International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org COMPARISON OF THE DICTIONARY EQUIVALENTS OF
BANKING TERMINOLOGY AND THOSE SUGGESTED BY
BANKING EXPERTS ACCORDING TO KATAMBA (2006) AND
TAJVIDI′S (2012) FRAMEWORK
Dr. Kourosh Akef
Associate Professor, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch,
[email protected]
Morteza Khodabandeh
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, technical terminology translation plays an important role in human life. Specific
groups of people all over the world refer to learn these terminologies in order to be familiar with
a subject and improve their knowledge in that domain. On the other hand, saving the technical
translation equivalent is a particularly salient challenge for technical translators. The present
study was conducted to investigate the difference between the translation of banking terminology
in the dictionaries and that used by banking experts. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 40
Banking experts, consisting of male and female in different ages, were randomly selected from six
banks. They were given a questionnaire including 197 sentences consisting of 214 underlined
banking terminologies. The obtained data was analyzed and the results of the present study
indicated that there is no activity by Persian Language and Literature Academy in making
equivalents for economic terminology. Moreover, the results demonstrated the insufficiency of
dictionaries in offering the equivalents for some economic terminologies. Besides, banking
experts mostly suggested their own equivalents for the terminologies, but in some cases the
offered translation by experts, were not unified or sometimes entirely opposite and in some cases,
they offered descriptive definition for the terminologies. Thus, the results were interpreted to
have implications for the educational system of translation studies to enhance its syllabus in
training the technical translators. The significance of this research lies in the fact that the
Persian Language and Literature Academy, which is responsible for creating economic
terminology equivalents, develop a unified procedure for this purpose.
KEYWORDS: Technical Terminology, Technical Translation, Banking Terminology, Banking
Terminology Translation
INTRODUCTION
Around the world, translation plays an important role in human life. When thinking about it,
everything in life is a translation. Nowadays, technical text is one of those texts that play an
important role in human life, because these texts help readers solve problems. Markel (2003)
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org quotes "technical communication is not meant to express a writer’s creativity or to entertain
readers; it is intended to help readers learn or do something" (p: 8). Reading these texts is
generally not an end in itself. People normally read technical documents because they want to be
able to do something else, for instance learn how to use software or find out about the design
details of a particular device. As Dobrin (1983) explains, "technical writing adapts technology to
the user" (p: 247).
Technical translation involves translation of documents produced by technical writers or more
specifically, texts that relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with technological
information and the practical application of science. The presence of specialized terminology is a
feature of technical texts. Specialized terminology by itself is not sufficient for classifying a text
as "technical", since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what
can be regarded as specialized terminology (Byrne, 2006).
Moreover, many non-technical documents are aimed at specific groups, but technical documents
are more special, regarding the audience they are aimed at, than most documents (Byrne 2006, p:
47). It means that these special groups of people refer to these texts, in order to be familiar with a
subject and increase their knowledge in that area.
Additionally, he also adds that with the increasing level of globalization of world markets and the
ever-shrinking nature of the world because of modern communications, transport and
multinational companies, there have been quite significant changes in the way international
markets and communications work. An increasing number of companies are using English as a
working language, so these technical texts should be transferred between companies and
countries with different languages (Pinchuck, 1977).
The aim of technical translation is to present new technical information to the wide new
audiences, not to reproduce the source text, or reflect its style or language. Technical translation
is a communicative service provided in response to a very definite demand for technical
information, which is easily accessible so these texts should be comprehensible, clear, and fast in
delivery (Byrne, 2006).
Technical translation as technical text has different kinds; "It is commonly supposed that
technical translation includes not only the translation of text in medicine and engineering but also
such disciplines as economic, psychology, sociology, geography and law texts" (Javier,
2004,p:92). One kind of technical texts as Javier mentions is economic text, which is practical
and consists of financial, banking etc. Stolez (2003) also defines that" economic text is not just a
"source text,” it has to be conceived as a text from the word of economics"(p: 188).
