6
6.1
Population
and the economy
Uncontacted tribes
In the Amazon rainforest there are tribes who have
no contact with the rest of the world. They are called
uncontacted tribes. They live in the dense vegetation
of the rainforest.
Uncontacted tribes are groups of native people who
live in nature, isolated from civilization. They
preserve their ancient traditions and speak their own
languages. They know nothing about the modern
world.
Drug gangs working in the rainforests are a danger
to these people. Illegal wood loggers destroy the
rainforest these people need to survive. Uncontacted
people often don't have any immunity to common
diseases. A cold or influenza can destroy a whole
tribe. There are now laws to protect these people
from the outside world.
Read and understand
KNOW HOW TO
Who are uncontacted people?
Talk about population.
Where do they live?
Identify the different
sectors of the economy.
Name some dangers to uncontacted people.
How are they protected?
FINAL TASK
SPEAKING. Imagine you go to live in another
country with your family. Tell your partner what your
new life is like.
Describe a production
process.
62 sixty-two
7
7.1
Prehistory
Atapuerca and Homo antecessor
Atapuerca in Burgos is a very important place. In
1896, very old human remains were found there.
One hundred years later, in 1996, they found
small bits of bone from six people, including
a jawbone. They were the remains of one of the
first human beings ever to have lived on the
European continent: the homo antecessor. They
also found stone tools, including a stone knife,
and animal bones.
Archaeologists study Atapuerca. They have
found many very important remains there,
including an arm bone. This arm bone is very
big and strong so the archaeologists named the
person Rafa, after the tennis player Rafa Nadal.
Rafa lived about 900,000 years ago!
Palaeolithic
5,000,000 years ago
Read and understand
Where is Atapuerca? Why is it important?
What is the connection between Rafa Nadal and
Atapuerca?
Look at the timeline. During what age did Rafa live?
Look at the photo. What are the archaeologists
doing?
SPEAKING. Imagine you are an archaeologist at
Atapuerca. Tell your partner what things you are
looking for.
76 seventy-six
KNOW HOW TO
Distinguish the
Palaeolithic, Neolithic
and Metal Ages.
Describe Prehistoric art.
FINAL TASK
Put historical events in
chronological order.
P
R
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Neolithic
10,000 years ago
Metal Ages
7,000 years ago
A NCIENT
H ISTOR Y
5,000 years ago
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?
Prehistory
We use decades, centuries and millennia to
657185_08_p76_77_prehistoria
talk about events in history.
Prehistory is the longest and most ancient
period in human history. Primitive people were
nomads.
How many years are there in a decade,
a century and a millennium?
What does nomad mean? What were the
homes of primitive people like? What did
they wear? What did they eat?
seventy-seven 77
The Palaeolithic Age
C
A
B
D
F
E
1
7.2
Prehistory is the longest period in history. It is divided
into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic
Age and the Metal Ages.
The first inhabitants of the Iberian
Peninsula
The Palaeolithic Age starts with the appearance of
human beings, about five million years ago, and ends
with the start of farming. 1
The first people to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula came
from Africa about a million years ago. These men and
women lived in the open, in caves, or in simple huts.
They were nomads. When they could not find much
food, they moved on to live in a different place.
Palaeolithic means ‘Old Stone Age’. Palaeolithic men
and women made simple tools from stone.
78 seventy-eight
Life in the Palaeolithic Age.
A. Cave painting. B. Making tools.
C. Hunting. D. Making fire.
E. Fishing. F. Making clothes.
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
Where do you think they live?
Why are they close to a river?
What do you think they eat?
What are their tools made of?
What do you think they use fire
for?
7
7.3
Food
They ate what they found in nature. They
gathered fruit and roots, they fished for
fish and shellfish, and they hunted reindeer,
bison, small lizards, etc.
They lived near rivers and lakes where they
could fish, collect plants and drink water.
They moved on when the food ran out.
LEARN MORE
Making stone tools in the
Palaeolithic Age
They used round
stones as hammers.
They carved
a basic shape.
