Cover design by Kayrasoft
Editors:
Dr.Rıdvan Kızılkaya
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
55139 Samsun, Turkey
Dr.Coşkun Gülser
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
55139 Samsun, Turkey
Copyright © 2014 by Soil Science Society of Turkey and Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies.
All rights reserved
International Standard Book Number – ISBN (online) 979-605-63090-3-8
This Book of Proceedings has been prepared from different papers sent to the congress secretary only by
making some changes in the format. Scientific committee regret for any language and/or aim-scope. The
corresponding author aigns and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all coauthors.
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Publication date : 23 December 2014
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- What are the facilities of using saline soil as a forage area with halophytic plants?
Aysel M. Ağar, Sevinç Uslu Kıran, Fatma Özkay, Nezaket Adıgüzel, Atilla Güntürk, Mecit Vural
- Detoxication of irrigated soils contaminated by nickel in Southern Kazakhstan
Azimbay Otarov, Moldir Polatova, Asem Vyrakhmanova
- Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol
formed on loess in the foothills of Ile Alatau
Bakhytzhan Yelikbayev
- Changes properties some of the physical and chemical parameters in soil quality index some of a
cultivated field and rangeland in different topographical positions
Banu Kadıoğlu
- Response of soil organic matter to changes in the differing intensities of grazing in semi-arid
rangelands in Iran
Roghayeh Ghorayshi, Farshad Keivan Behjoo, Reza Erfanzadeh, Javad Motamedi Behnam Bahrami ,
Esmaeil Goli
- Soil salinization and sodisation in the irrigated perimeter of Mina (northwest Algeria). Diagnosis
by combined measurements of electromagnetic and saturated hydraulic conductivities
Ouanouki Mokhtar, Kradia Laïd, Benkhelifa Mohammed
- The impact of conservation tillage in soil quality and yield in semi-arid conditions
Ramdane Benniou, Nadjet Benkherbache, Zineb Belgasmi, Mebarka Mezaache
- Some key concepts of urban soils classification
Boris Aparin, Elena Sukhacheva
- Reclamation of disturbed areas in the industrial zones of Bulgaria
Maria Shishmanova, Boyko Kolev
- Problems and perspectives for the agriculture in Blagoevgrad District
Boyko Kolev, Nevena Miteva
- Evolution of clayey soil irrigated with groundwater of positive calcite residual alkalinity in the
Lower Cheliff plain (Algeria): An experimental study
Abdelhamid Bradaï, Abd-El-Kader Douaoui, Tarik Hartani
- The effect on some macro-micro element contents and growth of rocket plant (Eruca Sativa M.)
of growing media and salt applications
Gizem Yazıcı, Esra Kutlu, Damla Bender Özenç
- The effect of compost treatments on some nutrients element intake of corn plant (Zea Mays L.)
Esra Kutlu, Mehmet Akgün, Selahattin Aygün, Özlem Ete, Damla Bender Özenç
- Effect of pumice on water retention capacity in soil, growth and yield of spring safflower in
dryland conditions
Davoud Zarehaghi
- Features of functioning permafrost soils in Cryolitozone
Dmitry Savvinov, Gregory Savvinov
- The perspectives for the typical sampling of soil samples with bioassay on the example of the
development of chemical industry
Dmitry V. Seifert, Inna V. Ovsyannikova, Halil F. Mulyukov
- Influence of natural petroleum acids of naphtenic type on the growth of five strains of
Pseudomonas sp. in liquid culture
Dragana Stamenov, Simonida Duric, Timea Hajnal-Jafari
- Ecological evaluation of West Siberia middle taiga peat soils
Ekaterina Kovaleva, Alexander Yakovlev
- Dependence of selenium behavior on fertilizer during barley growing
Luydmila Voronina, Anastasiya Dolgodvorova, Ekaterina Morachevskaya, N.A. Golubkina
- Comparative analysis of radionuclides in chernozems under different types of land
Elena Mingareeva, Elena Sukhacheva, Boris Aparin, M. Lazareva
- Principles of soil mapping of urban areas
Elena Sukhacheva, Boris Aparin
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive
regime of replantosol formed on loess in the foothills of Ile Alatau
Bakhytzhan Yelikbayev *
Kazakh National Agrarian University, Department Soil Science and Ecology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
Long-term researches of soil-formation process on reclamate freshly exposed loess are conducted by soil permanent
study area of Agriculture University which is situated in Kastanozem soils zone in the foothills of Ile Alatau. Soil
permanent study area consists of 72 concreted plots measuring 2 m2. They were filled with loess to a depth of 60 cm in
the spring of 1991. Quantity of long studied variants is 5, one of them has natural undisturbed profile of Kastanozem.