As Stolez (2003) believes: Economic texts have long been a central field of translation activity
and hence of study and analysis. The core of economic specialized language is found in academic
articles or business reports, financial accounts, forms, purchase or license contracts, etc. About
the characteristics of economic texts there are some ideas such as" the discourse is often
mathematical, with lots of formulas and proofs. Second, writing styles vary widely. Authors are
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org very dry and technical; a few are rather eloquent "(Neugeboren & Jacobson, 2001, p: 9). They
also believe that economic writers do not have to be a great “writers” to produce good economics
writings. This is because economics writing is different from many other types of writing. It is
essentially technical writing, where the goal is not to turn a clever phrase, hold the reader in
suspense, or create multi-layered nuance, but rather to achieve clarity. Elegant prose is nice, but
clarity is the only style that is relevant for this purposes .
Others such as Byrne (2006) believes that technical translators needs to impersonate the original
author who is generally, though not always, an expert in a particular field and they need to write
with the same authority as an expert in the target language. Therefore, in this case, the challenge
for the technical translator is to be able to research subjects and to have expert knowledge of the
way experts in a particular field write texts. Byrne summarizes the essential areas of expertise for
technical translators as subject knowledge, writing skills, research skills, knowledge of genres
and text types and pedagogical skills. In other words nonliterary translation according to Galinski
and Budin (1993, p: 209) is :
The non-literary translator must also be in possession of considerable subject matter knowledge
(emphasis added)”. Although technical translators have different concerns, such as transferring
the information accurately, correctly and effectively, their challenge is to ensure that all of the
relevant information is conveyed in such a way that the readers can use the information easily,
properly and effectively. Their aim is precisely the same as that of technical writing, but on the
whole when considering all the above mentioned characteristics, two factors are prominent; one
is the translators' subject knowledge and the other is their translation ability or even their writing
skill in translation (Byrne, 2006). Fluck (1992) defines these two factors in another way "the
ideal non-literary translator is often defined as a sort of a combination of the subject matter expert
and the trained translator”.
Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts in science and
technology, and in other disciplines such as economics and medicine (Williams & Chesterman,
2002). Especially compared with literary translation, Aixelá (2004) argues against the view that
scientific prose can be perfectly or more easily translated: “The contrary is true: the extremely
high requirements set for scientific and technical translation mark it out clearly from other genres,
making it into an independent research field in its own right.” One kind of technical texts as
Javier (2004), mentions is economic text, which is practical and consists of financial, banking etc.
Stolez (2003) also defines that economic text is not just a source text; it has to be conceived as a
text from the word of economics .
Economy is a branch in social studies, which aims to study the production, distribution, and
consumption of wealth. Knowledge in economy helps in understanding economic condition of a
person or a country or understanding how the various economic agents behave or interact with
each other and how the economic activities take place. Therefore, studies in economy are crucial
in many aspects. In every society, laws sound to be the result of its economic conditions and
development. The relationship between law and economics has increased nowadays according to
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org economic activity and expansion so that a new discipline called as Economic Law has been
emerged .
As economic translation is a kind of technical translation, also because the bankers do economic
translation for the economic documents and journals of their own organizations, as well as giving
banking services to their customers it is the economy translator who should choose the exact
word from the equivalents by his/her economic appreciation. But based on the website of the
Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and phone talking with Mr. Mahrami, the public
relations manager of the academy, there is no activity in the selection of equivalents for banking
terminologies by the academy. Since different equivalents offered for economic terminology by
different dictionaries, besides the lack of existence of equivalents for economic terminology in
some dictionaries, there is no, based on the researcher’s experience as a banker, uniform
procedure in the selection of the equivalents for banking terminologies by translators. Therefore,
at present research, two factors such as subject knowledge and rate of banking experts’
acceptability, which may influence the quality of selected equivalents and their suggestions for
banking terminologies, will be discussed.
LITERATURE REVIEW
As a field, technical translation has been recognized, studied, and developed since the 1960s.
Thompson (1967), Daniel (1967) and Finch (1969) argue that Stemming from the field of
translation studies, the field of technical translation traditionally emphasized much importance on
the source language from which a text is translated. However, over the years, there has been a
different movement from this traditional approach to focus on the purpose of the translation, and
on the intended audience. In this regard, Kingscott, (2002) maintains that perhaps this is because
only 5-10% of items in a technical document are terminology, while the other 90-95% of the text
is language, most likely in a natural style of the source language .
