Target EXAM 3 (The Final Exam) Study Guide for PSY 204 – Social Psychology
***PLEASE READ CAREFULLY***
This is the target study guide for EXAM 3, which will cover Chapters 10-13 of the required textbook. Learners are strongly
advised to read and study each chapter thoroughly prior to completing this study guide. Moreover, learners are advised to
complete this study guide early and not wait until the last minute to do so.
The exam will be administered on Online Campus, so be prepared for this. Additionally, this exam will be timed—learners will
have exactly 65 minutes to complete this exam. This exam will be worth 150 points. There will be 75 multiple choice items on
this test, each item worth 2 points.
This study guide will cover each test item in very specific detail, providing learners with enough information, in theory, to all test
items correctly on the actual test.
Note that the items on this study guide have been randomly scrambled in an effort to add challenge to your
study of chapter material. Additionally, be advised that on the actual test, items will not be in the same
sequence as presented here on this study guide; all test items will be randomly scrambled as well.
DISCLAIMER: This study guide DOES NOT guarantee a passing grade on the exam, nor shall the learner interpret this
study guide as a guarantee of a passing grade on the exam.
If learners have any questions concerning the information presented within this study guide, they can contact me via my
personal cell phone, e-mail, or face-to-face office hours. I will attempt to guide the learner toward complete understanding.
However, I will not provide learners with direct answers and my assistance will be very limited.
1. Gabriella is driving during rush hour through a neighborhood where most of the people are African-American. Her
children in the backseat are arguing and she's trying to remember a list of items she needs to retrieve from the grocery.
Even though she is ___ in prejudice, she finds herself locking her car doors because she has ___ cognitive resources
with which to examine and change her behavior.
2. Survey research by Richard Nisbett (1993) has revealed that although Southerners are no more likely than Northerners
to endorse aggression in general,...?
3. Social-psychological research has revealed that viewers of a great deal of television come to view the world as a
dangerous and hostile place. If Terry is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent cops and
robbers show?
4. Tara's boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold
open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara
is experiencing ________ sexism from her boss.
5. According to the justification-suppression model presented in your text, once a person is able to find valid justification
for disliking a group, they are more likely to...?
6. Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they...?
7. James has just received notice that he's been admitted to the law school of his choice. As he walks along, he's in a
good mood. He sees a worker fall off a ladder, and rushes over to assist. Why did James help in this case?
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8. Alan Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women
placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender
difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when _____ are being measured than when
_____ are being measured.
9. _____ characterizes a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to
accomplish a goal important to each group.
10. In 1942, over 60 percent of white Americans endorsed segregated schools; in 1988, only 3 percent endorsed
segregated schools. These attitudes illustrate that...?
11. Crandall and his colleagues (2001) have shown that when most people are confronted with evidence of an inequitable
outcome that is difficult to explain, they will...?
12. Dane Archer and Rosemary Gartner (1976, 1984) found in a cross-cultural study of war and domestic violence that
being at war is correlated with increased domestic homicide rates. They speculate that the relationship holds not only
because war exposes citizens to aggressive behavior, but also because war...?
13. Recall that Kubitscheck and Halliman (1998) studied the influence of tracking (grouping students by academic ability)
on friendship formation. They discovered that tracking fostered ___________, which in turn increased the
______________ of students "tracked" together.
14. According to the authors of your text, the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau stand in contrast to the ideas of...?
15. Using the stage model of the decisions bystanders make before helping (or not helping) in an emergency, which of the
following is not one of the stages in the model?
16. Which of the following is probably the best explanation of why the murder rate in Canada is so much lower than the
murder rate in the United States?
17. In the jigsaw puzzle classroom technique...?
18. A country called Asukistan has just entered a war with a neighboring nation. Based on research (Archer & Gartner,
1976, 1984) on the effects of war on aggression, how will the citizens of Asukistan be affected?
19. Stereotyping is a way of________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes __________.
20. In which of the following cases would stereotype threat not be likely to occur? (You need to understand stereotype
threat and the conditions in which it would occur.)
21. Based on information presented by the authors of your text, complete the analogy about gender differences in helping
behaviors: men: ________:: women: ________.
22. A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs
someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in
prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?
23. Mary Harris and her colleagues (Harris, Benson, & Hall, 1975) found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to
charity before they attended confession than after, presumably because the act of confession...?
24. Based on social learning theory, what is one reason why parents who were abused as children are more likely to
abuse their own children in turn?