Animals provided food to eat, bones for
making tools and skins for clothes and huts.
Initially, they ate raw food. Later on, they
discovered fire so they could cook.
Life in the Palaeolithic Age
In the Palaeolithic Age, men and women
lived in tribes.
Life was very hard and many people died
young. They died of the cold, of hunger or
from simple diseases or injuries.
Finally, they used
a bone to sharpen
the stone.
ACTIVITIES
1
Members of the tribe shared jobs: some
hunted, some gathered and others made
tools from bone or stone.
They made knives, axes and arrowheads
from stone.
Answer the questions.
Why did people move from place
to place during the Palaeolithic Age?
How did they find their food?
2
They made harpoons, spears and needles
from animal bones.
SPEAKING. What are these objects
made of? Discuss with your partner.
axe
Palaeolithic people were nomads.
They ate what they found in nature and
they discovered fire.
3
needle spear arrowhead
WRITING. Imagine you live in a
Palaeolithic tribe. Write about your
daily routine.
seventy-nine 79
The Neolithic Age
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1
7.4
Life in the Neolithic Age. A. Huts. B. Animal farming. C. Crop farming.
D. Making cloth. E. Fishing with nets. F. Making pottery. G. Baking clay.
The Neolithic Age is the period of Prehistory after the
Palaeolithic.
The first farmers
About 10,000 years ago, some people started to build
enclosures to keep their animals in. They kept goats,
sheep and oxen, so they did not have to hunt animals
for food. In this way, the first livestock farmers
appeared. 1
During this same period, people discovered how
plants grew from seeds, so they started to grow
wheat and barley. Later they grew other plants.
80 eighty
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
What are the houses like? What
are they made of?
What are the people doing?
What do they use for fishing?
Explain one difference between
life in the Palaeolithic Age
and life in the Neolithic Age.
7
7.5
The first villages
People were now farmers so they needed
to live close to the land and animals. They
built villages to live in permanently. They
were not nomads anymore; they became
sedentary.
LEARN MORE
Making pottery in the Neolithic Age
They moulded
wet clay.
The villages were near rivers so that people
had water. The villages were surrounded by
fences or walls to defend them from attack.
They added lines
and shapes.
People specialized in certain jobs: some
became farmers and others became
craftsmen.
The first craftsmen
Neolithic means ‘New Stone Age’ because
Neolithic men and women made tools from
stone. People learned to make polished
stone tools, which were better than the
Palaeolithic stone tools.
Neolithic people made tools to help with
farming. They made hoes to turn the soil,
sickles to cut crops and hand mills to mill
the wheat and barley into flour.
Finally, they baked
the objects in
simple ovens.
ACTIVITIES
1
Palaeolithic
What did
they eat?
Cloth was made from wool and was
woven on very simple looms.
What tools
did they use?
2
SPEAKING. Answer the questions.
Why did people in the Neolithic
Age become sedentary?
7.6
Neolithic people were farmers and
built villages to live in permanently.
They made polished stone tools, cloth
and pottery.
Neolithic
Where did
they live?
There were two other important
developments during the Neolithic Age:
the making of cloth and pottery.
Pottery was made by modelling clay by
hand, then baking it on a fire. They made
pots to keep food in and to cook with.
They made plates and bowls.
Copy and complete the table.
What animals did they keep?
What crops did they grow?
3
WRITING. Imagine you live in a Neolithic
village. Write about your daily routine.
eighty-one 81
The Metal Ages
A
C
E
B
D
F
G
H
1
7.7
I
Life in the Metal Ages. A. High fence. B. Traders. C. Soldier. D. House. E. Cart.
F. Metalworker. G. Pouring metal. H. Mould. I. Melting metal.
The Metal Ages was the last period of Prehistory.
The first metal objects
About 7,000 years ago, people learned to make
objects out of metal. For this reason, this period is
known as the Metal Ages. 1
People made the first metal objects out of copper.
Later, they used bronze, then iron.
With these metals, people made weapons, such as
swords and axes. They made ornaments, such as
brooches and bracelets, and tools, such as hoes and
sickles. These objects made of metal were stronger
than objects made of stone.