Newmark (1988) believes that technical translation is only one subset of the different types of
professional translation. It is the largest subset as far as output is concerned. Currently, more
than 90% of all professionally translated work is done by technical translators, highlighting the
importance and significance of the field (Kingscott, 2002).
What Is Translation?
The definition of translation as mentioned in the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
(2003), as to change words into a different language or change something into a new form,
especially to turn a plan in to reality. Nonetheless, translation has been variously defined. The
following represent some chronological definitions, which have been uttered by eminent features
of translation field:
Bassnett (1980, p.11) says that "What is generally regarded as translation involves the rendering
of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that the surface
meaning of the SL will be presented as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL
structures will be seriously distorted ."
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Seleskovitch (1977) believes that translation is a separate activity from interpretation. He defines
translation in this way: "Translation is often a code-switching operation implying that a sequence
of symbols from one language is substituted for a sequence of symbols in another language." It
seems that the definition above focuses on the structure of translation rather than the meaning
transference.
Translation Competence
A translator is a person who expresses in a language (generally in his/her mother tongue and
writing) what is written in another language. It is obvious that translation is much more than just
knowing two languages. There is something that distinguishes a bilingual person from a
professional translator: translation competence. The competence needed to translate has also
evolved due to different factors, mainly technological factors .
First of all, the term competence and then more specifically the term translation competence will
be defined. Competence is the combination of skills, attitudes, and behavior that leads to an
individual being able to perform a certain task to a given level. Translation competence is "a
complex concept that has been addressed by a number of researchers in the field of Translation
Studies"Ezpeleta(2005: 136).
Translation Equivalence
An equivalent term should thus primarily represent the referred concept by its informative
content and be usable from the perspective of its user. Secondly, but still important, comes the
demand for coherence with the practice of the field and linguistic and terminological
acceptability. In this study, translation equivalence refers to a specific kind of technical
equivalence, which is used in banks as banking terminologies.
In this regard, Karimi (2006) argues that the process of finding equivalents in two languages is
that the translator should first decode the source text (ST). That is, to figure out the meaning
message/intention of the original speaker or writer, and then ask himself or herself how the same
decoded meaning/message/intention is encoded in the target text (TT). Kade (1968) also
suggested four equivalent types: (a) Total (one-to-one correspondence), (b) Facultative (one-tomany correspondence), (c) Approximation (one-to-part-of-one correspondence), (d) Null (no
correspondence).
Technical Translation
Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts in science and
technology, and in other disciplines such as economics and medicine (Williams and Chesterman,
2002). As translations send technical information throughout the world, a wide range of people
can use it. The aim of technical translation is to transmit technical information, as Pinchuck
(1977) believes, and this would be just half of the story. Although, he states that technical texts
are utilitarian and are intended to serve a relatively finite purpose, namely to clearly present
information to the target language readers, there is more to technical translation than just simply
transmitting information.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Technical Competence
Technical competence is the ability to perform the activities within a defined standard,
consistently and over time. In addition, knowledge of skills in the exercises of, practices required
for successful accomplishment of a business, job, and task.
Economics
There is a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect
evolving views of the subject itself or different views among economists Backhouse, Roger E,
and Steven Medema (2008). Antoine de Montchrestien (1615) believes that the earlier term for
'economics' was political economy. It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of économie
politique, which extended economy from the ancient Greek term for household management to
the national realm as public administration of the affairs of state. James Steuart (1767) wrote the
first book in English with 'political economy' in the title, explaining that just as:
Economy, in general, is the art of providing for all the wants of a family, so the science of
political economy seeks to secure a certain fund of subsistence for all the inhabitants, to obviate
every circumstance which may render it precarious; to provide every things necessary for
supplying the wants of the society, and to employ the inhabitants in such manner as naturally to
create reciprocal relations and dependencies between them, so as to supply one another with
reciprocal wants.
Translation of Economic Texts
Economics is a broad and complex subject field with several sub-fields like macro- economics,
micro economics and economics of a particular state and like that. For perfect economic
translation, the economic translator must have in-depth knowledge on the particular part of
economics that he or she is going to translate. For non-academic economic document translation,
knowledge on the specific field is required. By the way, proficiency in both source and target
languages is necessary for accurate economic translation. Robbins (1932) believes that economic
translation is the translation of documents related to economics as an academic discipline and
non-academic documents like bank articles, sales reports, and more. In this regard, based on
Newmark’s (1988) definition, economic texts are technical texts and consequently their
translation is a part of technical translation. Newmark (1988) believes that technical translation is
a kind of specialized translation, institutional translation, the area of politics, commerce, finance,
government etc.
