BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function
Midterm examination
Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade
Friday, February 10, 2017
Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these instructions:
a) a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes (unless an open-book
exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones and devices must be turned off and put
away in your bag. Do not keep them in your possession, such as in your pockets. If caught
with such a device or document, the following may occur: you will be asked to leave
immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed which may result in you
obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam.
b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your name is
on the top of each page because the exam will be separated to facilitate marking
c) Circle the lab section for your lab. This information is used to get the exam back to you.
d) Check to be sure that your exam is complete with a total of 13 pages including this one
e) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the back
of the page
f) The exam is out of 85 pts.
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Signature: _____________________________________________________________
Student No:________________________________
Circle your lab section:
Tue:
A1-BSC312,
A5-BSC330.
Wed:
A2-BSC312,
A6-BSC330
Thu:
A3-BSC312,
A7-BSC330
Fri:
A4 -BSC312,
..
BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
15 pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where
possible include an example in your definition from a group or an organism to which the term
applies.
Schizogony
{part of the malaria life cycle} {multiple fission/single cells divide to produce multiple cells}
{produces merozoites and or trophozoites}
Ootype
In the {Parasitic flatworms} {Site where egg is provisioned with nutrients} and {fertilized and
shell added}, {if present Mehils gland may add shell/ provide lubricant to move egg into uterus}
Must have first and any of the others to a maximum of 3 points
Water expulsion vesicle
{Freshwater protozoans – must say freshwater protozoan alone is not enough and protist is not a
part of a correct answer} {osmogulatory structure – not excretory structure} {part of endo
membrane system} {removes the excess water that enters the cell} Must have first and of the
other three to a maximum of 3 points
Opisthokonta
{Protist super group}{single flagellum (unikont) behind the protist as it swims/pushes the protist
as it swims}{includes ancestor to the animals and fungi}
Larval amplification
{asexual reproduction} in {multicellular organisms}– it doesn’t occur in protozoans such as
malaria {example fluke life cycle but must give an example in the life cycle: redea, inside
sporocyst or cercaria inside the redia, are both possible answers. It’s not enough for the third
point to say simply in the fluke life cycle} 1,1,1
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
20 pts Part 2 Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing an X in the
space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each
2.1 In the anthozoa these ciliated tracts circulate water through the gastrovascular cavity to
maintain the hydrostayic skeleton.
_________A.
Siphonoglyphs
X
_________B. Mesenteries
_________C. Manubria
_________D. Rhopalia
_________E. Oral discs
2.2 The evolutionary ancestors of mitochondria are believed to have been ancient
_________A. Green bacteria.
_________B. Archaea.
X
_________C.
Proteobacteria.
_________D. Cyanobacteria.
2.3 A gravid tapeworm proglottid:
_________A. Contains only male reproductive organs.
_________B. Contains only female reproductive organs.
_________C.
Is filled with mature eggs that fill the uterus.
X
_________D. Is found near the scolex
2.4 Members of this Cnidrian class never have medusa.
_________A. Cubazoa
_________B.
Anthozoa
X
_________C. Schyphozoa
_________D. Hydrozoa
_________E. Mesozoa
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.5 Among flatworms, when a digestive tract is present, it has
X
_________A.
A single opening, the mouth
_________B. Two openings, mouth and anus
_________C. A single opening, the anus
_________D. No external openings
_________E. A nephridiopore opening
2.6 Which of the following best describes the microtubular arrangement of either cilia or
flagella?
_________A. Nine peripheral triplets of microtubules.
X
_________B.
Nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus a central pair
_________C. Nine peripheral triplets and a central pair
_________D. Nine peripheral pairs plus two central pair
2.7 Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?
_________A.
Contain a nucleus
X
_________B. Unicellular
_________C. Photosynthetic
_________D. Smaller than animal cells
_________E. Have a cell wall
2.8 This type of sponge architecture has oscula but no spongocoel
_________A. Asconoid
X
_________B.
Leuconoid
_________C. Syconoid
_________D. Asteroid
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ...................................................................
Student Number: .....................................
X
2.9 Bath sponges have skeletons made of
_________A. Calcareous spicules
_________B. Silicaceous spicules
_________C. Mesohyl
_________D.
Spongin
X
_________E. None of the above
2.10 Between the two sheets of cells that make up a sponge is a jellylike layer referred to as the
_________A. Mesoderm
_________B. Mesenchyme
_________C.
Mesoglea
X
_________D. Mesohyl
_________E. Endocyme
2.11 In ciliate protozoans undigested food is removed from the cell in a special region, the
_________A. Cytopyge
_________B. Oral membranelles
_________C. Cytopharynx
_________D. Cytostome
X
_________E.
Cytoproct
2.12 According to the latest research, which of the following BEST describes the first eukaryote?
_________A. It contained a nucleus and a chloroplast, but not a mitochondrion.
_________B. It contained a nucleus, a mitochondrion, and a chloroplast.
X
_________C.
It contained a nucleus and a mitochondrion, but not a chloroplast.