82 eighty-two
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
Can you find a form
of transport?
What objects made of metal
can you see?
How did they protect the town?
Why did they need to protect
the town?
7
7.8
The first towns
Metals were not found everywhere. In
places where it was easy to find them,
people spent their time looking for different
metals and trading them. As a result, these
places attracted many people and grew into
towns.
These towns were surrounded by walls for
protection. The inhabitants organized
themselves into defence groups under
a chief.
LEARN MORE
Development of metalworking
in the Metal Ages
First, they hammered
a piece of metal
into shape.
New jobs were created. For example, some
people became soldiers to defend the
town. Others became traders to buy and
sell metal objects, clothes and pottery.
Trade
Trade increased because of important
inventions.
The wheel made it possible to transport
people and heavy goods by cart. Wheels
were also used for making pottery.
The sail used wind energy to move boats.
People used sailing boats to transport
people and goods by water.
The plough was pulled by animals.
Farmers used ploughs to work on larger
areas of land more quickly. Farmers
produced more food than they could eat,
so they began trading the extra food.
About 7,000 years ago, people
learned to make objects out of metal.
Places where it was easy to find metals
grew into towns.
Later, they
learned to heat
the metal.
Then, they
learned to melt
the metal
and pour it
into a mould.
ACTIVITIES
1
Answer the questions.
When did the Metal Ages begin?
7.9
Which metals did they use?
Name three important inventions
from this time.
2
SPEAKING. With your partner,
discuss and compare the
Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age
and the Metal Ages.
3
WRITING. Imagine you live in a Metal
Ages town. Where do you live? What
do you do? What tools do you use?
eighty-three 83
Prehistoric art
7.10
Cave paintings
A
Prehistoric artists decorated the walls and
ceilings of caves with paintings. This type of
painting is known as cave art.
They used very intense colours by mixing
minerals with animal fat. For example, they
made black with coal, yellow with ochre
and red with manganese.
They painted with their hands or with
brushes made with animal hair.
In the Palaeolithic Age they only painted
animals. In the Neolithic Age they painted
animals and groups of people hunting
or dancing.
B
Cave paintings on the Iberian
Peninsula
There are cave paintings in the Cantabrian
and eastern regions. 1
There are Palaeolithic cave paintings in
the Cantabrian region. They are realistic
paintings of animals in various colours
(mammoths, bison, deer, horses). They
are found in the caves of Altamira
(Cantabria), Tito Bustillo (Asturias) and
Ekain (Basque Country).
There are Neolithic cave paintings
in eastern regions. They are simple
paintings of people dancing, hunting
or gathering fruit in only one colour.
They are found in the caves of La Araña
(Community of Valencia), El Cogul
(Catalonia) and Alpera (Castilla-La
Mancha).
1
Cave paintings. A. Altamira caves, Cantabria.
B. El Cogul caves, Catalonia.
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
What animals can you see in the cave
paintings?
Which cave painting shows more realistic
animals?
Which uses the most colours?
Which shows people?
Which is Palaeolithic? Why?
Which is Neolithic? Why?
84 eighty-four
7
LEARN MORE
Prehistoric painting
40,000 years ago, people began to paint animals on the walls and ceilings of their caves.
4. F
inally, they
coloured in
the animal.
1. T
hey drew
the shape
of the
animal with
a sharp
stone.
2. T
hey used
black to draw
over the shape
of the animal.
7.11
Megalithic monuments
3. T
hey used stone lamps with
animal fat to light the cave.
A
B
During the Metal Ages, people built the first
monuments using large stones called
megaliths. These are the three main
megalithic monuments: 2
C
Menhirs are large, upright, standing
stones. They were used for religious
purposes.
Dolmens consist of several upright stones
that support a large, flat, horizontal stone.
They were burial monuments.
Cromlechs consist of circles of large
standing stones. They were used as
sanctuaries.
Prehistoric artists decorated the walls
and ceilings of caves with paintings.
During the Metal Ages, people built
megalithic monuments using large
stones.