Terminology
Terminology is regarded as the systematic designation of defined concepts within a specific field,
requiring specialized knowledge and the authorization to exercise a specific profession connected
to this specialized knowledge. Terminology is also defined socially: people with specific
qualifications for exercising a given profession also connect it to language use in specific
professional situations .One might say that since in the realm of science and technology, a set of
standard terminology with predefined equivalents exist, there is no terminological level problem
in translating technical texts. However, International standardized terminology is very rare
(Stolze, 2009). The reason is that new technical concepts are made every day. Many dictionaries
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org suggested meanings for technical concepts are not equivalent to the original because of different
cultural implications and backgrounds.
Banking Terminology
Banking terminology refers to terminologies that are used in banking process in journals,
especially in the International Affair Department, Business Affair Department, Money
Laundering Department, and the Letter of Credit Department of selected branches that are
dealing with foreign countries. These affairs include export, import, and opening of letter of
credit.
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is the difference between translation of banking terminology in dictionaries and that used
by banking experts?
METHODOLOGY
Participants
The participants of this research were banking experts. To this regard, 40 banking experts
participated in this study. They were male and female, between 35 to 45 years old. They had
years of experience in the fields of English translation, English teaching, English literature,
General Linguistics, Applied linguistics, Economics, Management, and political law. They were
employees of the International Affair Department, Business Affair Department, Money
Laundering Department, and Selected Branches of six Iranian Banks, Melli, Eghtesad Novin,
Tejarat, Refah, Sepah, and Keshavarzi.
Material
In order to fulfill the purpose of the present study, three different dictionaries and eight books
were chosen as material. The chosen materials were as follows.
•Aria Banking and Economic Specialized Dictionary (2011)
•Aryanpour Dictionary (1988)
•Farhang Moaser Money, Banking and International Finance Dictionary (2011)
•Uniform Rules for Collections (1996)
•Force Majeure and Hardship Clause (2003)
•Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
•Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees
•Uniform Rules for Bank Payment Obligations
•United Nations convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or
Partly by See
•Incoterms 2010 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Rules for the Use of Domestic and
International of Trade Terms
•Case Study on Documentary Credits (Problems, Queries, Answers)
(ICC) International Chamber of Commerce, The World Business Organization, publishes these
books.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Instrumentation
In order to capture all possible results of the research question, the instrumentation was
cautiously presented in one section, which has been arranged in one questionnaire package. The
questionnaire package was a banking terminology equivalents. The test used in this research was
economic terminology translation test, consisting of one hundred and ninety seven sentences
which included two hundred and fourteen banking terminologies. In every sentence, there was at
least one underlined banking terminology that was extracted from sources that are used in banks.
These sources were prepared from ICC (International chamber of commerce) and its equivalents
in Persian language from three dictionaries, i.e. Aria Banking and Economic Specialized
Dictionary, Aryanpour Dictionary, and Farhang Moaser Money, Banking and International
Finance Dictionary.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this study was based on the Katamba and Tajvidi’s model .
(Katamba, 2006), in productivity of word-formation, explains three kinds of productivity:
Procedure
After preparing banking sources such as articles, books, and journals, all banking terminologies,
which were two hundred and fifteen (excluding the repeated ones), were extracted and written
down. From those sources, a questionnaire that consisted of four choices A, B, C, and D was
prepared. Then, the researcher found Persian equivalents for those banking terminologies from
three different dictionaries and wrote them in the choices A, B, and C. In the next step the
researcher requested forty banking experts to select the best equivalent from one of the choices of
A, B, and C. If none of the choices were equivalent for the underlined banking terminology, they
were requested to write their own equivalents in choice D, based on their own banking
experience. In the last step, the selected answers by banking experts were compared and analyzed
on (Katamba, 2006) and (Tajvidi’s, 2000) framework model to select the best equivalent for
banking terminologies.
