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APUSH Unit 5 Notes Pages 237­249 and Crash Course Crash Course 14 The initial democracy of the US was not very democratic, only male landowners could vote. Between 1820 and 1850 this began to change. State legislatures eliminated the property qualification for voting almost entirely, meaning all white men could vote legally. The landowning aspect of voting was created by Jefferson, as he believed a man who owned land and farmed did not rely on other people and he saw this as a worthy trait In light of the mark of revolution, the idea of excluding wage workers seemed very outdated. Jackson became president in 1829. America had a mostly fake victory in the war of 1812. The federalist party collapsed. The era of good feeling; most people agreed on most domestic policies. The American system of economic nationalism was built on; federally financed internal improvements AKA infrastructure (roads and canals), tariffs to protect new factories and industries, and a national bank that would replace first national bank, whose charter expired in 1811. The supporters of this system were John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay Both were Jeffersonian Republicans, the only political party. Nationalism also affected foreign affairs, for example: when latin America gained its independance from Spain, president Monroe made a speech on how Europe should not attempt to retake colonies in the Western hemisphere. This was called “The Monroe Doctrine”, it also said that the US should stay out of European wars. The last president in the era of good feeling was John Quincy Adams, a diplomat and expansionist. He wrote the Monroe doctrine. There significant disagreement over three main issues: many people felt that the federal government shouldn’t invest in infrastructure (like James Madison), there were problems over the new bank of the US, and there was the issue of slavery. In 1819 Missouri had enough inhabitants to become a state. ● A New York congressmen names James Tallmadge made a motion to prohibit the introduction of further slaves into the proposed state. ● It took two years to work out the kinks. ● Missouri was allowed to join the union as a slave state, while Maine was carved out of Massachusetts. ● The Missouri compromise also said that no state admitted above the 36 30 line of latitude was allowed to have slaves except for Missouri. ● This was the rise of political parties. ● Martin Van Buren invented the democratic party. ● Andrew Jackson became so popular from all of his Indian killing he decided to run for president in 1824, he did not win. ● He ran again in 1828 and won. ● He ran as the champion of the common man. ● His policies defined the democratic party. ● Usually new democrats were lower to middle class men who were concerned about the growing gap between the rich and the poor that was a result of the market revolution. ● They were particularly worried about bankers, merchants and speculators, who seemed to be getting rich without producing anything. ● A new party rose after Jackson's rise to office, the “Whigs”. ● The American wigs took their name from the British whigs, who were opposed total monarchy. ● The American whigs were worried Andrew Jackson was grabbing so much power for the executive branch, that he was turning into “King Andrew”. ● They were big supporters of the American system and they were most active in the Northeast, their biggest supporters being businessmen and bankers. ● In 1828 Congress passed the tariff of 1829, Jackson supported this even though it benefited manufacturers, it raised prices on imported manufactured goods made of wood and iron. ● This angered states like South Carolina which had put all of their money into slave labor and not into industry, so they had to pay more. ● The South Carolina legislature threatened to nullify it. ● Jackson responded to this by passing the Force Act, which authorized him o use the army and navy to collect taxes. ● Crisis was averted when Congress passed the Compromise Tariff and South Carolina relented. ● This helped cement Jackson as a tyrant among the whigs. ● Jackson supported Southern state effort to appropriate native lands and make the Indians move. ● This was formalized in the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which Jackson supported. ● The law provided funds to relocate some Indians, in response the tribes sued the Government. ● Jackson set the stage for the forced the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma that took place in the winter of 1838 and 1839. ● One quarter of the Indians died in this forced removal that came to be know as the “trail of tears”. ● Andrew Jackson changed the banking system. ● In 1832 bank leader Nicholas Biddle persuaded Congress to pass a bill to extend the bank of the US for 20 more years, but Jackson believed the bank would use its money to oppose his reelection in 1836 so he vetoed that bill. ● The US now had no central institution with which to control federal funds. ● Jackson ordered money federal money to be spread between local banks, AKA “pet banks”. ● Smaller banks preceded to produce more paper money. ● Inflation was coming. ● The Panic of 1837, was a US economic collapse. ● The age of Jackson was more democratic than any other president that had come before him. Pages 237­249 ● “President of the Common Man” (237­239) ○ Jackson unlike Jefferson, was not a democratic philosopher. The democratic party embraces no clear uniform ideological position. ■ Jackson had a simple definition of democracy “equal protection and equal benefit”. ■ Jackson first targets when he came into office were the entrenched officeholders in the federal government . ● Many of whom had been in place for a generation or more. ● He believed that offices belonged to the people, not to the entrenched officeholders. ○ He managed to remove one fifth of the federal officeholder during his presidency. ○ Jackson embraced the “spoils system”, a system already present in a number of state governments. ○ Appointments to office more often than not, were political allies of the president and his associates. ● Calhoun and Nullification & The Rise of Van Buren (239­240) ○ Calhoun had been distinguished politician with a promising future, and only 46 years old in 1828. ■ He had once been an outspoken protectionist and had strongly supported the tariff of 1816, ● By the late 1820’s many South Carolinians had come to believe that the “tariff of abominations” was responsible for the stagnation of their state’s economy. ○ Calhoun developed a theory called, the theory of nullification. ■ This drew from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798­1799, as well as citing the tenth amendment. ■ Calhoun argued that since the federal government was created by the states, the states should be were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws. ● The idea of using it to nullify the tariff of 1828 attracted support from South Carolina. ○ Calhoun found a powerful rival in Martin Van Buren. ○ Van Buren was roughly the same age as Calhoun and equally as ambitious if not more. ○ He became governor of New York in 1828, but resigned the next year when Jackson appointed him secretary of state. ■ He soon established himself as a member of both of the official cabinet and the “kitchen cabinet”, the president's unofficial circle of political allies. ● His influence with the president was big, and i grew stronger over time as a result of the quarrel over etiquette, that drew a wedge between the president and Calhoun. ○ Peggy O’neale was the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper, with whom both Andrew Jackson and his friend John H. Eaton had stayed in while still serving as senators in Tennessee. ■ She was married but rumors surfaced of her and Eaton were having an affair. ■ After her husband died in 1828, she and Eaton were soon married. ● A few weeks later Jackson made Eaton secretary of war, making Peggy a cabinet wife. ○ The rest of the cabinet wives, (led by Mrs Calhoun) refused to receive her. ■ Jackson demanded she and the rest of the cabinet wives accept her into their group. ● By 1831, partly as a result of the Eaton affair, Jackson now wanted Van Buren to succeed him in the white house, ending Calhoun’s dreams of presidency. ● Webster Hayne Debate (240­241) ○ The controversy over nullification spiked in January of 1830. ■ During a routine debate over federal policy toward western lands, a senator from Connecticut suggested that all land sales and surveys be briefly discontinued. ■ Another senator by the name of Robert Y. Hayne from South Carolina, responded by saying that the slowing down the growth of the West was way for the East to maintain political and economic power. ● He had no real interest in these lands, although he hoped that his stance would appeal to supporters from westerners in congressmen for South Carolina’s drive to lower the tariff. ○ He hinted that the two regions might band together to defend themselves against tyranny. ■ Daniel Webster, a nationalistic Whig senator from massachusetts answered Hayne the next day. ● He attacked Hayne, and through him Calhoun challenged him to a private debate on the issue of state rights vs national power. ○ Hayne, coached Calhoun, responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. ■ Webster spent two afternoons delivering his speech that came to be known as the “Second Reply to Hayne”, which was quoted for years to come by northerners. ■ Both sides anticipated the thought of the argument of president Jackson and who he would side with. ● In a banquet in honor of Thomas Jefferson, he made it clear by saying “Our Federal Union­­It must be preserved”. ○ Van Buren responded by saying, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”. ● The Nullification Crisis (241­242) ○ In 1832 the crisis over nullification finally formed a crisis when South Carolinians responded furiously to a congressional tariff bill that awarded them no relief from the 1828 “tariff abominations”. ■ After this, legislature summoned a state convention which voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832. ● Parallel to this South Carolina elected Hayne as the governor and Calhoun to replace Hayne as senator. ● Jackson called nullification treason, and wanted those who implemented to be treated as traitors. ○ Not one state had come to South Carolina’s aid. ■ South Carolina was divided and would not prevail against the federal government. ● Henry Clay came up with a timely solution, that would lower the tariff gradually so that, by 1842 it would reach the same level as 1816. ○ The compromise and the force bill were passed on the same day, March 1st 1833, Jackson signed both of them. ○ South Carolina repealed its nullification. ○ Calhoun claimed a victory, no state could face the federal government alone. ● White Attitudes Toward the Tribes & The Black Hawk War (242­243) ○ Americans in the 1700’s had considered Indians, “noble savages” but this state of mind gave way to a more hostile opinion on them, especially from westerners . ■ They were starting to view them as just “savages”, or uncivilizable. ■ White westerners wanted them removed for western expansion. ○ In the Old Northwest, the long process of eliminating the Indians had culminated into a large final battle in 1831­1832 between Illinois and the alliance of Sauk and the Fox Indians led by Black Hawk, a legendary warrior. ■ A treaty between the tribes and Illinois had ceded tribal lands, but Black Hawk and his tribe refused to consider it legitimate. ● The Indians were considered invaders, and Illinois vowed to exterminate them. ○ The Indians ended up losing, wounded and starving retreating across the Mississippi. ■ Jackson had Black Hawk captured for questioning. ● The “Five Civilized Tribes & Trails of tears (243­245) ○ In the 1830’s there were five tribes which people thought of as civilized: the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. ■ They had established settled agricultural societies with successful economies. ■ The Cherokees specifically had their own written language, and a formal constitution. ○