_________D. It lacked a nucleus, but contained a mitochondrion and a chloroplast.
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.13 A monophyletic taxon is one that contains:
_________A.
An ancestor and all of its descendants.
X
_________B. An ancestor and some of its descendants.
_________C. Organisms from different evolutionary lineages.
_________D. An ancestor and those descendants that still resemble it.
_________E. Organisms that resemble each other because they live in similar environments
2.14 Schyphozoa have these specialized sensory structures called ___________, located in
notches at the margin of the medusa.
_________A. Statoliths
_________B. Statocysts
_________C. Colloblasts
_________D. Nematocysts
_________E.
Rhopalia
X
2.15 Some protists have a pellicle, which is used for
_________A. Water absorption.
_________B. Defensive purposes.
_________C.
Structural support.
X
_________D. Food storage.
2.16 The collar of a choanocyte
_________A. Regulates the diameter of the osculum
_________B.
Filters food from the water
X
_________C. Regulates the diamter of the ostia
_________D. Secrete the digestive enzymes
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
2.17 In the ciliates this serves as the genetic reserve of the cell.
_________A. Macronucleus
_________B. Polyploid nucleus
_________C. Triploid nucleus
X
_________D.
Micronucleus
2.18 Sexual reproduction in ciliates involves a process called.
X
_________A.
Conjugation
_________B. Gametogany
_________C. Sporogony
_________D. Cohabitation
_________E. Copulation
2.19 Specialized cells in sponges are capable of doing all but one of the following
_________A.
Detect environmental stimulii
X
_________B. Regulate the flow of water through the sponge
_________C. Secrete the skeleton
_________D. Extract nutrients from water
_________E. Produce gametes
2.20 The causive organism for malaria is:
_________A.
Plasmodium
X
_________B. Trypanosoma
_________C. Isopora
_________D. Paramecium
_________E. None of the above
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
26 pts Part 3: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate terms. Place the term in
the space in the sentence or at the end of the sentence.
3.1 This body organ is often found attached to the nutritive cord of a
Testis/statoblast
bryozoan. _________________
3.2 The ciliated cause of the unique symmetry of anthozoans. _________________
Siphonoglyphs
3.3 These help freshwater bryozoans get through harsh environmental conditions— winter, for
example. _________________
Statoblast
Cilia
3.4 These move and mix the contents of the cnidarian digestive system. _________________
3.5 The name given to the first animal from which a bryozoan colony
Ancestrula
grows. _________________
3.6 Jellyfish is the common name given to animals in the cnidarian
Scyphozoa
class. _________________
3.7 These cover the surface of a lophophore and they move water across its
Cilia
surface. _________________
3.8 These cellular structures on the digestive epithelium of all animals is evidence to the ancient
choanocyte ancestor of the Kingdom Animalia. _________________
Microvilli
3.9 The common name for a trematode. _________________
Fluke
3.10 This part of the bryozoan stomach is connected to the anus. _________________
Pyloric
3.11 The external opening of the protonephridia on the outer body wall of a
Nephridiopore
flatworm. _________________
3.12 The part of a bryozoan that includes the lophophore and retractable parts of
Polypide
the body. _________________
3.13 This coelomic space is either very small or missing in lophophorate
Protocoel
animals. _________________
3.14 Most of the digestive tract of a bryozoan is suspended inside which body
cavity. _________________
Metacoel
3.15 In the scyphozoan life cycle, once the planula settles it turns into this. Scyphostoma
_________________
3.16 The number of different sponge architectures. _________________
Three
3.17 These are also called flame cells. Protonephridia
_________________
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
3.18 Most of a flatworm's body mass is made of this tissue that fills the space between the
epidermis and digestive tract. _________________
Parenchyma
3.19 Muscles are located on these structure inside the anthozoan gastrovascular cavity (Two
Toxins
words) _________________
3.20 Another name for a bryozoan colony. _________________
Parasitic
3.21 Sponges are becoming of interest because not only do they protect themselves with spicules
but also produce these to defend themselves . _________________
Toxins/poisons
3.22 Most species of flatworms have this type of life cycle. _________________
Parasitic
3.23 Gastrozooids have this responsibility in a hydrozoan colony. _________________
Feeding
3.24 Unlike all the other cnidarian classes, in this one cnidocytes are found inside the
gastrovascular cavity. _________________
Anthozoa
3.25 Another name for the yolk gland is this type of gland. _________________
Vitelline
3.26 Compared to asconoid and syconoid sponges, the leuconoid sponges have
_________________
Many/multiple oscula (osculum).
Part 4 of the exam starts on the next page
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
24 pts Part 4: Answer 4 of the following 8 questions in the space provided. Each is worth 6
points. Do an extra question as a bonus and you could raise your marks by up to 6 points
depending on how well you answer the extra fifth question.