There is also variant with loess filled in 1971. Different doses of ameliorants were applied and phyto-improvers were
seeded on variants, which were filled from 1991. In 1994-1995 test sowing were made and from 1996 it was left as
neglected field. According to the research of 1991-2012 years, it was established, that calcium cation is predominant in
composition of absorbed bases. Its content of total cations has increased from 66% to 82% after 18 years (1991 -2009) of
pedogenenic process. The highest rates of exchange capacity and calcium content in absorbed bases are set on variants
Natural Kastanozem, Loess, since 1971, Phytocontrol, Vermicompost, 27 ton ha -1. This confirms the dominant role of the
time factor and the reclamation of syngenetic pedogenenic process. Gradual increase of the exchange capacity (from
13.55 to 20.18 meq 100 g-1) in time was established for explored variants. pH on loess in the 0-point of pedogenenic
process was 8.2, and it was 7.8 after 21 years of pedogenenic process. The highest content of hydrolyzable nitrogen, after
variant Natural Kastanozem (57.9 mg kg-1) is established on variants: Loess since 1971y. (38 years) – 44.9 mg kg-1;
Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1 (18 years) – 43.0 mg kg-1; Manure, 60 ton ha-1 (18 years) and Phytocontrol (18 years) – 41.6 mg
kg-1. The same variants (13 years) – 30.8-39.2 mg kg-1. The same variants (3 years) – 16.8 mg kg-1. Then and there, the
content of hydrolyzable nitrogen in replantosols depends on the duration of pedogenenic process and types of
bioreclamation. Content of labile phosphorus in replantosol does not particularly depend on pedogenenic process and
varies from 13.0 to 19.6 mg kg-1. Maximum content of exchange and water-soluble potassium is observed in the upper
horizon of r replantosols, it gradually decreases with depth. Exchangeable potassium content was low in the initial 3
years with fluctuations within 204,1-217,1 mg kg-1. For 13 years and 18 years, their number stabilizes at 384-403.8 mg kg-1.
Content of mobile nutrients for 2009 shows that the best conditions for plant nutrition is observed on variants Loess
since 1971, Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1.
Keywords: Physical and chemical absorbing power, nutrient status, soil formation, reclamation, loess, replantosols,
vermicompost.
© 2014 Soil Science Society of Turkey & Federation of Eurasian Soil Science Societies. All rights reserved
Introduction
Loess deposits are widespread in the uppermost part of the Earth's lithosphere and presented mainly by
Quaternary continental formations of different genesis (Trofimov V.Т. et al. 2001; Kadyrov E.V. 1979;
*
Corresponding author : Bakhytzhan Yelikbayev
Kazakh National Agrarian University, Department Soil Science and Ecology, Abai str.8, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
Tel : +77017605270
E-mail : [email protected]
140
B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
Bolikhovskaya N.S. 1995; Lomonovich М.I. 1955). Currently it is the practice to combine a variety of loess and
loess-like deposites under loess or loess deposite formations (Bolihovskaya N.S. 1995, P.8; Denisov N.Y. 1953;
Lysenko М.P. 1967). It is distributed mainly in the steppe and semi-desert areas of the temperate zone of
Eurasia, North and South America. It occurs in the form of covers with thickness from a few meters up to 100200 m in the interstream areas and slopes» (Trofimov V.Т. et al. 2001).
Loess area on our planet according to various estimates takes about 4.2 million km2 or more of the total land
surface (Trofimov V.Т. et al. 2001. P.10; Bolihovskaya N.S. 1995; Lomonovich М.I. 1955. P.12). Now it is generally
recognized Now generally accepted that the genesis of loess may be different. Most often, these deposits are
represented by eolian, talus and proluvial types of sediment. (Trofimov V.Т. et al. 2001, P.331).
The soils formed on loess (loess soil) are one of the most fertile soils in the world. Chernozems, Kastanozems,
Calcisols, Cinnamonic soils etc. are formed on loess. Cultural centers of agriculture appeared in these loess
soils (sierozem, cinnamonic soils of, etc.), along floodplain soils (Encyclopedia of Soil Science 2006, P.1040;
Bakels C.C. 2009). Today loess soils are the primary support for agriculture and are the most urbanized areas.
In spite of all these advantages loess soils are subject to erosion most of all (Encyclopedia of Soil Science
2006, P.537; Bakels C.C. 2009. P.1; Trofimov V.Т. et al. 2001, P.6; World Bank…url). For example, the extent of
erosion at loess table land are the most eroded in the world (Encyclopedia of Soil Science 2006. P.1768; World
Bank…url), as loess soils have a low «elastic limit». Low «elastic limit» of ecosystems, formed on loess, is
based on their properties. Buol S.W. in 1994 emphasized the problem for every type of soil «elastic limit»,
beyond which the soil loses the ability to regenerate itself and it is rapidly destroyed (Buol S.W. 1994).