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● Even some states argued that the Cherokees should be allowed to retain their territories. ● Cherokee men had given up hunting because of the colonists and had joined the women in farming and gathering to satisfy the Americans. By now the federal government worked to create treaties to relocate the southern Indians. The legislatures in Georgia Alabama, and Mississippi began passing laws to regulate local tribes, they received assistance from Congress, which in 1830, passed the Removal Act, (approved by Jackson), which appropriated money to pay for relocation of southern tribes to the West. ■ Southern tribes faced many pressures. ● Many tribes were too weak to resist the offer. Cherokees attempted to stop white encroachment by appealing to the supreme court. ■ In Cherokee vs Georgia, the court’s decisions seemed to be meant to defend the Cherokees, and so did worcester v Georgia did too, but to a smaller extent. ■ When the chief justice announce the results of Worcester vs Georgia, Jackson apparently reacted with contempt. ■ In 1835, the federal government made a treaty with the Cherokee, giving them 5 million dollars and relocating them. ● Around 17,000 of them did not consider it legitimate, but Jackson forcibly removed them. Around 1,000 Cherokee fled across the state line to go to North Carolina, were the government eventually gave them a reservation in the Smoky Mountain. ■ Although most of them fled to Indian territory in the winter of 1838. ■ Thousands of them, around one eighth, died on their way there. ● The ones who lived, were put into harsh reservations in which they were forced to live. ● The trek was later called the Trail of Trees. By 1830­1838, almost all of the five tribes were forced to move West. The Seminoles, like much of the other tribes, had agreed to move West out of pressure from white settlers. ■ Most moved, but a small group led by chieftain Osceola refused to leave and organized an uprising beginning in 1835. ● It dragged on for years. ● Jackson kept sending troops to Florida where the Seminoles used guerilla tactics to fight them in the jungly Everglades. ● Finally, in 1842 the government abandoned the war. ○ This came to be known as “the Seminole War”. ● The Meaning of Removal (245­246) ○ By the end of the 1830’s, the tribes that had been relocated, ceded over 100 million acres of land to the US. ○ Did expansion really require removal? ■ In places like Mexico, Texas, and California, they had created societies in which both Indians and white settlers lived together in a somewhat equal environment, where they were in intimate contact with each other. ● The lands that were excluded from expansion were referred to as “Virgin Lands”. ● Biddle’s Institution (246­247) ○ The Bank of the US was very successful in the 1830’s. ■ It attracted the wrath of Jackson. ■ By law the only place the government could deposit their money was the federal government. ■ The bank provided credit to growing enterprises and issued banknotes. ■ Nicholas Biddle, the president of the bank, had worked hard to maintain a sound and prosperous basis. ● Yet Jackson was determined to destroy it completely. ○ Opposition came from two sides: the “soft­money” group, which wanted more currency in circulation (banknotes), and the “hard­money” group, who wanted less banknotes because it made gold and silver obsolete. ■ Jackson supported “hard­money”. ● He had had bad experiences with paper money. ● He would not support the renewal of the bank’s charter, which would expire in 1836. ○ Biddle, hoping to gain political favors, began granting financial favors to politicians, so when the renewal of the charter arriver, he would have more supporters. ■ Because of this, he became intimate friends with Daniel Webster. ● He helped Biddle with the support of many figure, among them Henry Clay. ■ These advisers convinced Biddle to apply for a renewal for the bank’s charter. ● Jackson vetoed it, and Congress for some reason failed to override the veto. ○ Because of the failure of the bank, Clay who ran for president, failed. ● The “Monster” Destroyed & The Taney Court (247­249) ○ Jackson was now more than ever determined to destroy the “monster” bank. ■ He could not abolish it legally, instead he weakened it. ● He removed the government's funds from the bank and instead, deposited them in small local state banks, which his enemies called “pet banks”. ○ In response to this, Biddle called in loans and raised interest rates, claiming that without the government deposits their resources were stretched too thin. ○ Financial conditions declined in the winter of 1833­1844. ■ Supporters of the bank blamed Jackson’s policies for the recession. ● The Jacksonians responded by blaming it on Biddle, and refused to shift their opinion. ○ Jackson won a political victory, but when the bank fell in 1836, lost a valuable institution, leaving the country with a flawed banking system for more than a century. ○ After the bank fell, Jackson moved to his next target: the Supreme Court. ■ In 1835, John Marshall died, he appointed Roger B. Taney. ■ The clearest sign of a new judicial moos was Charles River Bridge vs Warren Bridge. ● This was a dispute between two Massachusetts companies, over the right to build a bridge between Boston and Cambridge. ○ One company had a longstanding charter to build a toll bridge, and the other had just applied for a charter for a toll­free bridge that would cost the community less ■ The court supported the second charter. ○ Taney’s goal was to maintain and promote general happiness. ■ This took precedence over the rights of contracts and property. ● Democrats and Whigs (249) ○ Democrats in the 1830’s envisioned a future of steadily expanding economic and political opportunities for white males. ■ Jackson himself said that American society should be one in which, “the planter, the farmer, the mechanic, and the laborers, all know their success depends on their industry and economy.” ● Sentiment against monopoly was very violent at the time. ■ The Whigs favored expanding the federal government, encouraging industrial and commercial development, and knitting the country together into a consolidated economic system, these beliefs were known as the Whiggery at the time. ● They were cautious of westward expansion. ● Democrats favored defying legislation establishing banks, corporations and other modernizing institutions, and Wigs favored these actions.