2
Megalithic monuments. A. Menhir.
B. Dolmen. C. Cromlech.
ACTIVITIES
1
What are cave paintings?
2
ICT. Search the Internet for
information about megalithic
monuments. Print out pictures
and write a short description.
eighty-five 85
KNOW HOW TO
Put historical events in chronological order
We put historical events in order so we can reconstruct history.
1
Copy and complete the table in your notebook.
event
Fire is discovered.
Prehistoric Age
Palaeolithic Age
Metalworking begins.
Pottery is invented.
People appear.
Farming begins.
The wheel is invented.
2
Order the events, starting with the oldest.
3
Copy and complete the graph with the events.
Prehistory
Palaeolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Metal Ages
Fire is discovered.
4
Copy and complete the timeline. Include:
The Prehistoric Ages.
The most important events of Prehistory.
Palaeolithic
5,000,000 years ago
5
Neolithic
Metal Ages
10,000 years ago 7,000 years ago
WRITING. Choose the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age or the
Metal Ages. Write a short description of the period and draw pictures.
86 eighty-six
7
FINAL ACTIVITIES
1
SUMMARY. Copy and complete the summary in your notebook.
Metal
Palaeolithic Neolithic stone villages
nomads polished towns tools
7.12
Prehistory
Age started about five million years
The
ago. They were
. They used
tools.
The
Age started about 10,000 years ago.
They lived in
. They used
stone tools.
The
Ages started about 7,000 years ago.
They lived in
. They used metal
.
2
Copy and complete the table about cave paintings.
Palaeolithic Age
Neolithic Age
What did they paint?
What colours did they use?
What did they look like?
Where have they been found on the Iberian Peninsula?
3
Classify these descriptions into the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic
Age or the Metal Ages.
People used sailing boats. People started farming. People were nomads.
Show your skills
Choose and do one of these activities:
A.ICT. Search the Internet for information about the cave paintings
in Altamira or El Cogul. Make a poster with the information.
Include photos or drawings of the cave paintings.
B. Imagine a typical Palaeolithic man, woman or child. Draw three
scenes of a comic illustrating their daily life.
C. Write three sentences about how people’s lives changed from
the Palaeolithic Age to the Neolithic Age. Write three more
about the changes from the Neolithic Age to the Metal Ages.
eighty-seven 87
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?
Population and work
The people who live in a place are
called inhabitants.
What do we call the total number
of people who live in a place?
There are many different types of jobs.
Some people work in agriculture. Some
people work in factories. Other people
provide services for people.
Can you name a job from each
of these sectors?
sixty-three 63
How to study population
6.2
Population
Population is the number of inhabitants
that live in a place. The population of Spain
is about 46.5 million people. The population
of the European Union is about 507 million
people.
In every autonomous community the
inhabitants live in various cities, towns or
villages. The municipal register and census
provide information about these people.
The municipal register is a list of the
inhabitants of a municipality. It includes
each person’s age and address. The local
council updates this register every year.
1
The census is a list of the inhabitants of a
municipality, a province or a country. The
census includes information such as
education, work, type of house, etc. This
list is updated every ten years. 1
The census. Interviewers collect information
from different homes.
children
jóvenes
7,075,637
7.075.637
seniorancianos
citizens
8,335,861
8.335.861
adults
adultos
31,718,285
31.718.285
How to study population
The population of a place can be divided
into different categories:
Gender. We count the number of men
and the number of women.
Age. Inhabitants are divided into three
different age groups: children are 0 to 15
years old; adults are 16 to 65 years old;
senior citizens are over 65. 2
Activity. The population is divided into
two groups. Active population: This
group includes all adults who are able to
work. Some people are employed and
other people are unemployed. Inactive
population: This group includes children
under 16, and adults who are either too ill
to work, or who are retired.
64 sixty-four
2
The population of Spain.
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
6.3
Look at the graph.
What age groups are there?
Which is the biggest age group?
Which is the smallest age group?
Are there more children or senior
662328_04_p52_poblacion_grupos_edad
citizens?
