Upper Peninsula Area Health Education Center
Year One Deliverables
Mary Jane Tremethick, Ph.D., R.N. MCHES
Interim Executive Director
Cindy Noble, MS
Program Manager
A Program of Wayne State University
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 2
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan………………………………..Page 3
Chapter 2 Methods of Needs Assessment………………………………………………..Page 20
Chapter 3 Assessment of Regional Host Agency…………………………..…………….Page 21
Chapter 4 Internal Review of Regional Host…………………………………………….Page 23
Chapter 5 Assessment of Primary Care Health Workforce Needs……………………….Page 24
Chapter 6 Assessment of Community Needs through Engagement……………………..Page 26
Chapter 7 Strategic Planning……………………………………………………………..Page 28
Chapter 8 Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………Page 29
References………………………………………………………………………………..Page 30
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 3
Chapter 1
Overview of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Geographic Coverage
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is as much a sense of identity for its residents as it is a
physical description. It includes 15 counties including Alger, Baraga, Chippewa, Delta,
Dickinson, Gogebic, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Luce, Mackinac, Marquette, Menominee,
Ontonagon, and Schoolcraft. The Peninsula is surrounded by water with Lake Superior to the
north, St. Marys River to the east and Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to the southeast. To the far
southwest of the Peninsula, Gogebic County borders Wisconsin. The Peninsula is 125 miles from
north to south. The length of the peninsula from east to west is 320 miles and spans two time
zones with the majority of the peninsula in the Eastern Time Zone and Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson,
and Menominee Counties in the Central Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula Area Health Education
Center (UP AHEC) is located in Marquette, MI which is the largest city in the Upper Peninsula
and is centrally located in the Upper Peninsula.
The geography of the Upper Peninsula has dictated its economy and has traditionally included
logging, mining, and tourism. Each of these continues and is expected to grow through 2017.
Currently the majority of jobs in the Upper Peninsula fall under government, trade,
transportation and utilities, along with education and health services (Upper Peninsula Economic
Development Alliance, n.d.)
Snow is on the ground generally from Thanksgiving through the last week of March. Being
surrounded by the Great Lakes results in a good deal of lake effect snow. The National Weather
Forecast Office located in Negaunee, MI reports that the city of Marquette averages 110 inches
of snow annually with 200 inches of snow annually to the west of Marquette. The record
snowfall in the Upper Peninsula is 392 inches. The temperature in January averages from 22°F to
4 °F (National Weather Service, 2013). Due to the geography of the Upper Peninsula, winter
weather (both the degree of cold as well as the amount of snow) varies greatly by location.
The roadways in the Upper Peninsula are affected by seasonal weather fluctuations.
Additionally, nearly all of the highways in the Upper Peninsula are two lane roads. During the
winter months roads are frequently snow covered and slippery resulting in difficult driving
conditions. At times, sections of highway may be closed due to hazardous travel.
Significance of Geographic Coverage to UP AHEC: The UP AHEC serves a very large area.
This is a major consideration when requesting membership on the UP AHEC’s Community
Advisory Board. Not only must many Board members travel long distances to attend meetings,
they must also take time away from work.
Travel is also a major factor for UP AHEC personnel when conducting community assessments
community programming, or attendance at meetings in the Lower Peninsula. Additionally,
outreach to outlying communities or bringing Board members in for meetings can be difficult in
the winter months due to weather conditions.
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Population
Of Michigan’s 9,883,640 residents, 311,361 live in the Upper Peninsula (U.S. Census, 2014).
Please see Figure 1 for the 2010 population of each county in the Upper Peninsula as well as the
percentage of the population that is 18 years of age or younger (U.S. Census, 2014).
