Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
123
Choice (A) is incorrect because a preposition is needed before the adjective clause.
Choice (C) is incorrect because the relative pronoun comes before the preposition.
Choice (D) is incorrect because the relative pronoun has been omitted.
There are six types of flamingos, all ____ have long legs, long necks,
and beaks that curve sharply downward.
(A) of them
(B) that
(C) of which
(D) they
Choices (A) and (D) do not contain connecting words needed to join clauses. Choice
(B) does not follow the correct pattern of relative clauses after a quantity word (all).
The correct pattern needed to complete this sentence is quantity word + of + marker.
Only (C) follows this pattern. ...
Exercise 18
Focus: Answering structure problems involving incomplete adjective clauses. (Note: One or two
items in this exercise do not focus on adjective clauses; these items are marked in the answer key
with asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence,
and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1. Most folk songs are ballads ______ have simple words and tell simple stories.
_ _ (A) what
_ _ (B) although
_ _ (C)when
~ (D) that
2. After its introduction in 1969, the float process ______ the world's principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
___ (A) by which it became
_ _ _ (B) it became
_ _ (C) became
___ (D) which became
3. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, _ _ _ _ __
___ (A) engineers were educated there
_ _ _ (B) where engineers were educated
_ _ _ (C) in which were engineers educated
___ (D) where were engineers educated
4. Many of Louise Nevelson's sculptures consisted of a number of large wooden structures
______ in complex patterns.
___ (A) which she arranged
_ _ _ (B) she arranged them
___ (C) which arranged
___ (D) arranged them
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5. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer ______ the struggle for
survival on the American frontier.
___ (A) whose novels describe
_ _ _ (B) he describes in his novels
_ _ (C) his novels describe
___ (D) who, describing in his novels
6. Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, ______ the throats of extinct
volcanoes.
_ _ (A) in which they resemble
_ _ (B) which resemble
___ (C) there is a resemblance to
_ _ (D) they resemble
7. William SamuelJohnson,
president of Columbia College in 1787.
_ _ (A) whom he had
_ _ (B) and he had
_ _ (C) who had
_ _ (D)had
8. Seals appear clumsy on the land,
most people can run.
_ _ (A) but they
_ _ (B) which they
_ _ (C) they
_ _ (D)which
helped write the Constitution, became the flrst
are able to move short distances faster than
9. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments _ _ _ _ __
___ (A) the pilot must watch
_ _ (B) what the pilot must watch
_ _ (C) which the pilot must watch them
___ (D) such that the pilot must watch them
10. A keystone species is a species of plants or animals ______ absence has a major effect on
an ecological system.
_ _ (A) that its
_ _ (B) its
_ _ (C)whose
_ _ (D) with its
11. The size and shape of a nail depend primarily on the function ______ intended.
___ (A) which it is
_ _ _ (B) for which it is
___ (C) which it is for
_ _ (D) for which is
12. In geometry, a tangent is a straight line _ _ _ _ __ a curve at only one pOint.
_ _ (A) it touches
_ _ (B) whose touching
_ _ (C) its touching
_ _ (D) that touches
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
I:). It was the ragtime pianist Scott Joplin _ _ _ _ _ _ the "Maple Leaf Rag, " perhaps the best
known of all ragtime tunes.
(A) wrote
___ (B) the writer of
___ (C) who wrote
___ (D) writing
14. There are oyer 2.000 varieties of snakes. _ _ _ _ _ _ are harmless to humans.
___ (A) mostly they
___ (B) most of them
___ (C) most of which
___ (D) which most
I,). Smokejumpers are
_ _ (A) firefighters
___ (D) when firefighters
_ _. (C) who, as firefighters
___ (D) firefighters who
descend into remote areas by parachute to fight forest fires.
16. Charlotte Gilman's best known book _ _ _ _ _ _ she urges women to become financially
independent.