6
6.4
Changes in population
death rate
The population of a place changes over time. Babies
are born, and some people die. Sometimes people
move to another town. The changes in population are
caused by the birth rate, the death rate, emigration
and immigration. 3
The birth rate is the number of babies born in a
place in one year.
emigration
decreases
The death rate is the number of people who die in
a place in one year.
Emigrants are people who leave one place to go
and live in another place.
Immigrants are people who come to live in a place.
When the number of people born in a place is greater
than the number of people who die, the population
increases. When the number of immigrants is greater
than the number of emigrants, the population
increases.
increases
Population is the number of inhabitants that live
in a place. The population of a place changes
over time.
birthrate
3
immigration
Changes in population.
ACTIVITIES
1
WRITING. What is population? Write a definition in your notebook.
2
Read and correct the sentences.
6.5
The municipal register is updated every month.
The census is updated every year.
The active population includes retired people.
The death rate is the number of babies born.
Immigrants are people who leave a place.
3
VALUES EDUCATION. Imagine an immigrant child has recently started in your
class. How can you make the child and their family welcome in your community?
sixty-five 65
The distribution of population
6.6
People move to different places
People are born in one place, but some move to live
somewhere else.
There are many different reasons for this:
People move away to study in a different place.
People find work in a different place.
People move because of drought or famine in their
country.
People move because of war in their country.
study
1
work
drought
Population density
war
1
Some reasons why people
emigrate.
2
Population density in two places.
Some places have many inhabitants. Other places
have very few inhabitants. Population density tells us
if a place has a large or a small population.
If lots of people live in a small area, then the area is
densely populated.
If few people live in a large area, then the area is
sparsely populated. 2
This place is
sparsely
populated
because it is
a large area
with few
inhabitants.
This place is
densely
populated
because it is
a small area
with lots of
inhabitants.
5 ten people
66 sixty-six
FRANCIA
C a n t a b r i a n
Scale
95
LUGO
LEÓN
OURENSE
CANTABRIA
ÁVILA MADRID
TOLEDO
SANTA CRUZ
DE TENERIFE
BADAJOZ
GIRONA
LLEIDA
BARCELONA
TARRAGONA
TERUEL
BALEARIC ISLANDS
CUENCA
CÓRDOBA
MÁLAGA
ALBACETE
ALICANTE
JAÉN
MURCIA
GRANADA
ALMERÍA
M
i t
r
r
n
e
n
A L G E R I A
Melilla
3
Where people live in Spain
e d
e
a
a
Densely populated
Moderately populated
Sparsely populated
Ceuta
M O R O C C O
6.7
E
VALENCIA
CÁDIZ
LAS PALMAS
C
ANDORRA
HUESCA
CASTELLÓN
CIUDAD REAL
HUELVA
O C E A N
N
a
CÁCERES
A
ZARAGOZA
GUADALAJARA
SEVILLE
A T L A N T I C
SORIA
SEGOVIA
SALAMANCA
R
ÁLAVA
NAVARRE
BURGOS
PALENCIA
RIOJA
ZAMORA
VALLADOLID
kilometres
F
VIZCAYA GUIPÚZCOA
S
O C E A N
PONTEVEDRA
A T L A N T
I C
S
0
A CORUÑA
E
P O
R T
U G
A L
W
ASTURIAS
S e a
e
N
6
Population density map
of Spain.
Spain has a population of about 46.5 million people.
657185_07_p67_Espana_densidadWORK WITH THE PICTURE
Most of the people live on the coast and in the big cities
where there are many jobs. These places are densely
populated.
Fewer people live inland, except in the big cities like
Madrid and Zaragoza. In general, inland Spain is
sparsely populated. 3
Population density tells us if a place has a large or a
small population. In Spain, most of the people live on
the coast and in the big cities.
Look at the map. Do you
live on the coast or inland?
Do you live in a city or in
a small village?
Look at the key and say
657185_07_p67_leyenda_Espana_densidad
what the population
density is like where you
live.
ACTIVITIES
1
WRITING. Write in your notebook four reasons why people migrate.