Figure 1: Population Statistics for Upper Peninsula Counties
Upper Peninsula County 2010 Population
Percent Under 18 Population (22.7% for
Michigan)
Alger
9,601
15.5%
Baraga
8,860
19.1%
Chippewa
38,520
19.4%
Delta
37,069
20.4%
Dickinson
26,168
20.0%
Gogebic
16,427
16.2%
Houghton
36,628
20.5%
Iron
11,817
16.7%
Keweenaw
2,156
17.7%
Luce
6,631
17.2%
Mackinac
11,113
17.0%
Marquette
67,077
18.1%
Menominee
24,029
19.7%
Ontonagon
6,780
13.8%
Schoolcraft
8,485
18.7%
Total
311,361
Mean 18.0%
In contrast to the population of the State of Michigan, the Upper Peninsula population has a
greater percentage of adults 65 years of age or older. Every county in the Upper Peninsula except
Chippewa reports a higher percentage of adults 65 years of age or older. In some counties the
increase in older adults is significantly greater, such as Ontonagon County, where the percentage
of adults 65 years of age or older is double that of the state percentage (Figure 2).
In its early years, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan experienced a great deal of European
immigration to provide a workforce for logging and mining. This immigration resulted in a
diverse population in the Upper Peninsula. However, there are few members of minority
populations in the Upper Peninsula with the exception of Native Americans. In many counties
the percentage of Native Americans in the Upper Peninsula exceed the percentage of Native
Americans at the state level. The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is also home to the Lac Vieux
Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians on the west end of the Peninsula, the Sault Ste.
Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians and Bay Mills Indian Community on the east, the Keweenaw
Bay Indian Community to the north, and Hannahville Potawatomi Indian Community to the
south. Please see Figures 3, 4, and 5 for visuals of minority populations.
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The Upper Peninsula has a relatively high percentage of students that graduate from high school
in contrast to the state percentage. All but two counties, Menominee and Chippewa, exceed the
state percentage. Every county in the Upper Peninsula exceeds national percentages for single
parent households however, just three counties, Baraga, Menominee, and Gogebic exceed the
state percentage. The teen birth rate in Upper Peninsula counties varies greatly from a low of 14
per 1,000 females in Marquette County to a high of 51 per 1,000 in Luce County (Figures 6, 7, & 8).
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 8
Significance to Population to the UP AHEC: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is sparsely
populated. Personnel from the UP AHEC office must travel long distances to reach small
populations in some Upper Peninsula counties. Additionally these small populations have
difficulty supporting health promoting community resources.
The percentage of the population that is under 18 years of age is below the state percentage in
every county in the Upper Peninsula. The U.S. Census reports that as a whole, the State of
Michigan has 22.7% of its population under the age of 18. In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
the under 18 percentage ranges from 13.8% to 20.5% with a mean of 18%. This is important to
the UP AHEC as the Upper Peninsula has fewer children and adolescents to engage in activities
promoted by the UP AHEC. The high percentage of older adults is also a concern. Morbidity
increases with age and along with morbidity is an increased dependence upon limited health care
resources.
On a positive note, residents’ sense of identity with the Upper Peninsula has the potential to be
very helpful to the UP AHEC. This regional identity may lend significant support to the UP
AHEC.
Health Needs
Data from the County Health Rankings 2012/13 and data from the Michigan Department of
Community Health were studied to provide a better understanding of the health needs of the
population in the 15 Upper Peninsula counties. State level mortality rates reported as three year
averages per 100,000 residents were contrasted to Upper Peninsula county data. It is unfortunate
that many of the counties in the Upper Peninsula had insufficient or unreliable data. Missing data
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 9
hinder a full understanding of health needs. For instance, Keweenaw County had insufficient or
unreliable data for each of the mortality rates studied.
Figure 9 below provides a summary of this study reporting on mortality rates that deviated
negatively from the state level data for cancer, respiratory disease, heart disease, unintentional
injury, and stroke. These data demonstrate that for counties with sufficient and reliable data,
Schoolcraft County was reported to have the highest number of mortality rates that deviated
negatively from the state average (four of the five). However, it is important to note that for the
fifth mortality rate studied, unintentional injuries, there was insufficient or unreliable data.
A figure for state mortality rates in contrast to counties in the Upper Peninsula for cancer,
respiratory disease, heart disease, unintentional injury, and stroke follow (Figures 10, 11, 12, 13,
& 14). In reviewing these figures it is interesting to note the degree of variation from the state
average. For instance, when reviewing stroke mortality rates, the three-year average in Luce
County is more than double the state average for stroke mortality.
