CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
29
Plant Diversity I: How
Plants Colonized Land
Clicker Questions by
Lisa M. Flick, Ph.D
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of
land plants?
a) psilophytes
b) charophytes
c) chrysophytes
d) bacillariophytes
e) rhodophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of
land plants?
a) psilophytes
b) charophytes
c) chrysophytes
d) bacillariophytes
e) rhodophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The relationship between a gametophyte and a
sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship
between
a) a brother and a sister.
b) a grandparent and a grandchild.
c) an uncle and a nephew.
d) a parent and a child.
e) two cousins.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The relationship between a gametophyte and a
sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship
between
a) a brother and a sister.
b) a grandparent and a grandchild.
c) an uncle and a nephew.
d) a parent and a child.
e) two cousins.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Plants that evolved vascular tissue are more advanced
than plants without vascular tissue. One of the
consequences is that vascular tissue enabled plants to
a) reproduce via spores.
b) store water.
c) grow taller.
d) develop stomata.
e) support large gametophytes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Plants that evolved vascular tissue are more advanced
than plants without vascular tissue. One of the
consequences is that vascular tissue enabled plants to
a) reproduce via spores.
b) store water.
c) grow taller.
d) develop stomata.
e) support large gametophytes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
One thing you should be able to conclude from this
figure is that
a) gametophytes have
fewer chromosomes
than sporophytes do.
b) gametophytes evolved
before sporophytes.
c) gametophytes grow
from sporophytes.
d) gametophyte cells come about by mitosis;
sporophyte cells come about by meiosis.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
One thing you should be able to conclude from this
figure is that
a) gametophytes have
fewer chromosomes
than sporophytes do.
b) gametophytes evolved
before sporophytes.
c) gametophytes grow
from sporophytes.
d) gametophyte cells come about by mitosis;
sporophyte cells come about by meiosis.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stomata are found in every group of sporophyte plants
except the liverworts. According to the hypothesis that
stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is
evidence that
a) liverworts resemble the most primitive plants.
b) liverworts don’t need to exchange gases with the
atmosphere.
c) liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata.
d) liverworts are able to fix nitrogen.
e) gametophytes are more important in liverworts.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stomata are found in every group of sporophyte plants
except the liverworts. According to the hypothesis that
stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is
evidence that
a) liverworts resemble the most primitive plants.
b) liverworts don’t need to exchange gases with the
atmosphere.
c) liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata.
d) liverworts are able to fix nitrogen.
e) gametophytes are more important in liverworts.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following plants have a sporophyte that is
nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic
gametophyte?
a) ferns
b) mosses
c) whisk ferns
d) horsetails
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following plants have a sporophyte that is
nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic
gametophyte?
a) ferns
b) mosses
c) whisk ferns
d) horsetails
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following evolutionary innovation of seed plants
enabled them to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants
that dominated through the end of the Carboniferous period?
a) heterospory
b) reduced, dependent gametophytes
c) vascular systems
d) flowers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following evolutionary innovation of seed plants
enabled them to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants
that dominated through the end of the Carboniferous period?
a) heterospory
b) reduced, dependent gametophytes
c) vascular systems
d) flowers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Seedless vascular plants affected Earth and its other
life in all of the following ways except
a) early forests contributed to a large drop in CO2 levels.
b) CO2 removed from the air was stored in marine rocks.
c) seedless vascular plants forming the first forests
became coal.
d) plants reduce the rate at which chemicals such as
calcium and magnesium are released from socks into
soil.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Seedless vascular plants affected Earth and its other
life in all of the following ways except
a) early forests contributed to a large drop in CO2 levels.
b) CO2 removed from the air was stored in marine rocks.
c) seedless vascular plants forming the first forests
became coal.
d) plants reduce the rate at which chemicals such
as calcium and magnesium are released from
socks into soil.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following are not considered a nonvascular
plant?
a) liverworts
b) mosses
c) hornworts
d) bryophytes
e) lycophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following are not considered a nonvascular
plant?
a) liverworts
b) mosses
c) hornworts
d) bryophytes
e) lycophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which term is correctly matched with its definition?
a) Sporophylls—modified leaves that bear sporangia
b) Strobili—cone-like structures formed from groups of
sporophylls in lycophytes and gymnosperms
c) Sori—clusters of sporangia produced by fern
sporophylls
d) Megaspores—develop into male gametophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which term is correctly matched with its definition?
a) Sporophylls—modified leaves that bear sporangia
b) Strobili—cone-like structures formed from groups of
sporophylls in lycophytes and gymnosperms
c) Sori—clusters of sporangia produced by fern
sporophylls
d) Megaspores—develop into male gametophytes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Skills Exercises
Researchers set up experimental and control microcosms, or
small artificial ecosystems, to measure the release of minerals
from rocks. First, they placed rock fragments of volcanic origin,
either granite or andesite, into small glass containers. Then
they made a suspension of water and macerated (chopped
and crushed) moss of the species Physcomitrella patens.
They added this mixture of water and moss to the
experimental microcosms. For the control microcosms, they
filtered out the moss and just added the water.