2
Copy and colour the map key in your notebook. Write the names
of three provinces next to each colour.
sixty-seven 67
Where people work I
6.8
There are three main sectors of the economy: the primary
sector, the secondary sector and the tertiary sector.
Jobs in the primary sector
In the primary sector, workers obtain raw materials from
natural resources, for example, products from plants,
animals and the soil.
The primary sector includes jobs in crop farming, animal
farming, fishing and mining.
In Spain, not many people work in the primary sector, only
4 out of 100 people. In the European Union, 5 out of
100 people work in this sector.
Crop farming
Crop farmers grow crops, vegetables
and fruit.
Fishing
Fishermen catch fish and shellfish.
68 sixty-eight
Livestock farming
Livestock farmers keep animals to produce
products like meat, eggs, milk and leather.
Mining
Miners mine rocks, minerals and metals
that are used in industry.
6
6.9
Jobs in the secondary
sector
The secondary sector transforms raw
materials into manufactured
products. Industries in the secondary
sector include factory work, the
construction industry and craft
industries.
In Spain, 22 out of 100 people work in
this sector. In the European Union, 27
out of 100 people work in this sector.
LEARN MORE
From cotton to T-shirts
1. Growing cotton
Cotton plants are
grown in warm
climates.
2. Making the fabric
In the factory, workers
use machines to obtain
cotton threads. The
threads are woven into
fabric by other
machines.
Industry
Industry is one of the most important
activities in the secondary sector.
Many people work in factories. They
use machines to transform raw
materials into manufactured products.
This is called the industrial process.
3. Design and manufacture
Designers create the
T-shirt design.
Machines cut out the
fabric shapes. Workers
use machines to sew
the fabric together.
People work on production lines in
factories. Each worker specializes in
one part of the process.
4. Selling
In the primary sector, workers
obtain raw materials from natural
resources. The secondary sector
transforms raw materials into
manufactured products.
The T-shirts are
packed in boxes.
Lorries take them to
the shops. Shop
assistants sell the
T-shirts.
ACTIVITIES
1
Name four activities in the primary
sector. Are they jobs in big cities
or in rural areas?
2
SPEAKING. Look at the photo.
What are they making? Where are
they making it?
sixty-nine 69
Where people work II
6.10
Jobs in the tertiary sector
The tertiary sector is also called the service sector.
Workers in this sector provide us with trade, health,
education and transport. 1
In Spain, 74 out of 100 people work in this sector. In
the European Union, 68 out of 100 people work in this
sector.
Trade
Trade is the buying and selling of products, for
example, when shopkeepers sell products to
customers.
Trade connects products from the primary and
secondary sectors with consumers.
Domestic trade means buying and selling products
within a country. It includes products we buy in
shops and supermarkets.
Foreign trade means buying and selling products
to and from other countries. Imports are
products we buy from other countries.
Exports are products we sell to other countries.
A
1
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
Which photo shows the
education sector?
Which photo shows trade?
B
Jobs in the tertiary sector. A. Teachers work in the tertiary sector. B. Supermarkets
sell products to customers.
70 seventy
6
6.11
Other services
There are other services apart from trade, such as
education, health and financial services.
Transport and tourism are important services in
Spain and the European Union.
Workers in the tertiary sector provide us with
trade, health, education and transport.
Transport moves products and
passengers, via roads, motorways,
airports and ports. There are
different means of transport, like
planes, ships, trains and lorries.
All activities that relate to holidays
are part of tourism. This includes
transport, holiday companies,
bars and restaurants.
ACTIVITIES
1
Name three jobs that are in the service sector. Are these jobs
important in Spain?
2
Look at the photos. Identify the services and jobs in each picture.
A
3
B
C
SPEAKING. Describe a job in tourism for your partner to guess.
seventy-one 71
KNOW HOW TO
Describe a production process
How does orange juice reach the consumer? Many different sectors
and jobs are involved.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Analyse the photos.
1
Answer the questions.
What different jobs can you see?
What sectors of the economy can you see?
Order the process.