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A number of factors play a role in mortality rates in the Upper Peninsula. Certainly the increased
percentage of adults 65 years of age or older has an effect on these statistics. Other issues include
socio-demographic factors including poverty and lack of access to insurance (Figures 15, 16, & 17).
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 13
Residents of the Upper Peninsula report numerous risk factors for disease. In most instances, the
reported risk factors of residents exceed state and national percentages. For instance, all Upper
Peninsula counties had a greater percentage of obese adults when compared to national data.
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When compared to state level data, seven of the 15 Upper Peninsula counties were reported to
have the same or a greater percentage of obese adults when compared to state data (Figure 18).
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County level data were not available for every Upper Peninsula county when considering adult
smoking. Of the ten counties with data available, all exceeded the national benchmark. Two
counties, Dickenson and Menominee had double the national benchmark for adult smokers.
Seven of the ten counties with available data exceeded the state percentage of adult smokers
(Figure 19).
Similar trends were noted with excessive drinking which is defined as binge drinking plus heavy
drinking. Every county with data available exceeded the national average. Six of the nine
counties with data available reported percentages of 28% to 29%, which was four times the
national percentage of 7%. When compared to state level data all but one county (Schoolcraft)
exceeded the state level percentage (Figure 20).
Significance to UP AHEC:
Upper Peninsula residents report high levels of health risk behaviors. These health risk behaviors
vary greatly by county and assist in defining the health promotion needs of residents in the Upper
Peninsula. When providing continuing education to health professionals in the Upper Peninsula,
these health risk behavior statistics ought to be considered. However, insufficient or unreliable
data impact the UP AHEC’s ability to understand the true need in regards to the health needs of
the 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula. This is an area that will need to be researched over time.
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Primary Care Workforce
A review of secondary data sources revealed that every county in the Upper Peninsula with the
exception of Marquette County deviated negatively from the state average in regards to the
primary care workforce. Health professions included in this analysis were physicians, dentists,
nurses, and mental health providers. Counties ranged from having a negative deviation from state
data for all four health professions (Chippewa and Menominee) to counties that deviated from
the state data with one of the health professions (Dickinson and Keweenaw) (Figure 21). It is
also important to note that data were not available for a number of the counties. This likely
increases the negative deviations from state level data.
Figures that provide information by county for primary care physicians, dentists, nurses, and
mental health providers follow. Deviations in these figures are based upon the percent difference
between the state of Michigan average and the national benchmark when a national benchmark
was available. Please see Figures 22, 23, 24, and 25.
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Significance to UP AHEC: There are a number of Upper Peninsula counties that are below state
averages and the national benchmarks when considering health care personnel. However, it is
important to note that due to the rural nature of the Upper Peninsula some of these counties have
no health care provider practice settings or limited health care provider practice settings. For
instance, there were no primary or urgent care clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, mental health
facilities, and home health agencies found in an Internet search for Keweenaw County. It is also
important to note that Keweenaw County has a population of 2,156. When considering the goal
of increasing health care practitioners in Upper Peninsula counties it will be important to take
into consideration the limited practice settings in some of the more rural areas of the Upper
Peninsula (Figure 26).
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Chapter 2
Methods of Needs Assessment
Sources of Data
During its first partial year in existence, the UP AHEC completed a thorough secondary needs
assessment. Sources included data submitted to the UP AHEC from the State AHEC Program
Office as well as data from the County Health Rankings, the Michigan Nurse Mapping Project,
the U.S. Census, and the Michigan Department of Community Health. Raw county level data
were entered into Excel and from Excel numerous figures were created to allow for visualization
of the data. The figures were then collapsed into summary data to provide an overall view. This
secondary needs assessment included all 15 Upper Peninsula counties and has been included in
this report.
It is important to note that the dataset from the County Health Rankings was updated shortly
after the secondary data analysis was completed. Therefore, results were amended during this
first year to accommodate data from the 2012-13 County Health Rankings.
The UP AHEC also began the process of primary needs assessment. All Interim Community
Advisory Board Members completed stakeholder surveys and stakeholder surveys were begun in
Luce County.
Personnel Involved
The UP AHEC has an Interim Executive Director and a Program Manager. The Program
Manager, Cindy Noble, conducted the secondary analysis and completed all stakeholder surveys.
