Exploring the Concept of Universal Human Rights Thesis written by: Jeff Davidson Supervised by: Dr. Maureen Hiebert April, 2012 i Table of Contents Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................... ii Introduction................................................................................................................................................. iii Exploring the Concept of Human Rights .................................................................................................. 1 Section 1.0 Rights...................................................................................................................................... 2 Section 1.1 Establishing a General Description of Rights .................................................................... 3 Section 2.0 The Concept of Law................................................................................................................ 7 Section 2.1 Positivism and Natural Law ............................................................................................... 7 Section 2.2 Valid Law and the ‘Pyramid Framework ......................................................................... 10 Section 2.3 Why Universal Human Rights Should be Conceived as Legal Rights ............................ 15 Section 3.0 Establishing a Moral Foundation for Law and Universal Human Rights ........................... 16 Section 3.1 The Dimensions of the Concept of Morality ................................................................... 16 Section 3.2 The Level of Moral Analysis ........................................................................................... 19 Section 3.3 Meta-ethics....................................................................................................................... 21 Section 3.4 Methodology for Evaluating Moral Principles ................................................................ 27 Section 3.5 Two Moral Principles to Found Universal Human Rights Upon ..................................... 29 Section 4.0 Defining Human in Universal Human Rights ..................................................................... 35 Section 4.1 The Scientific Approach .................................................................................................. 38 Section 4.2 The Substantive Approach ............................................................................................... 41 Section 5.0 The Scope of Positive Law for Universal Human Rights...................................................... 44 Section 5.1 The Concept of Universality and International Law ........................................................ 45 Section 6.0 A Positive Trajectory in International Human Rights Protection Norms and Law ............. 49 Section 6.1 The Rwandan Genocide ................................................................................................... 50 Section 6.2 Libya and the Responsibility to Protect ........................................................................... 52 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................................ 55 Works Cited............................................................................................................................................... 56 ii Acknowledgements I would sincerely like to thank my supervisor Dr. Maureen Hiebert for her invaluable insight, patience, and expertise without which this project would not have been possible. Dr. Dawn Johnston also deserves a good deal of thanks and credit for the conduction of a very helpful complimentary course to this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Lyndsay Campbell for getting me started, and having all the initial conversations about completing an honors thesis. I also need to thank my fellow GNST 590 classmates for productive discussions about the thesis process, and our diverse group of topics. Thank you to Dr. Donald Ray as well for taking the time to be my second reader. Finally, thank you to my family and friends who have been very supportive throughout the process of completing this project. iii Introduction I would like to advance an argument in favour of stronger and more cooperative international action on universal human rights protection and enforcement. It is, however, my intention to do so from a particular perspective. I plan to take an explorative approach to defining universal human rights by de-constructing the sum of its conceptual parts and engaging in discussion on how they serve to build the larger concept. In utilizing this approach, I intend to come to a better understanding of some key ideas upon which the notion of human rights is founded on and begin to rebuild the concept through that understanding. It is hoped that this process will yield a few helpful principles and fundamental ideas, which can be utilized in to provide a better conceptual framework for the enforcement of universal human rights. A key component to my argument will consist of a distillation of two very concise, and far-reaching moral principles upon which a foundation of law and rights can be built upon. I will also posit a distinct way to understand the scope and application of human rights. The area of scholarship that I plan to frame my argument within touches upon longstanding scholarly debates in the areas of moral and legal philosophy, as well as some sociological and political theory. While it will be impossible to address all of the issues arising from the scholarship in these disciplines, I will do my best to focus on the ideas that I feel are most relevant to my argument. Once I have reviewed some of the scholarship central to the areas I have outlined, and discussed my proposed framework to understand universal human rights, I will move to a discussion on how this framework might corroborate with reality. I hope to show how that the trajectory of normative behavior on the part of states may be headed in more positive direction than one might think. I will suggest that there may be some evidence that a more unified moral dynamic is at play regarding recent developments in international law, such iv as the weakened norm of state-sovereignty with respect to humanitarian intervention, and the recent invocation of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. To demonstrate these points I will analyze some of the debate about intervention and non-intervention with respect to both the Rwandan genocide, and the Libyan civil war.
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