2
Put the pictures in order. Write sentences in your notebook to
describe each stage of the process. Label each stage primary,
secondary or tertiary sector.
First, the farmer grows the oranges. Then,…
Describe a production process.
3
Think of another product. Find photos or draw the production
process in your notebook.
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6
FINAL ACTIVITIES
1 DIAGRAM.
Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook.
population changes
6.12
are caused by
births
emigration
the population decreases
2
Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook comparing inactive population
and active population. Complete it with these sectors of the population.
children adults senior citizens
3
Draw a table in your notebook. Classify these jobs into the primary,
secondary or tertiary sector.
farmer teacher miner fisherman factory worker waiter engineer dentist architect
primary
secondary
tertiary
Show your skills
Choose and do one of these activities:
A. Draw a table in your notebook showing the
number of boys and girls in your class.
Then, draw a bar chart.
B. Prepare a presentation about a country you want
to visit. Include information about its population,
population density and its economic sectors.
C.ICT. Choose a job in the service sector.
Search the Internet and write a brief
description.
seventy-three 73
TEST YOURSELF
Check your vocabulary
active population all adults who are able
to work.
population the number of inhabitants in a
place.
aquifer a deposit of groundwater.
population density tells us if a place has
a large or a small population.
birth rate the number of babies born in a
place in one year.
census the list of inhabitants in a
municipality, province or country.
primary sector jobs that obtain resources
from nature.
course the route a river takes.
river basin an area of land drained by a
river and its tributaries.
death rate the number of people who die
in a place in one year.
secondary sector jobs that turn raw
materials into manufactured products.
deforestation the loss of forest.
source the place where a river begins.
emigrants people who leave one place to
go and live in another place.
spring the place where water flows from
an aquifer.
flow regime the amount of water a river
carries.
glacier a large area of thick ice.
groundwater water that is deposited
under the ground.
gully a course where water only flows after
it rains.
immigrants people who come to live in a
place.
inactive population all children, adults too
ill to work and retired adults.
landscape an area of land that has a
particular appearance.
ocean currents movements caused by
differences in sea water temperature.
pollution the release of harmful
substances into the air, water or land.
1
Describe the main parts of a river.
2
Explain the water cycle.
74 seventy-four
surface water water found on the surface
of the Earth.
tertiary sector jobs that provide services.
tides the rising and falling of the sea level.
tributary a river that flows into another
river.
water cycle the movement of water
around the Earth. It
takes place between
the atmosphere and
the Earth’s crust.
watershed an area
of land where all the
main rivers flow into
the same sea.
waves movements
of water caused by
the wind.
TERM 2
Check your progress
Copy and write the correct answers in your notebook.
Clouds form during...
6
The landscape of the Balearic
Islands is...
a. Mediterranean.
b.Atlantic.
c. Inland.
7
The coastal areas of Spain are...
a. sparsely populated.
b. moderately populated.
c. densely populated.
8
The economic activity that produces
manufactured goods is...
a.mining.
b.industry.
c.commerce.
9
The biggest economic sector in
Spain is...
a. the service sector.
b.farming.
c.construction.
a.evaporation.
b.condensation.
c.precipitation.
Most fresh water on Earth is in...
a. underground aquifers.
b. ice and snow in glaciers and the
poles.
c. river water.
The longest rivers on the Iberian
Peninsula are found in the...
a. Cantabrian watershed.
b. Atlantic watershed.
c. Mediterranean watershed.
Man-made elements include...
a.fields.
b.lakes.
c. rivers.
In Spain, inland landscapes are
transformed by…
a.industry.
b.farming.
c.tourism.
Check your answers
Correct the wrong answers.
Write in your notebook the lessons
that you need to practise again.
Think like a geographer
Million
people
100
Geographers use bar graphs to compare information.
Look at the bar graph and answer the questions
in your notebook.
What does the vertical axis represent?
What does the horizontal axis represent?
Which are the three most populated countries
in the European Union?
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Spain
5
Italy
4
France
3
United Kingdom
2
Germany
1
10
0
seventy-five
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