After 130 days, they measured the amounts of various
minerals found in the water in the control microcosms and in
the water and moss in the experimental microcosms.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How did the setup of the control and experimental
microcosms differ?
a) Control microcosms did not contain living moss, while
experimental microcosms did contain living moss.
b) Control microcosms contained minerals in the water, while
experimental microcosms did not contain minerals in the
water.
c) Control microcosms did not contain rock of volcanic origin,
while experimental microcosms did contain rock of
volcanic origin.
d) Control microcosms contained water, while experimental
microcosms did not contain water.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How did the setup of the control and experimental
microcosms differ?
a) Control microcosms did not contain living moss, while
experimental microcosms did contain living moss.
b) Control microcosms contained minerals in the water, while
experimental microcosms did not contain minerals in the
water.
c) Control microcosms did not contain rock of volcanic origin,
while experimental microcosms did contain rock of
volcanic origin.
d) Control microcosms contained water, while experimental
microcosms did not contain water.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why did the researchers add filtrate from which
macerated moss had been removed to the control
microcosms?
a) to control for the possibility that the filtrate contained
material derived from moss
b) to control for the possibility that the filtrate included
nutrients released from granite or andesite
c) to provide replication
d) to control for the possibility that the filtrate contained
living moss cells
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why did the researchers add filtrate from which
macerated moss had been removed to the control
microcosms?
a) to control for the possibility that the filtrate
contained material derived from moss
b) to control for the possibility that the filtrate included
nutrients released from granite or andesite
c) to provide replication
d) to control for the possibility that the filtrate contained
living moss cells
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bar graphs show the mean total amount of each
element weathered from rocks in the control and
experimental microcosms.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overall, what is the effect of moss on the chemical
weathering of rock?
a) Moss increases the chemical weathering of rock.
b) Moss does not increase the chemical weathering of
rock.
c) It is not clear whether or not moss increases the
chemical weathering of rock.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overall, what is the effect of moss on the chemical
weathering of rock?
a) Moss increases the chemical weathering of rock.
b) Moss does not increase the chemical weathering of
rock.
c) It is not clear whether or not moss increases the
chemical weathering of rock.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why were mineral nutrients released in the control
microcosms?
a) The release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms
indicates the extent of abiotic weathering of rock.
b) The release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms
indicates the extent of biotic weathering of rock.
c) The release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms
was due to organic acids released by mosses.
d) There was no release of mineral nutrients in the control
microcosms.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why were mineral nutrients released in the control
microcosms?
a) The release of mineral nutrients in the control
microcosms indicates the extent of abiotic weathering
of rock.
b) The release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms
indicates the extent of biotic weathering of rock.
c) The release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms
was due to organic acids released by mosses.
d) There was no release of mineral nutrients in the control
microcosms.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review the earlier bar graph. How does the moss’s
chemical weathering effect on granite compare to the
weathering effect on andesite?
a) Moss increased the release of all three elements (calcium,
magnesium, and potassium) from both granite and
andesite.
b) The results are not conclusive about the effect of moss on
the chemical weathering of granite and andesite.
c) Moss did not alter the release of calcium, magnesium, and
potassium from granite and andesite.
d) Moss decreased the release of all three elements
(calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite
and andesite.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review the earlier bar graph. How does the moss’s
chemical weathering effect on granite compare to the
weathering effect on andesite?
a) Moss increased the release of all three elements
(calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both
granite and andesite.
b) The results are not conclusive about the effect of moss on
the chemical weathering of granite and andesite.
c) Moss did not alter the release of calcium, magnesium, and
potassium from granite and andesite.
d) Moss decreased the release of all three elements
(calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite
and andesite.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Based on their experimental results, the researchers added weathering
of rock by nonvascular plants to simulation models of the Ordovician
climate. The new models predicted decreased CO2 levels and global
cooling sufficient to produce glaciations in the late Ordovician period.
Which of the following assumptions did the researchers make in using
results from their experiments in climate simulation models?
a) They assumed the modern moss P. patens increased the
availability of mineral nutrients by breaking down granite and
andesite.
b) They assumed that the effect of Ordovician mosses on the
chemical weathering of rock was similar to the weathering caused
by the modern moss P. patens.
c) They assumed that chemical weathering by mosses reduced
atmospheric CO2 levels, producing dramatic climatic cooling in the
late Ordovician period.
d) They assumed the modern moss P. patens increased the
weathering of rock.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Based on their experimental results, the researchers added weathering
of rock by nonvascular plants to simulation models of the Ordovician
climate. The new models predicted decreased CO2 levels and global
cooling sufficient to produce glaciations in the late Ordovician period.
Which of the following assumptions did the researchers make in using
results from their experiments in climate simulation models?
a) They assumed the modern moss P. patens increased the
availability of mineral nutrients by breaking down granite and
andesite.
b) They assumed that the effect of Ordovician mosses on the
chemical weathering of rock was similar to the weathering
caused by the modern moss P. patens.
c) They assumed that chemical weathering by mosses reduced
atmospheric CO2 levels, producing dramatic climatic cooling in the
late Ordovician period.
d) They assumed the modern moss P. patens increased the
weathering of rock.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do these experimental results and models
demonstrate that life has profoundly changed Earth?
a) The results show that early nonvascular plants could have
caused enough chemical weathering of rock to increase
atmospheric CO2 levels.
b) The results show that nonvascular and vascular plants utilize
rock-based minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and
potassium.
c) The results show that mineral nutrients are released by the
weathering of rock in the absence of living cells.
d) The results show that early nonvascular plants could have
caused enough chemical weathering of rock to reduce
atmospheric CO2 levels.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do these experimental results and models
demonstrate that life has profoundly changed Earth?
a) The results show that early nonvascular plants could have
caused enough chemical weathering of rock to increase
atmospheric CO2 levels.
b) The results show that nonvascular and vascular plants utilize
rock-based minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and
potassium.
c) The results show that mineral nutrients are released by the
weathering of rock in the absence of living cells.
d) The results show that early nonvascular plants could
have caused enough chemical weathering of rock to
reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.