Collecting the data
The present study reports the data analysis in a chronological order, discusses the description of
banking terminologies equivalents in Persian language at first, and then illustrates the inferential
analysis performed on the research question.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the results tabulated in the table 1, most of the banking experts provided their own
equivalents for underlined banking terminologies. The total descriptive result of the questionnaire
investigation is as follows:
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Table 1: Results Summary of the Questionnaire
Choice
A
B
C
D
N
Total
Frequency
Percentage
5
%11.90
7
%17.48
7
%18.74
15
%36.37
6
%15.51
40
%100
As can be seen in the above table, 5out of 40 banking experts equal to11.90 percent, have chosen
banking terminology equivalents from choice A, which it’s equivalents in Persian language were
extracted from Aria Banking and Economic Specialized Dictionary. 7 out of 40 banking experts
equal to17.48 percent, chose B, which it’s equivalents were extracted from Aryanpur Dictionary,
and 7 out of 40banking experts equal to18.74 percent, choice C, which it’s equivalents were
extracted from Farhang Moaser Money, Banking and International Finance Dictionary.
In addition, banking experts were asked to write their own equivalents in choice D if none of
choices A, B, or C were equivalents for underlined banking terminologies in the questionnaire. In
this regard, 15 out of 40banking experts equal to 36.37 percent, produced their own equivalents
for underlined banking terminologies in choice D . Moreover, banking experts were requested to
select choice N if they had no comments on the underlined banking terminologies. In this regard,
6out of 40banking experts equal to15.51 percent, had no comment. The total indicates that 100
percent of the choices were chosen by 40 banking experts.
As mentioned before, 15 out of 40 banking experts equal to 36.37 percent, made their own
equivalents for underlined banking terminologies. Compound banking terminologies were part of
them and the overall frequency and percentage were illustrated in the table below:
Items
(Compound
words)
Remitting
Bank
Performing
Party
Table 2: Percentage of suggested equivalents of samples for compound words
Equivalents in
Percentage
Frequency
Total
Persian Language
Percentage
Total
Frequency
،٬‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩه‬،٬‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﻩه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﻩه‬،٬‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‬،٬‫ﺩدﺭر ﮐﺸﻮﺭر ﻓﺮﻭوﺷﻨﺪﻩه‬
،٬‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻅظﺮﻑف ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬،٬‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬
،٬‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﻳﯾﺰ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬
%0.14
0.06
%36.37
40
‫ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬،٬‫ ﻁطﺮﻑف ﻣﺠﺮﯼی‬،٬‫ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﻩه‬
‫ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬،٬‫ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﻩه ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭو ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ ﻁطﺮﻑف ﺗﻬﮭﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬،٬‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ‬،٬‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬،٬‫ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬،٬‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﮐﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد‬
%0.33
0.13
%36.37
40
The examples above were samples of compound words for banking terminologies in this study,
whose equivalents were produced by banking experts in Persian language. Apparently, whether
based on the subject knowledge of banking experts or not, approximately most of banking
experts tend to create their own equivalents for a number of compound words of banking
terminologies.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Phrases
There are a number of phrases among banking terminologies, but in the compassion of compound
words, banking experts offered their own less equivalents for those phrases.
Table 3: Percentage of suggested equivalents for banking terminology phrases
Items
( phrases)
Bill of
Exchange
Equivalents in Persian Language
(Offered By Banking Experts)
No comment
Bill of
Lading
Percentage
Frequency
0
0
‫ ﺑﺎﺭرﻧﺎﻣﻪﮫ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ‬،٬‫ﺑﺎﺭرﻧﺎﻣﻪﮫ‬
%27.5
Total
Percentage
%36.37
Total
Frequency
40
%36.37
40
The Influence of Education on the Equivalent Selection
Moreover, while analyzing the data, the researcher came to an finding that in the offering of the
equivalents for banking terminologies, that were offered by banking experts, who had Ph.D
educational degree, were different from other equivalents which were offered by other banking
experts. The samples of this category were tabulated in table 4:
Table 4: Samples of PHD degree banking expert equivalents for banking terminologies
Items
(Banking terminologies)
Equivalent(s) offered by Ph.D
Degree Experts
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭر‬
Facsimile
Other Experts Equivalents
‫ ﮐﭙﯽ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬،٬‫ ﺭرﻭوﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ‬،٬‫ﻓﮑﺲ‬
،٬‫ﺍاﺻﻞ‬
Apparently, based on data analysis of the samples of Ph.D degree banking expert equivalents,
there is a significant difference between Ph.D degree banking expert equivalents and those
offered by other experts. In the following sentence, “Details of the drawee, including full name,
postal address, or the domicile at which presentation is to be made as well as applicable telex,
telephone and facsimile numbers”, It is entirely clear that as “facsimile” is not a document and
‫ " "ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻧﮕﺎﺭر‬is a proper equivalent, which is offered by a Ph.D degree banking expert, rather than
the equivalent " ‫ ﮐﭙﯽ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ‬،٬‫ " ﺭرﻭوﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ‬which was suggested by other experts that talks
about a document or "‫"ﻓﮑﺲ‬that is foreignized. Moreover, foreignization is one of the problems in
finding equivalents for a number of banking terminologies. After analysis, the results were
revealed and are indicated in the following table.
