil
76
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Big Idea Lab Notes
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Use Vocabulary
Use the vocabulary from the chapter to complete the sentences below.
1. When rock undergoes
, the product is smaller pieces of the
same kind of rock.
2. Rock fragments and other materials combine to form
.
3. The part of soil that comes from plants and animals is
.
4. An important soil-forming factor that includes trees and microorganisms
is
.
5. Oxygen combines with other elements or compounds during the process
of
.
6. The shape of the land is its
.
Note-taking
Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Use vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.
Rocks are broken down by
soils
which are affected
by five factors of
soil formation:
which
contain
which includes
Study Guide
12.
8.
9.
and
inorganic
matter
13.
which breaks
rocks into smaller
pieces
which changes rock
into different materials
by the action of:
Chapter Review
and
living
organisms
water
dissolving
minerals
11.
acids
10.
14.
Benchmark Practice
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which lead to the
production of
Inquiry Lab
7.
time
Weathering and Soil
77
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review
Understand Key Concepts
Circle the correct answer below.
Note-taking
1. Which is an example of chemical
weathering? SC.6.E.6.1
A. abrasion
B. ice wedging
C. organisms
D. oxidation
2. A statue made of limestone is damaged by
its environment. What most likely caused
this damage? SC.6.E.6.1
A. acid
B. a root
C. topography
D. wind
3. The picture below shows how mechanical
and chemical weathering can change rock.
Rain
Puddle
6. The table below shows different sizes of
soil particles. SC.6.E.6.1
Sand
feels rough.
Silt
feels smooth.
Clay
feels sticky.
Which would have the largest pores?
A. clay
B. sand
C. a mixture of clay and silt
D. a mixture of sand and silt
Thin soil
7. What is the main material in a B-horizon?
Water-filled
cracks
Cracks
clay
iron
organic matter
parent material
8. Which statement is true about soils
worldwide? SC.6.E.6.1
A. They are the same color.
B. They are the same age.
C. They are different in many ways.
D. They differ only in thickness.
4. What kind of climate has the fastest
weathering? SC.6.E.6.1
A. cold and dry
B. cold and wet
C. hot and dry
D. hot and wet
9. Which process causes river gravel to have
rounded edges? SC.6.E.6.1
A. abrasion
B. acid rain
C. ice wedging
D. oxidation
5. How does organic matter help soil?
10. Which is NOT a soil property?
A. color
B. pH
C. texture
D. topography
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
What kind of chemical weathering is most
likely illustrated above? SC.6.E.6.1
A. acid rain reactions
B. ice wedging
C. mineral absorption
D. root pressure
A.
B.
C.
D.
SC.6.E.6.1
A.
B.
C.
D.
78
It decomposes bacteria in the soil.
It holds water.
It weathers and forms clay.
It weathers nearby rocks.
Weathering and Soil
SC.6.E.6.1
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Inquiry Lab
SC.6.E.6.1
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the line below to respond to the following questions.
11. Infer A student notices that when it rains, most of the water that falls on her yard runs off
instead of soaking in. Is it more likely that the soil in her yard contains mostly clay or
mostly sand? Explain. SC.6.E.6.1
12. Explain The diagram below shows an example of soil biota.
SC.6.E.6.1
Note-taking
Inquiry Lab
How does this biota help form soil?
Study Guide
13. Explain how climate helps to create soil.
SC.6.E.6.1
Chapter Review
14. Describe how soil horizons are produced and identified.
SC.6.E.6.1
Benchmark Practice
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Topsoil
Weathering and Soil
79
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the lines below to respond to the following questions.
15. Compare Stone buildings near cities usually undergo more chemical weathering than
buildings away from cities. Explain why this is true. SC.6.E.6.1
LA.6.2.2.3
SC.6.E.6.1
18. Describe how ice wedging and plant roots are similar in breaking rocks down.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
17. Identify how chemical weathering and mechanical weathering make soil.
80
Weathering and Soil
SC.6.E.6.1
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
16. Summarize how soil is important to life.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
19. Write a short story that explains how a large boulder becomes sand through weathering. In
your story, include both mechanical and chemical weathering. Include main ideas and
supporting details. SC.6.E.6.1
Note-taking
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
Weathering and Soil
81
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 2 Review continued
Review the Big Idea
20. What processes might have created the dust in the chapter opener photo?
SC.6.E.6.1
Note-taking
21. How might dust become an agent of soil formation?
SC.6.E.6.1
Study Guide
MA.6.A.3.6
Use the following data to answer the questions.
Rock Sample
Length
Width
X
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
Y
2 cm
16 cm
16 cm
22. How do the surface areas of rock sample X and rock sample Y compare?
23. What is the surface area of each face of rock X? Rock Y?
Chapter Review
Height
24. Rock sample X breaks into 8 equal cubes.
a. What is the surface area of each cube?
Benchmark Practice
b. What is the total surface area of the broken rock?
c. How does this area compare with the original surface area?
82
Weathering and Soil
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Inquiry Lab
Math Skills
Name
Date
Class
Science Benchmark Practice
Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.
Use the diagram below to answer question 5.
Multiple Choice
1 Which is true of oxidation?
SC.6.E.6.1
A
It is a physical process.
B
No change occurs in the makeup
of rock.
C
Rock parts weather at different rates.
D
Water enters cracks in rock.