Cindy holds an MS degree and has extensive experience in facilities and program management in
the areas of health and recreation. The Interim Executive Director, Dr. Mary Jane Tremethick
reviewed the results of the analysis. Dr. Tremethick holds a Ph.D. in Community Health
Education. She is currently the Associate Dean and Director of the School of Health and Human
Performance at Northern Michigan University.
The secondary assessment was presented to the Interim Community Advisory Board to
determine direction. The secondary assessment and all stakeholder surveys were provided to the
UP AHEC’s consultants from the Wayne State School of Social Work.
Timeline
November 2013 UP AHEC established with an Interim Director at four hours per week.
February 2014 Project Manager was hired and primary (stakeholder surveys) and
secondary assessments began. Primary assessments are ongoing. Secondary assessments
were completed in July.
May 2014 Secondary Data were presented to the UP AHEC Interim Community
Advisory Board.
July 2014 Consultants from the Wayne State University School of Social Work were
hired and were sent the secondary data and all primary data.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 21
Chapter 3
Assessment of Regional Host Agency
The UP AHEC is housed at Northern Michigan University in the School of Health and Human
Performance. The Center benefits greatly from its placement on Northern Michigan University’s
campus. This section will provide an assessment of Northern Michigan University’s assets and
how these assets relate to the success of the Center.
Leadership
For the past two years, Northern Michigan University has been led by interim President David
Haynes. July 1, 2014 Dr. Fritz Erickson became the 14th president of Northern Michigan
University (NMU, Past Presidents, n.d.). The president reports to an autonomous Board of
Trustees (NMU, Northern’s History, n.d.).
Membership
Northern Michigan University is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North
Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.
Mission
As an educational institution, Northern Michigan University’s mission is complementary to the
AHEC mission. “Northern Michigan University challenges its students and employees to think
independently and critically, develop lifelong learning habits, acquire career skills, embrace
diversity and become productive citizens in the regional and global community” (NMU, Mission
and Vision, 2014).
Economic Status
Established in 1899 as a teacher’s college, Northern Michigan University is a stable institution
with a long standing history in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (NMU, Northern’ s History,
n.d.).
Funding
Northern Michigan University’s receives funding from tuition and fees as well as state
appropriations. Northern Michigan University also has an active Development Office.
Programming
Northern Michigan offers nearly 180 degree programs from one-year certificate programs to the
Doctorate in Nursing Practice. This range of programming reflects Northern Michigan
University’s role as a state university but also its community college role. The School of Health
and Human Performance, in which the UP AHEC is housed, has undergraduate degrees in
Athletic Training, Community Health Education, Management of Health and Fitness, Outdoor
Recreation, Physical Education, Sports Science and a graduate degree in Exercise Science.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 22
Personnel
The University has a broad range of personnel and personnel from several departments are
important to the success of the UP AHEC. Personnel in the grants office are critical in working
toward cash match and financial stability. Additionally, personnel in the Seaborg Center have
valuable experience in working with children throughout the Upper Peninsula through their
many programs and camps. Alignment with the Seaborg Center will be very beneficial to the UP
AHEC. Faculty from the various health professions programs will also be a tremendous asset and
personnel from the UP AHEC have been working with faculty to discuss the role of the UP
AHEC. There are also personnel across campus that are integral (yet behind the scenes) to the
daily functioning of the MI AHEC including library personnel, human resources personnel,
marketing and communications, and the list goes on.
Location
Northern Michigan University is located in the middle of the Upper Peninsula. This gives the UP
AHEC an advantage in being as equally accessible as possible to all counties in the Upper
Peninsula. Being located anywhere in the Upper Peninsula presents a travel challenge when
working in collaboration with institutions in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
Community Involvement
Northern Michigan University is highly engaged in the community. This engagement is informal
in many ways but there are also formal channels of community engagement. For instance
Northern Michigan is home to the Superior Edge Program. The mission statement for the
Superior Edge Program sums up Northern Michigan University’s commitment to community
involvement.