4.1 As a result of the combination of findings from DNA sequences, and better interpretation of
morphological data, the position of the flatworms (Platyhelminthe) in the phylogeny of the
protostomes has changed. What is the change in phylogeny and give two examples of how
morphological data has been reinterpreted for this phylum.
Change: {Flatworms were originally at the base/the most primitive protostome group}{Now
known to be the most advanced/derived group}
Any two of these examples
Example: {position of the mouth on the ventral side of the body/incomplete
cephalization}{Adaptation to feeding on the ventral side where the animal was attached to the
surface}
Example: {absence of a coelomic space surrounded by mesoderm} {was lost to flatten them to
stick to surfaces/optimize surface:volume ratio}
Example: {incomplete gut/lack of an anus}{Adaptation of the digestive tract to being highly
branched}
4.2 What is the difference between an intermediate and definitive host? Use a metazoan to
explain your distinctions between the two.
{Definitive host is where the gametes combine in the life-cycle to form the zygote/sexual
reproduction}{Intermediate – any other host where the parasite lives where this doesn’t
happen/asexual reproduction occurs}
This question states metazoan so the malaria life cycle cannot be used for the answer
Fluke life cycle:
Definitive host {the human/sheep}
Intermediate host {the snail} {mericidia enter the small and develop into cercaria} {Dormant
form of cercaria (metacercaria) in another host/on vegetation}{
Tapeworm example from course:
Definitive host {human}
Intermediate host {Pig} {eggs hatch and encyst muscle}{cystocercus dormant stage} {Released
when consumed by definitive host
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.3 Complete the following table by adding the missing taxon with a unique autoapomorphy or by
providing one example of an autoapomorphy for the taxon.
Taxon
An autoapomorphic character
Cnidaria
Cnidocytes
Protostomia
Blastopore become mouth
Trochozoa
Trochophore larva
Hydrozoa
Velum
Animalia
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Any one of 1) Ingestive heterotrophs, 2)
Collagen 3) Choanocyte as original cell
4) Cells with different functions
Any one of: 1) Incomplete gut 2)
Reproductive system for
hermaphrodism
Aquiferous system
4.4 Today, how are protostomes differentiated from deuterostomes? How has the distinction changed over
the last 20 years?
Now: Protostomes are differentiated by blastopore becoming the mouth (protostome) or anus
(deuterostome)
In the past: {Protostome traits included: schizocoely and spiral cleavage} and {deuterstome traits
included enterocoely and radial cleavage} Must have the pairs correct to get the point. {For each all three
were have thought to have occurred together, were monophyletic, grouped when the two lineages
separated from each other}
{Enterocoely is not monophyletic and is now found in both the protostome and deuterostome lineages}
{Spiral cleavage is not found in the ecdysozoa – part of the protostome lineage}
{Shizoceoly is not at the base of the protostome lineage but in the Trochozoa (Lophotrochozoa lineage}
One point if it is only stated that: {These other traits are not located at the split between protostomes and
deuterostomes in the current phylogeny}
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.5 The beatings of cilia and flagella have some things in common and others that differ. What are the
similarities and differences?
Similarities: {Structure is a 9+2 arrangements of microtubules – must say mictrotubules and not
just 9+2 to get this point}{Microtubules connected to each other with dynein arms} {Dyenin
motor on the arm walks along the adjacent microtubules – or statements that they understand
how the dynein motor works.}{use an underlying pellicle to reinforce plasma membrane against
force}
Differences: Cilia are shorter/more numerous than flagella which are longer and either single or
paired}{How they beat: Cilia beat using a recovery stroke at right angles to power stroke}{Cilia
beat in a metachronal wave}– Flagella have two ways of beating {planar where the recovery and
power stroke are in the same plane/nochange in angle} or {Spins in helicoid pattern}
4.6 Briefly describe what an enterocoel is and how it is formed and which animal have one.
{forms from endoderm/archenteron/primitive gut}{after gastrulation}{Pockets of mesoderm
form}{coelom present when forms}{tripartite/three coelomic spaces} {name the spaces:
protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel}
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BIO 2135 - Midterm Examination
Name: ................................................................... Student Number: .....................................
4.7 Ciliates engage in conjugation as a form of sexual reproduction. Describe the processes associated
with conjugation.
{two paramecia fuse together}{Micronucleus undergoes meiosis} {two meiotic nuclei fuse – one from
each paramecium}{remaining micronuclei and macronuclei disappear}{separate as
syncaryon}{Micronucleus divides to form new macronucleus}
4.8 Freshwater invertebrate face certain challenges compared to their marine compartments.
Using examples we have seen in class explain what are these challenges and give two examples
of how they are overcome.
Because this question is about animals Protozoans can’t be a part of the answer.
Freshwater environments: {Subject to changes in temperature/drying up}{water is
isotonic/influx of water because of salt concentration differences}
Temperature: Overwintering bodies- {Gemmules in sponges} {Statoblasts in Bryozoa}
Hypotonic {Water expulsion vesicle in sponges}{Protonephridia in flatworms
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