Table 5: Samples of foreignization equivalents for banking terminologies
Items
( Banking
Terminologies)
Perforate
Choice
A
Choice
B
Choice
C
##
‫ﺳﻮﺭرﺍاﺥخ ﮐﺮﺩدﻥن‬
##
Choice D
(Experts
Suggestion)
Perforate
According to table 5, there are no equivalents for these samples of banking terminologies in
Persian language and that experts used the exact English words while translating, as well as while
29
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org talking to bank customers. The problem is that the customers who deal with banking affairs,
especially with the International Foreign Affairs Department, do not understand the exact
meaning of these terminologies. In this regard, since all of the banking terminologies are
international expressions, there were no choices and alterative options for banking experts. Thus,
they use the English words as an equivalent for banking terminologies.
Significant Differences and oppositions to the Selected Equivalents
According to the results of this study, the researcher found that there are significant differences
among the presented equivalents for banking terminologies by banking experts. After identifying
the opposite equivalents, their classification is as follows:
Table 6: Samples of Significant differences and oppositions in the selected equivalents
Items
(Banking
Terminologies)
Free
Out
Relent
Attestation de
verification
Choice D
( Banking Experts´
Comments)
Percentage
Frequency
Total
Percentage
Total
Frequency
،٬‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬،٬‫ﻫﮬﮪھﺰﻳﯾﻨﻪﮫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺍاﺯز ﮐﺸﺘﯽ‬
،٬‫ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺳﺎﺯزﯼی‬،٬‫ﻣﺴﻴﯿﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻳﯾﺎﻳﯾﯽ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺴﺖ‬
،٬‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺸﺘﯽ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﯾﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻫﮬﮪھﺰﻳﯾﻨﻪﮫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
%0.13
0.05
%36.37
40
‫ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﯽ‬،٬‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼی ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺍا ﮐﺮﺩدﻥن‬
،٬‫ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﮑﺮﺩدﻥن‬،٬‫ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﯿﻒ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن‬،٬‫ﮐﺮﺩدﻥن‬
‫ ﻧﺮﻡم ﺷﺪﻥن‬،٬‫ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﮐﺮﺩدﻥن‬،٬‫ﺯزﻳﯾﺮﺑﺎﺭرﻧﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﯾﻖ‬،٬‫ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﯿﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﯽ‬،٬‫ﮔﻮﺍاﻫﮬﮪھﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﯿﻖ‬
،٬‫ ﺍاﺻﺎﻟﺖ‬،٬‫ﺍاﺣﺮﺍاﺯز‬
،٬‫ ﺻﺤﻪﮫ‬،٬‫ﮔﻮﺍاﻫﮬﮪھﯽ‬
‫ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﯿﺴﯽ ﻧﻴﯿﺴﺖ‬،٬‫ﺳﺮﻭوﻳﯾﺲ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﯿﺪ ﮔﻮﺍاﻫﮬﮪھﯽ‬
%0.17
0.07
%36.37
40
%0.20
0.08
%36.37
40
As can be seen, in the data analysis of banking terminologies, the researcher found significant
differences among the samples of the presented equivalents in choice D. In this regard, a number
of banking experts produced their own equivalents as they were dealing with a general text, and
use general equivalents for an economic expression. In the terminologies "free out” and “relent",
respectively 0.05 and 0.07 out of 40banking experts equal to 0.13 and 0.17 percent, offered their
own equivalents. Apparently, in both cases, banking experts have an opposite idea about them.