Northern Michigan University’s Superior Edge is predicated upon the belief that student
learning emanates from a variety of sources throughout the college experience. Lessons
which begin in the classroom are in many cases most effectively internalized when they are
complemented by applied activities which promote development of both the intellect and
character. Co-curricular experiences found both on-campus and in the surrounding
community provide students with opportunities to:







become engaged, involved citizens
grow as competent, ethical and effective leaders
refine their communication/interpersonal skills
develop a world view/better understand and appreciate diversity
foster confidence and self-esteem
enhance the ability to relate theory to practice
value lifelong learning
Northern Michigan University highly values these activities as an important part of a
student’s education (Northern Michigan University, Superior Edge, 2014).
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 23
Chapter 4
Internal Review of Regional Host
As noted, the Upper Peninsula Regional Center is housed at Northern Michigan University, in
the School of Health and Human Performance. For the first year, the Center was minimally
staffed. Once full staffing has been established, this chapter will be revisited.
Mary Jane Tremethick, Interim Executive Director
Mary Jane is the Associate Dean and Director of the School of Health and Human Performance
at Northern Michigan University. Prior to her current position she taught Community Health
Education at Western Illinois University and Northern Michigan University. Mary Jane
immersed her students in the local community providing service to community organizations
such as senior centers and the U.P. Diabetes Outreach Network as well as internationally in
service learning settings in Honduras. She has served health professional organizations at the
local, state, regional, national, and international levels. Mary Jane has a clinical background in
nursing and worked as a staff nurse and a nurse educator.
Cindy Noble, Program Manager
Cindy has extensive experience in facilities and program management in the areas of health and
recreation. She most recently was with the City of Marquette as the Parks & Recreation
Coordinator, and before that at Bell Memorial Hospital as the Wellness Coordinator. She also
taught for four years as an adjunct instructor for Northern Michigan University in Health
Promotion and Personal Training. Cindy plays an active role in her community by volunteer
coaching for Superiorland Soccer, as well as being on the Marquette Marathon Committee. A
few highlights of Cindy’s skills include: facilities and program management, contracts, budgets,
grants, and policies and procedures. Cindy enjoys working with staff to coordinate events and
programming to build a successful workplace.
Discussions between Tremethick and Noble have explored the role of Northern Michigan
University as it relates to the Michigan AHEC Program. These discussions resulted a better
understanding of the mutual benefit between the UP AHEC and Northern Michigan University.
AHEC’s mission fits well with Northern Michigan University’s Mission. Additionally Northern
Michigan University has several professional and pre-professional programs including nursing,
pre-med, -dental, -physical therapy and occupational therapy, -chiropractic and –physician
assistant.
Additional discussions focused on the role of Northern Michigan University in regards to
community outreach and this fit with AHEC’s mission. UP AHEC has begun outreach to
Northern Michigan University Programs and faculty that can partner with the UP AHEC to
address Pipeline Programming.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 24
Chapter 5
Assessment of Primary Care Health Workforce Needs
in Medically Underserved Communities
This chapter provides visuals of the secondary data concerning the primary health care
workforce in medically underserved communities. Primary Care Health Professional Shortage
Areas (HPSAs) are based on a physician population ratio of 1:3,500, a psychiatrist population
ratio of 1:3,000, and a dentist population ratio of 1:5,000. In reviewing the maps that follow it is
important to note that the legend is referring to how many HPSAs there are in a given county.
With each of the following three maps every county in the Upper Peninsula is a HPSA shortage
area. Shortage areas within each county range from 1-2 to 6-16.
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Chapter 6
Assessment of Community Needs Through Engagement
The UP AHEC developed an Interim Community Advisory Board during its second quarter of
operation. During the first year of work this board met on four occasions. The board is made up
of the following individuals:
Dr. Dave Luoma—Dr. Luoma brings expertise from his previous work as Executive
Director of the UP AHEC.
Mr. Fred Benzie—Mr. Benzie is the Administrative Health Officer and Public Health
Director of the Marquette County Health Department
Ms. Rhonda Manninen—Ms. Manninen is the instructor for the Health Occupations
Courses at Marquette Senior High School.
Dr. Kevin Piggott—Dr. Piggott’s most recent experience is with Marquette General
Hospital-Duke Lifepoint as Assistant Chief Medical Officer.
