2/1/09
Matter and Its Phases
  Matter:
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter and Its Changes
Chemistry 11
Observations vs. Interpretations
Matter is “anything that has mass” means that
matter is anything that has inertia and
requires a force to get it moving or stopped.
For example…!
  Observations:
The use of all of the senses (sight, taste, smell, hearing and touch)
to gather information from and about your surroundings.
Observation
Qualitative
Description
Quantitative
Description
Your Height
Tall, short
180 cm
Your Weight
Thin, heavy
125 kg
  Interpretations:
Is an inference based on an observation. Brings meaning to an
observation.
  2 types:
1.  Qualitative information is non-numerical information.
•  Things that you see.
2.  Quantitative information is numerical information.
•  Written in tabular format.
  The three common states of matter are:
  Temperature and pressure affect which state the matter
is in.
Solid!
  The fourth state of matter is called PLASMA.
Liquid!
  Plasma has all the properties of
a gas except that it is composed
of charged particles.
  They exist on stars (the sun), in
nuclear explosions, and in neon
signs.
Gas!
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Solids!
Liquids!
  Generally rigid.
  Take the shape of the container.
  Particles are closely packed into a given volume in a highly
  Particles remain in close contact with each other, but
organized and rigid manner.
have sufficient room to slide past one another easily.
  Requires particles to be in direct contact with one another.
  Do not have an organized packing.
  Have their own shapes.
  Not compressible.
  Not compressible.
  Their volumes only change slightly in response to changes in
  Their volume changes very little in response to
temperature and pressure changes.
temperature and pressure.
Gasses!
  Completely fill a container.
  The particles are widely separated and only contact
each other during collisions.
  Very compressible.
  Their volume is drastically changed by temperature and
pressure.
  Solids:
  Vibratonal movement only.
Particle
Movement
  Particles in the three phases can exhibit three types of
movement:
  Vibrational:
  Vibration of the particle.
  Rotational:
  Spinning of the particle.
  Translational:
  Movement of the particle in a straight line.
A quick note on energy…!
  Liquids:
  Vibrational, rotational, and
translational motion.
  Gasses:
  Translational movement only.
  As we increase the average kinetic energy (temperature)
of the particles, the matter changes to a higher energy
phase.
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Chemical and Physical
Changes
  Chemical Change:
  A change in which new substances are formed.
  Produces a set of chemicals which is different from the
set of chemicals which existed before the change.
Reactants!
Products!
  Examples include:
  Noticeable heat or light is produced.
  A colour change is observed.
  One of the original materials is used up.
  Physical Change:
  A change in the phase of a substance, such that no new
substances are formed.
  A physical change does not change the set of chemicals
involved.
  Bubbles of gas may appear, which shows that a new gas
ICE!
may be forming.
  Cloudiness may result; this shows that a solid is forming
WATER!
(a precipitate).
NOTE:
Chemical changes are often accompanied by physical
changes.
Physical Property!
  Any aspect of an object or substance that can be
  Extensive:
 
A physical property which depends on the amount of the
substance present.
 
Examples:
measured or perceived without changing its identity.
  Can be either:
  Intensive:
 
Mass, volume, length, energy.
  A physical property which depends solely on the nature of
the substance, NOT the amount of substance present.
  Used to identify a substance.
  Examples:
  Density, melting temperature, viscosity.
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Perceptions!
  Certain perceptions are often described (or even
"measured") as if they are intensive or extensive physical
properties.
  In fact, perceptions are fundamentally different from
physical properties.
Huh?
  Examples of perceptions related to an intensive physical
property:
  Temperature: in this case all observers will agree which is
the hotter of two objects.
  Examples of perceptions related to an extensive physical
property:
  They are based on an observers response.
  Color of a solution: The related physical property is the
transmission or absorption spectrum.
Homework
  Do:
The Kinetic
Molecular Theory
  The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the forces
  W.S. 2-3
between molecules and the energy that they possess.
  Energy:
  Anything that is not matter and can cause a change in
matter.
  During and energy conversion, there no loss or gain of
energy.
  The forms of energy change constantly, but the amount
of energy remains constant.
  Potential Energy:
  Energy stored within a physical system.
  It has the “potential” to be converted to different forms
of energy, and to do work in the process.
  Kinetic Energy:
Changes in State
By heating or cooling matter, we can change the state
in which it is in. Transitions between phases are
called CHANGES IN STATE.
  The energy an object posses due to its motion.
There are several temperature points where
significant changes to matter take place.
Where:
m =
v =
mass
velocity
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Melting Temperature
Boiling Temperature
The temperature where a solid changes to a liquid.
The temperature where a liquid changes to a gas
Freezing Temperature
Condensation Temperature
The temperature where a liquid changes to a solid.
The temperature where a gas changes to a liquid.
At
the
MELTING/FREEZING
TEMPERATURE,
the
solid
and
liquid
phases
co‐exist.
At
the
BOILING/CONDENSATRION
TEMPERATURE,
the
liquid
and
gas
phases
co‐exist.
The temperature does
not change during a
phase change (such as
melting and boiling).!
  Another way to look at this relationship:
  In general, continued heating of a solid produces the
following temperature behavior:
Your lab write-up…
  Labs are to be done in a coiled book.
  Leave space before and after your data for the lab write-
up.
  All labs are written in BLUE or BLACK ink.
  Underlining is done in RED.
  Numeric calculations in the Analysis/Questions
section may be done in PENCIL.
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What should it look like?
Homework
  Do:
  Heating Curves and Stuff W.S.
  Read:
  Freezing and Melting of Water Lab
What is on the exam?
  Lab safety
  Hazardous Household Product Symbols
  WHMIS
  Classes
What is on the exam?
  Matter and It’s Phases
  Solids, Liquids, and Gasses
  The Kinetic Molecular Theory
  Changes in state
  Symbols
  Definitions
  MSDS Sheets
  Heating Curves
  PPE’s
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