Moreover, in the expression"attestation de verification" a number of banking experts believed
that the mentioned word is not an English word and had no idea about it, but other experts
offered their own equivalents.
Descriptive Explanation and Collocation of Banking Terminology Equivalents
When words appear next to banking terms and within a banking context, their meanings may
differ from their general or common meanings. Collocation is a problem known as a translator’s
trap. For instance, based on Aria Banking and Economic Specialized Dictionary, and Farhang
Moaser Money, Banking and International Finance Dictionary, the equivalent for the compound
word "advising bank" is "‫" ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍاﺑﻼﻍغ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬. But most banking experts believe that since the word
"‫ "ﺍاﺑﻼﻏﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬has judicial meaning, hence there is no collocation between “ ‫ “ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬and “‫“ ﺍاﺑﻼﻏﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬, and in
this regard the violence of collocation range in Persian language occurs according to most
30
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org banking experts as the proper equivalent for “advising bank “is” ‫”ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍاﻁطﻼﻉع ﺩدﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﻩه‬. Apparently,
deciding upon collocations and their meaning are important issue in banking terminology
equivalents.
Table 7: Samples of collocation of equivalents
Item (banking
terminology)
Advising Bank
Choice D
( Banking
Experts´
Comments)
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍاﻁطﻼﻉع ﺩدﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﻩه‬
Percentage
%0.31
Frequency
0.12
Total
Total
Percentage
Frequency
%36.37
40
According to table 7, 0.12 out of 40 banking experts equal to 0.31 percent, offered “ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍاﻁطﻼﻉع‬
‫ ”ﺩدﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﻩه‬as an equivalent for “advising bank”.
Moreover, Based on Newmark (1988), “usually descriptive terms which suddenly become
technical terms, their meaning sometimes hides innocently behind a more general or figurative
meaning”. Due to the results, a number of banking terminologies are categorized in the following
table.
Table 8: Samples of Descriptive explanation of banking terminology equivalents
Items(Banking
Terminologies)
Negotiation
Choice D
Banking expertsَ◌
explanation
‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻭوﺟﻪﮫ ﺍاﺳﻨﺎﺩد ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪﮫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﯾﺶ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬
Percentage
Frequency
Total
Percentage
Total
Frequency
%0.06
0.02
%36.37
40
As table 8, shows, based on the principle of economy, it is not possible to consider equivalents
for a number of banking terminologies, thus the experts have to describe the term and use it as an
equivalent.
Failure of Banking Experts in Giving Banking Terminology Equivalents
After analyzing the results of this study, the researcher found that banking experts could not offer
their own equivalents for a number of banking terminologies, even for some simple ones. The
following table shows the results.
Table 9: Samples of Failure of Banking Experts in Giving Banking Terminology Equivalents
Item (banking
terminology)
Intended
Choice N
No Comment
###
Percentage
Frequency
%0.11
0.04
Total
Percentage
%15.51
Total
Frequency
40
According to table 9, the results show that a number of banking experts were unable to offer a
number of terminology equivalents. For the item "Intended", it was predicted that most of the
31
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org banking experts knew the terminology equivalent in Persian language, but 0.04 out of 40 banking
experts equal to 0.11 percent of them were unable to offer it.
All Agreement of Banking Experts in Compound Words Equivalents of Banking
Terminologies
By analyzing the results of this study, the researcher came to an interesting result. For a number
of banking terminologies especially compound words the equivalents of banking terminologies
were approximately chosen by common consent of banking experts.