Ms. Carole Lapointe—Ms. Lapointe is the Health Director at the Keweenaw Bay Indian
Community in Baraga County.
Ms. Chris Zenti—Ms. Zenti is a retired volunteer worker with the Marquette-Alger
Intermediate School District with the UP Children’s Coalition.
Ms. Bobbi Ferguson—Ms. Ferguson is the Director of the Department of Health and
Human Services for Marquette and Alger Counties.
As the UP AHEC moves into its second year it will work toward developing a full board that will
be representative of the 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula as well as the stakeholders in the
Upper Peninsula.
The UP AHEC will be working with the School of Social Work at Wayne State University to
conduct an Open Spaces assessment process in Luce County October 9, 2014. The questions that
will be asked of community members will be:
 “As an educator, how can you support the development of health care career
opportunities in your schools?”
 “As a parent, what can you do to encourage your child to pursue a career in a health
profession?”
 “As a community member, what types of opportunities can your community offer for
youth who are interested in pursuing a career in the health professions?”
 As a student, what are the best ways to learn about health careers?”
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 27
UP AHEC was awarded a $7,500 grant from the Superior Health Foundation in Marquette,
Michigan to provide programming in Luce County and the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula.
Assessments from the Luce County Open Spaces will be qualitatively analyzed in late fall and
then a Community Action Plan will be developed by UP AHEC that will focus on opportunities
for high school students to enter the health professions. A meeting will be held in the winter
with stakeholders from Luce County to begin program planning, as well as lay out specific
outcomes and measures for the Action Plan. This grant funding will be important in providing
programming opportunities based upon the primary and secondary data.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 28
Chapter 7
Strategic Planning
At the August board meeting, the board participated in the Technology of Participation
methodology to determine UPRC primary goals & objectives for the 2014/15 fiscal year.
The 1-yr. strategic plan summary, which included UPRC’s mission statement, values, purpose,
funding requirements and contract goals were discussed as well as focus areas going into
2014/15.
Groups were asked one question related to one of the AHEC pillars in relation to where UPRC is
and going; they reported their answers to the moderator. Questions included:



“What are some of your ideas for connecting students grades 9-12, into the
health professions (pipeline programs)?”
“What are the assets in the U.P. communities to help develop pipeline programs
for students?”
“What are the barriers we need to be aware of in trying to develop pipeline
programs for students, grades 9-12?”
Common themes from this process: 1) students need exposure to professionals, i.e. guest
speakers, camps, hands-on learning, job shadowing; 2) HOSA covers many of the goals of
AHEC, so UPRC may want to look into getting HOSA into Alger and Luce counties (the only
two counties in the U.P. who don’t have one); 3) utilizing technology (webinars,
videoconferencing, iPads) is the wave of the future – UPRC must try and build this into any
programs they do; and 4) family support is crucial to AHEC and its mission – how can we help
foster/build that?
As noted in Chapter 6, the UP AHEC in collaboration with Wayne State University School of
Social Work has planned an Open Spaces assessment process for Luce County in November of
2014.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 29
Chapter 8
Summary of Findings
The primary assessment process has been planned for Luce County. There is a great deal of
additional assessment to be completed. It is only through a thorough analysis of both the Primary
and secondary assessments that a summary of findings can be completed. This chapter will be
revisited after the UP AHEC has had the opportunity to complete these processes.
Upper Peninsula Regional Center Year One Page 30
References
County Health Rankings. (2014). Retrieved from www.countyhealthrankings.org
Map of the UP. Retrieved from http://www.migenweb.org/chippewa/upcomap.htm
Northern Michigan University History. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.nmu.edu/nmuhistory
Northern Michigan University Mission. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.nmu.edu/mission
Northern Michigan University Past NMU Presidents. (2014) Retrieved from
http://www.nmu.edu/president/pastpresidents
Northern Michigan University Superior Edge Program. (2014) Retrieved from
http://www.nmu.edu/superioredge/node/15
National Weather Service (2013). Retrieved from http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mqt/?n=stationdigest
Upper Peninsula Economic Development Alliance, (n.d ). Retrieved from http://upeda.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/UPEDA-website-overview1.docx
U.S. Census. (2014). Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26000.html