Therefore, the reconstruction of loess lands in the Republic of Kazakhstan is very important.
Soil and environmental conditions
The climate of piedmont and steppe zone of Ile Alatau is described in terms of the following properties:
average annual air temperature is 6,4-9,80С; the period with temperatures above +100С lasts 164-182 days with
the sum of effective temperatures (>100С) 2510-3140 degrees; Annual atmospheric precipitation varies
between 313-977 mm. A characteristic feature of Ile Alatau terrain is a broad skirt of foothills, extending along
its northern slope. Sloping piedmont plains are located at the bottom of the mountains (Sokolov S.I. et al.
1962). Low-hill terrains and piedmont plains of Ile Alatau, where our experiments were carried out, are
covered with a continuous cover of loess deposits, with thickness 30-40 m and more (Loess of USSR 1986,
P.101-181), which are underlain at different depths by proluvial rubbly-pebble deposits.
Loess of Ile Alatau foothills has the following physical properties: weight ratio - 2,7-2,8; specific weight - 1,31,85 g/sm3; poriness - 42-45%; dispensability – high level. bulk chemical composition (%): SiO2-55,2; Al2O3-11,64;
Fe2O3+FeO-4,0; CaO-10,3; P2O5-0,14, MgO-2,2; K2O+Na2O-4,36; carbonaceous rock - content СаСО3 -15‚9%. The
amount of humus at loess reaches 0‚30%. Medium reaction of deposite – alkali-type, and the dry residues are
less than 0,1%. At the virgin Kastanozem the folloing gramineous is dominated - Stipa capillata, Festuca sulcata,
Agropyrum repens, Koeleria сristata, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Poa bulbosa, Avena fatua; motley
grasses - Holosteum umbellat, Tulipa patens, Inula grandis, Allium caesium, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia
glauca, Viola suavis, Peania hibridа, Origanum vulgare and others. Currently virgin vegetation is preserved
mainly on the steep slopes of the ridges, near the forest plantations and inarable lands.
Kastanozem foothills of Ile Alatau, where experience is laid, have humus horizon (35-45 cm), with a humus
content of 3 to 4.5%. Total absorbed bases comes up to 23-25 meq 100 g-1 g of soil. Soil solution reaction is
mildly alkaline – рН 6,8-7,7. The soil is well supplied with moving nutrients. In the layer of 0-20 cm hydrolysable
nitrogen comes up to 70,3 mg kg-1 N, labile phosphorus – 33,4 mg kg-1 Р2О5, exchange potassium – 390 mg kg-1
К2О. The total nitrogen content comes up to - 0,23-0,28% N, total phosphorus - 0,22-0,20% Р2О5, total potassium
3,0-3,1% К2О, carbon dioxide of carbonates in the upper horizons– 2,2-2,5%.
Material and Methods
To study the effect of reclamation on the recovery of disturbed lands the plot field experiment was laid with
artificial horizon C (loess), turned out to the surface (Methodological … 1983; Golubev B.А. 1967; Kaurichev
I.S. et al. 1996). The experience is laid on soil of KazNAU station, located in the piedmont plain of Ile Alatau.
For this concreted plots size of 2 sq.m. each were used, they were filled with loess to a depth of 60 cm in the
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
spring of 1991. Quantity of long studied variants is 5, one of them has natural undisturbed profile of
Kastanozem (name of the variant - Kastanozem). . There is also variant with loess filled in 1971 (name of the
variant - Loess since 1971y.). Different doses of ameliorants were applied and phyto-improvers were seeded on
variants, which were filled from 1991 - Phytocontrol (loess + alfalfa), Manure, 60 ton ha-1 (loess + manure 60
ton ha-1 + alfalfa), Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1 (loess + vermicompost 27 ton ha-1 + alfalfa). In 1994-1995 test
sowing were made and from 1996 it was left as fallow land. Replication of the experiment is three times.
Vermicompost containing 50% moisture, total nitrogen - 1,0%, total P2O5 - 1,05%, K2O - 1,27% were used in the
experience. Bulk chemical composition of manure of cattle (half fire fang with litter) is following: total
nitrogen - 0,46%, total P2O5 - 0,30% and total K2O - 0,78%.
Soil samples were selected by soil sampler from each plot of variant from the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and
30-50 сsm in the third decade of July, 1993 (3 years of pedogenenic process), 2004 (13 years of pedogenenic
process), 2009 (18 years of pedogenenic process) and 2012 (21 years of pedogenenic process). The obtained
results were compared with the data of the original loess that was filled the concreted plots in spring of 1991
(Loess 0-moment of pedogenenic process).