The results are shown below:
Table 10: Samples of all agreement of banking experts compound words equivalents of banking terminologies
Item (banking
terminologies)
Choice
D
Percentage
Frequency
Common
Consent
percentage
Common
Consent
Frequency
Total
Percentage
Total
Frequency
Foreign Debt
‫ﺑﺪﻫﮬﮪھﯽ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟﯽ‬
%0.40
0.16
%0.34
0.13
%36.37
40
As was previously mentioned, banking experts tend to offer their own equivalents for compound
words. As seen among the samples, a number of compound word equivalents, offered by banking
experts, are the same suggested equivalents. For example, for the term “foreign debt” 0.16 out of
40banking experts equal to 0.40 percent, offered their own equivalents, in which 0.34 percent of
offered equivalents for the term is"‫"ﺑﺪﻫﮬﮪھﯽ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟﯽ‬.
Shortage of Banking and Economic Specialized Dictionaries in Offering Banking
Terminology Equivalents
After analyzing the prepared questionnaire of banking terminologies, which were answered by
banking experts, the researcher found that there were no equivalents for a number of banking
terms in Banking and Economic Specialized Dictionaries. A number of banking experts selected
the equivalents from Aryanpour General Dictionary, in which the offered equivalents were not
related to banking and economics. Table 11, indicates the results.
Table 11: Samples of shortage of banking and economic specialized dictionaries in offering the banking terminology
equivalents
Item
(banking
terminologi
e)
Choice
A
Choice
C
Percenta
ge
Choices
A and C
Frequenc
y
Choices
A and C
Total
Percenta
ge choice
A
Total
Frequency
choice A
Total
Percentag
e choice C
Total
Frequency
choice C
Courier
0
0
0
0
%11.90
5
%18.74
7
Initiative
0
0
0
0
%11.90
5
%18.74
7
According to table 11, it is clear that there are no equivalents for the underlined term in the
choices A and C that respectively were extracted from Aria Banking and Economic Specialized
Dictionary, and Farhang Moaser Money, Banking and International Finance Dictionary.
32
International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
(IJLLALW)
Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org In the investigation of banking expert’s skills or their tendencies to suggest their own equivalents
for banking terminologies, which were described throughout this study. Therefore, what was
conspicuous here was that in comparison of the translation of banking terminology in the
dictionaries and that used by banking experts, the researcher found that banking experts, to a
large extend, reflected their own equivalents for most of the banking terminologies. As there is
no activity by the Persian Language and Literature Academy in developing equivalents for
economic, financial, and banking terminologies in Persian language, the researcher had to
compare banking terminology equivalents in and among dictionaries and banking experts. It was
concluded that through this study that more investigation and work is needed in financial
translation field from both sides, the banking experts and, especially, the Academy, which is
responsible in these areas. It is necessary for the Academy to make a reliable reference of
equivalents for economic, financial, and banking terminologies.
CONCLUSION
According to the results of this study, the researcher came up with the conclusion that there is no
effort by the Persian Language and Literature Academy to make equivalents for economic
terminologies. Moreover, the results demonstrated that there were no equivalents for a number of
economic terms in dictionaries, even in specialized ones. Besides, banking experts mostly
suggested their own equivalents for them. But among them, there were significant differences or
entirely opposite and descriptive definitions for a number of the equivalents .
The outcome of this study was that by scrutinizing various aspects of banking terminology
equivalents, and by examining the ways they have been translated, the researcher concluded that
there are no equivalents for a number of economic terms in dictionaries, even in specialized ones.
Besides, the banking experts´ current information is not enough in suggesting economic
equivalents, and thus more investigation and work is needed in the economic translation field by
banking experts. Moreover, there is a need for an academy to create a teamwork effort in the field
of economic terminology translation, in the sense of being more specific, in order to develop a
reliable reference for presenting proper equivalents in economic translations.
Limitations of the study
As the limitations of this research, it is necessary to mention that: the gender and age of the
experts is not considered in this research. Also, despite the variety of economic texts that contains
banking terminology, there are not enough proficient translators for these texts. In fact, many
economic texts are not translated yet. Since in this research it is necessary to compare the
dictionary equivalents of banking terminology and those suggested by banking experts, therefore,
despite the many books in this regard, only seven books which are most commonly used in banks
are selected as the materials of this research.
On the other hand, as the researcher is a banker, thus he prefers to work on economic translation.
But, it is out of reach of this study to analyze the equivalent of all types of economical
terminology. Therefore, only banking terminology is chosen as the main focus of this research.
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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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Volume 9 (3), July 2015; 20-­‐35 Akef, K., & Khodabandeh, M EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org REFERENCES
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