_ _ (A) is U;r)11zell and Economics. in which
___ (ll) m'nnell and Economics. in which
___ (C) is W'i"mwn and Economics, which
___ (D) U;omen and Economics, which
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135
_ _ _ _ _ _ invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected
in a number of ways.
(A) Although is
Despite
(C) Even though it
(D) Although
(B)
The best answer completes a reduced adverb clause. In choice (A), the adverb clause
lacks a subject and is not a correct reduction because it contains a verb. In choice
(B), despite cannot be used with an adjective (only with a noun phrase or pronoun).
(C) does not supply a verb for the adverb clause and is not a correct reduction
because it contains a subject.
Because _ _ _ _ _ _ , alabaster can be easily carved.
(A) is soft
(B) softness
(C) of its softness
(D)
of soft
Choice (A) lacks a subject in the adverb clause. Choice (B), a noun, could only be
used with because of In (D), because of is followed by an adjective; to be correct,
it must be followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. ...
Exercise 21
Focus: Completing structure problems involving adverb clauses, reduced adverb clauses, and related
prepositional expressions. (Note: Two or three items do not focus on one of these structures. These
items are marked in the answer key with an asterisk.)
Directions: Choose the one option-CA), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences,
and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1. Small sailboats can easily capsize _ _ _ _ _ _ they are not handled carefully.
_ _ (A) but
_ _ (B)
~
which
(C) if
_ _ CD) so
2.
they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperate or even cold climates.
_ _ (A) Despite
_ _ (B) Even though
___ CC) Nevertheless
_ _ (D) But
3.
added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
_ _ (A) That
_ _ (B) Asis
._ _ (C) It is
_ _ (D) When
136 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
4.
advertising is so widespread in the United States, it has had an enormous effect
on American life.
_ _ (A) Why
___ (B) The reason
___ (C) On account of
___ (D) Since
5.
towards shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
___ CA) During a wave rolls
___ (B) As a wave rolls
_ _ _ (C) A wave rolls
___ (D) A wave's rolling
6.
are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic communications, but
many of them still prefer face-to-face encounters.
___ CA) Although people
_ _ (B) Despite people
_ _ (C) Today people
___ CD) The fact that people
7.
together in one place, they form a community.
_ _ CA) When people who live
_ _ (B) When people living
_ _ _ (C) Whenever people live
___ CD) Whenever living people
8.
managed by an independent governor and board of directors, the Bank of Canada
is owned by the Canadian government.
_ _ (A) And yet
_ _ (B) In spite of it
_ _ (C) Although
_ _ (D) It is
pieces of rope are of different thickness, the weaver's knot can be used to join
9.
them.
_ _ (A) Two of
_ _ (B) What two
_ _ (C) Two such
_ _ CD) If two
10.
, the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous.
___ (A) Until they have been cooked
_ _ (B) Cooking them
___ (C) They have been cooked
_ _ (D) Cooked until
11. Natural silk is still highly prized _______ similar artificial fabrics.
_ _ CA) although is available
___ (8) despite there are available
_ _ _ (C) in spite of the availability of
___ (D) even though an availability of
12. Cattle ranches are found almost _ _ _ _ _ _ in Utah.
___ CA) wherever
_ _ CB) everywhere
_ _ CC) overall
___ (D) somewhere
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
137
13.
through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
___ (A) When shines
_ _ (B) It shines
_ _ _ (C) It is shone
___ (D) When shone
14.
most people think of freezing as a relatively modern method of food preservation,
it is actually one of the oldest.
_ _ (A) Even
_ _ (B) As though
_ _ _ (C) However
_ _ (D) Even though
15.
large bodies of water never freeze solid is that the sheet of ice on the surface
protects the water below it from the cold air.
___ (A) Because
_ _ (B) Why do
___ (C) The reason that
___ (D) For the reason
16.
granted by the Patent Office, it becomes the inventor's property and he or she
can keep it, sell it, or license it to someone else.