In carrying out of experimental works conventional research methods were used (Arinushkina Е.V. 1970; Сase
study on Soil Science 1986): hydrolyzable nitrogen – according to I.V.Turin and М.М. Kononova; labile
phosphorus - according to B.P. Machigin, colorimetric; exchange potassium – according to B.P. Machigin,
spectrophotometer; absorbed bases – according to Е.V. Bobko and D.L. Askinazi; рН of aqueous extract – by
potentiometry.
To establish the magnitude of the random error, the degree of accuracy and reliability of the results of the
experiment mathematical methods (statistical) of data handling were used (Dospehov B.А. 1968; Dmitriev
Е.А. 1995).
Results and Discussion
Base exchange capacity is an important diagnostic feature and has a great influence on the physical and
chemical properties of soils. The obtained results characterize increase of base exchange capacity depending
on the duration of the pedogenenic process and applied ameliorants. It is known that the amount of absorbed
bases also depends on the mineralogical composition and particle-size distribution of the deposits, pH and
humus content (Makhonina G. I. 2003). Soil solution reaction or all variants of the experiment is mildly
alkaline, near-neutral (pH 7,7-7,8).
According to the research for the 1991 – 2012 yrs (Table 1), it was found that calcium cation is predominant in
the absorbed bases composition. The highest parameters of exchange capacity and calcium content in the
absorbed bases composition were identified on the following variants: Kastanozem, Loess since 1971y.,
Phytocontrol, Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1 (Picture 1). Effective fertility, i.e the soil's ability to provide heavy
yields, is characterized by containing of moving or digestible nutrients in the soil. The plants can absorb
nutrients, which are in the soil in the form of compounds soluble in water, weak acids or weakly alkaline
reaction of soil solution. The highest content of hydrolyzable nitrogen, after Kastanozem variant (57,9) was
found in the variants: Loess since 1971y. (38 years) – 44,9 mg kg-1; Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1 (18 years) - 43,0;
Manure, 60 ton ha-1 (18 years) и Phytocontrol (18 years) - 41,6 mg kg-1. The same variants (13 years) – 30,8-39,2.
The same variants (3 years) - 16,8 mg kg-1 (Picture 2). Thus, the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen in
replantosols depends on the duration of the pedogenenic process and types of soil modification.
In loess and replantosol formed on it, the phosphorus content ranges 0,14-0,16%, and in Kastanozem it is 0,19%.
Pedogenic loess deposits in their composition have almost no organic materials and the nearest source of
phosphorus for them can be phosphorus minerals. Containing of moving phosphorus in replantosols is not
particularly dependent on the soil-forming process (Picture 3) and ranges 13,0-19,6 mg kg-1.
Maximum content of exchange and water-soluble potassium is registred in the upper horizon of replantosol,
it gradually decreases with depth. Exchange potassium content was low in starting 3 years with ranges from
204,1-217,1 mg kg-1 (Picture 4). At 13 years and 18 years, their amount has stabilized at 384-403,8 mg kg-1г.
Content of moving nutrients for 2009 shows that the best conditions for plant nutrition are on the variants
Loess since 1971y., Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1.
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
Picture 1 Time change of the proportion of absorbed cations in replantosols formed on loess foothills of Ile Alatau, in the
pedogenenic syngenetic process (1991 – 2012)
Picture 2 - The dynamics of high hydrolyzable nitrogen in replantosols formed on loess foothills of Ile Alatau, in the
pedogenenic syngenetic process (mg kg-1 N, 1991 – 2009.)
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
Picture 3- The dynamics of moving phosphorus in replantosols, formed on loess foothills of Ile Alatau, in the
pedogenenic syngenetic process (mg kg-1 Р2О5, 1991 – 2009.)
Picture 4 - The dynamics of moving potassium in replantosols, formed on loess foothills of Ile Alatau, in the
pedogenenic syngenetic process (mg kg-1 К2О, 1991 – 2009)
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B. Yelikbayev / Changes in the physical and chemical absorbing power and nutritive regime of replantosol formed…
Conclusion
According to the research for the 1991 – 2012 yrs, it was found that calcium cation is predominant in the
absorbed bases composition. The highest parameters of exchange capacity and calcium content in the
absorbed bases composition were identified on the variants of Kastanozem, Loess since 1971y., Phytocontrol,
Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1. It confirms the dominant role of the time factor in pedogenenic process. Content
of moving nutrients for 2009 shows that the best conditions for plant nutrition are on the variants Loess since
1971y., Vermicompost, 27 ton ha-1. Ameliorants materially affected increasing the effective fertility of
experienced loess.
Acknowledgements
Article Submissions received from the state budget research projects (Ministries of Agriculture and Education
and Science) registered in the JSC "National Center for Scientific and Technical Information" of the Republic
of Kazakhstan state number № 0101RK00461, № 0109RK00355, № 0213RK02451.
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