2 How can biota affect weathering?
SC.6.E.6.1
Animals chemically weather bedrock.
G
Animal waste adds organic matter
to soil.
H
Biota does not affect weathering.
I
Burrowing animals form passageways
for water.
4
2
3
5 At which spot in the landscape above
would you most likely find a pile of
broken, weathering rocks? SC.6.E.6.1
A
1
C
3
B
2
D 4
1
gravel
2
silt
F
abrasion
3
sand
G
oxidation
4
clay
H
dissolution by acid
I
dissolution by water
7 The grinding of rock by friction or impact
is called SC.6.E.6.1
1, 3, 2, 4
A
abrasion.
B
3, 1, 2, 4
B
decomposition.
C
4, 2, 3, 1
C
erosion.
D
1, 4, 2, 3
D
infiltration.
8 Which does NOT cause abrasion?
animals
F
abrasion
G
glaciers
G
acidic water
H
water
H
ice
I
wind
I
plant roots
SC.6.E.6.1
Benchmark Practice
F
Chapter Review
A
Study Guide
Description
4 Which is LEAST likely to weather bedrock
buried beneath layers of soil? SC.6.E.6.1
Inquiry Lab
6 Which is NOT a process of chemical
weathering? SC.6.E.6.1
Sample
3 Students collected four sediment samples
and described them in the table above. Put
the samples in order from most weathered
to least weathered. SC.6.E.6.1
Note-taking
F
Use the table below to answer question 3.
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1
Weathering and Soil
83
Name
Date
Class
NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued
Use the diagram below to answer questions 9
and 10.
Use the table below to answer question 12.
Soil Horizon
O
the top layer that contains
mostly organic matter
A
the layer that contains a lot of
organic matter and plant
roots; usually the darkest of
the soil horizons; excellent for
growing plants
3
B
the clay-rich layer beneath
the A-horizon.
4
C
the layer of mixed sediment
and parent material
R
unweathered bedrock that
makes up the parent material
for the soil.
1
Note-taking
2
9 Which area pictured in the diagram above
has been most affected by weathering?
Study Guide
B
2
C
3
D
4
SC.6.E.6.1
10 Which area pictured in the diagram above
has been least affected by weathering?
F
The O-horizon is the result of physical
and chemical weathering.
G
Only chemical weathering altered the
material in the C-horizon.
H
Only physical weathering altered the
material in the B-horizon.
I
The sediment in the A-, B-, and
Chorizons was likely weathered from
the R-horizon.
SC.6.E.6.1
F
1
G
2
H
3
I
4
11 Physical weathering can reduce the
surface area of rocks and sediment. Which
type of sediment would have the greatest
surface area? SC.6.E.6.1
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
1
12 Using the information in the table above,
which statement is true about the role of
weathering in the formation of soil layers?
84
A
clay
B
gravel
C
sand
D
silt
Weathering and Soil
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Inquiry Lab
SC.6.E.6.1
A
Description
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 1
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
1. To which material would the largest
amount of water and minerals attach?
SC.6.E.6.1
3. Which is NOT a cause of mechanical
weathering? SC.6.E.6.1
A A factory pollutes the atmosphere.
12 cm
B A mole burrows underground.
C A plant grows into a crack in a rock.
A
D Waves break along a shoreline.
12 cm
12 cm
12 cm
F
12 cm
The pH levels of the two samples are
both acid rain.
G One sample is pure water and the other
12 cm
12 cm
weathering than the other sample.
I
12 cm
One sample will cause more mechanical
weathering than the other sample.
12 cm
12 cm
D
Study Guide
12 cm
12 cm
2. Which material might be involved in both
mechanical and chemical weathering?
SC.6.E.6.1
F
Chapter Review
oxygen
G water
H carbon dioxide
I
carbonic acid
Benchmark Practice
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H One sample will cause more chemical
Inquiry Lab
C
sample is acid rain.
Note-taking
B
4. One sample of rain has a pH of 4.5 and
another sample of rain has a pH of 6.0.
Which statement BEST describes these
samples? SC.6.E.6.1
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
Weathering and Soil
85
Weathering and Soil
86
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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From My Teacher
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Think, Discuss, Share
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 2 | Lesson 2
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
Sand
Silt
Clay
3. Which process adds organic material
to soils? SC.6.E.6.1
A decomposition
B infiltration
C oxidation
D weathering
1. Which BEST describes the soil particles in
the image above? SC.6.E.6.1
A They affect drainage and water storage.
Note-taking
B They help decompose leaves and twigs.
C They hold minerals together in clusters.
D They hold more water in the soil.
2. Which soil properties are BEST for farming?
SC.6.E.6.1
few nutrients and organic material
H rocky with many horizons
I
4. How does the activity in the image above
affect soil formation? SC.6.E.6.1
F
young and deep with few horizons
The earthworms break down parent
material into smaller particles.
G The earthworms remove organic matter
from soil.
Study Guide
H The tunnels allow water to pass
through soil, which increases soil
formation.
I
The tunnels break up pores, decreasing
the flow of water and increasing soil
formation.
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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G large amounts of sand and clay
Inquiry Lab
F
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
Weathering and Soil
87
Weathering and Soil
88
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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From My Teacher
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Think, Discuss, Share
Note-taking
Date
Inquiry Lab
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Name
Class
Notes
Erosion and Deposition
89