___ (A) Once a patent is
_ _ _ (B) When a patent
___ (C) A patent, once
___ (D) A patent, whenever it
17. Owls can hunt in total darkness _ _ _ _ _ _ their remarkably keen sense of smell.
___ (A) since
___ (B) because of
_ _ _ (C) the result
_ _ (D) that
[ H.
three times
___ (A)
_ _ (B)
_ _ (C)
___ (D)
most bamboo blooms every year, there are some species that flower only two or
a century.
Whenever
That
While
However
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
T
139
Sample Items
_ _ _ _ _ _ was caused by breathing (~pure'air was once a
common belief.
'----(A) Malaria
(B) That malaria
(C) Why malaria
(D) Because malaria
Choice (A) is incorrect because there are two verbs (was caused and was) but only
one subject. Choice (C) is incorrect because Why is not the appropriate noun-clause
marker in this sentence; the noun clause is based on a statement, not on an
information question. Choice (D) is incorrect because it forms an adverb clause, but
the main clause lacks a subject. In the correct answer the noun clause itself (That
malaria was caused by breathing impure air) is the subject of the verb was in the
main clause.
One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is _ _ _ _ __
(A) people learn
(B) how do people learn
(C) people learn how
(D) how people learn
Choice (A) is incorrect; there is no connector between the first clause and the
second. Choice (B) incorrectly follows question word order. (C) is incorrect because
how is in the wrong position. ..
Exercise 22
Focus: Completing structure problems involving incomplete noun clauses. (Note: Two or three
items in this exercise do not focus on noun clauses. These items are marked in the answer key with
asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences,
and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1.
begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.
_ _ (A) Raindrops
_ _ (B) If raindrops
_ _ (C) What if raindrops
~ (D) That raindrops
2. Scientists cannot agree on _ _ _ _ _ _ related to other orders of insects.
_ _ (A) that fleas are
_ _ _ (B) how fleas are
___ (C) how are fleas
___ (D) fleas that are
3. It was in 1875
joined the staff ofthe astronomical observatory at Harvard University.
_ _ (A) that Anna Winlock
_ _ _ (B) Anna Winlock, who
_ _ _ (C) as Anna Winlock
_ _ (D) Anna Winlock then
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Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
4.
is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.
_ _ _ (A) Ecologists use the term "gallery forest"
___ (B) What do ecologists call a "gallery forest"
_ _ _ (C) "Gallery forest" is the term ecologists use
___ (D) What ecologists call a "gallery forest"
5.
developed very rapidly in Alabama primarily because of its rich natural resources.
_ _ (A) That heavy industry
___ (B) Heavy industry
_ _ _ (C) Heavy industry that was
_ _ (D) When heavy industry
6.
so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places that they have
never even seen.
_ _ _ (A) That makes the monarch butterflies' migration
___ (B) The migration of the monach butterflies is
_ _ _ (C) Wnat makes the monarch butterflies' migration
_ _ _ (D) The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
7. Art critics do not all agree on what _ _ _ _ _ _ a painting great.
_ _ _ (A) qualities make
_ _ _ (B) are the qualities for making
___ (C) qualities to make
___ (D) do the qualities that make
8. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners must know _ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ (A) what the requirements for each vegetable are
___ (B) that the requirements for each vegetable
_ _ _ (C) what are each vegetable's requirements
___ (D) that is required by each vegetable
9. When
___
___
___
___
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
is not known.
was the wheel invented
the invention of the wheel
inventing the wheel
the wheel was invented
10. For many years people have wondered _ _ _ _ _ _ exists elsewhere in the universe.
_ _ (A) that life
_ _ (B) life which
_ _ (C) whether life
_ _ (D) life as it
11.
of all modern domestic poultry is the red jungle fowl is widely believed.
_ _ _ (A) The ancestor
___ (B) The ancestor is
_ _ _ (C) How the ancestor
___ (D) That the ancestor
12.
the right side of a person's brain is dominant, that person is left-handed.
_ _ (A) That
_ _ (B) If
_ _ (C)Which
_ _ (D) For