25. One of the hazards of institutional racism and institutional sexism as sources of negative stereotypes and prejudice is
that they are...?
26. According to the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place for a longer time tend to feel...?
27. Shawna (who is Mexican-American) has recently been bussed into a school with predominantly white, middle-class
students. Based on information from your text, why is she likely to have difficulty?
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28. Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she'll need help and
someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of...?
29. Pluralistic ignorance results when ______ backfires.
30. "Put yourself in my position," Janice whines. "Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke
_____ when trying to persuade you to help her.
31. Informational attempts to "re-educate" prejudiced people have proved ineffective in large part because...?
32. When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior,
we have actually created a(n)...?
33. Men and women both view physical attractiveness as the most desirable characteristic in potential...?
34. You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause. If you
wanted to use the "feel bad; do good" idea to persuade her to help, you would...?
35. Amelia is trying hard to explain to Ricardo why women should not be restricted to the home. Even though Ricardo has
no firm basis for his beliefs, Amelia's logical arguments fail to persuade him in this case because...?
36. Bonobos are a close primate relative to humans, sharing 98 percent of human DNA. Bonobos are particularly
interesting to use when studying aggression because...?
37. According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women
who are attractive?
38. Amberly's house has burned down, and local news channels announce that Amberly will need household items to
replace those lost in the fire. Which of the following is most likely?
39. Roger Barker, Tamara Dembo, and Kurt Lewin (1941) frustrated some children in a study by making them view
attractive toys that were kept out of their reach. When they did allow the children to play with the toys, they found that
these frustrated children were more likely to...?
40. A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. _____ is more likely to stop to help her out
because _____.
41. Recall that recent research finds that people rating the physical attractiveness of faces most prefer faces that resemble
their own. This finding suggests that _________ is critically important in physical attraction.
42. Physical beauty confers only limited advantages. For example, Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) have found that
people are most likely to associate physical attractiveness with...?
43. There is a(n) _________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood
that he or she will help in the community.
44. Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when...?
45. You woke up late and are far behind at work. When you reach the end of your rope, you treat your secretary with
hostility and disrespect. This mistreatment causes you to experience dissonance, which you are most likely to reduce
by...?
46. Prejudice refers to both the general attitude structure and the _____ component of an attitude toward a group of
people.
47. There is evidence that neonatal nurses who work with premature babies treat the babies differently depending on...?
48. Recall that Paul Amato (1983) staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to
reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the
number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that...?
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49. In their relationship, Mark is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is
concerned with being responsive to Mark's needs. Mark views the relationship as a(n) __________ relationship and
Jenn views it as a(n) ________ relationship.
50. When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an "average" face as being most physically attractive, they mean
that...?
51. Recall that Wheeler and Kim (1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of
people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions.
They found that _____ students were likely to associate attractiveness with ______.
52. Many years ago, advertisers aired a TV commercial for decaffeinated coffee. A daughter complains to her mother,
"Sure, you're tense and irritable, but don't take it out on me!" This commercial captures the essence of the _____
theory of prejudice.
53. If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to
get you the help you need? (You need to understand the bystander effect and the conditions that increase and
decrease helping behavior.)
54. Consider how realistic conflict theory has played a role in how Chinese immigrants were seen in the U.S. When they
were competing with Caucasians during the Gold Rush, they were seen ____________, but when they were helping
construct the transcontinental railroad, they were seen __________.
55. In a study by Stone and his colleagues (1999), when Caucasian and African-American participants played a game of
miniature golf, the Caucasian participants outperformed African Americans when the game was framed as _________,
but African-American participants outperformed Caucasian participants when the game was framed as ___________.
56. The concept of "degrees of separation" is best understood as the idea that you are one degree of separation away
from everyone you know and...?
57. In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about _____ and _____.
58. Given empirical support for the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), all things being equal, you would be more
likely to get needed assistance were you to have a heart attack...? (You need to understand the bystander effect and
the conditions that increase and decrease helping behavior.)
59. The reproductive success of ______ is measured by the quantity of their offspring, whereas the reproductive success
of _______ is measured by raising their offspring to maturity.
60. When it comes to helping behavior...?
61. Recall that Curtis and Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair
was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants provided this information actually behaved in more likable
ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. These findings demonstrate that _____ may explain the
power of reciprocal liking.
62. As the authors of your text explain, love is experienced differently in different cultures. For instance the Japanese term,
amae, has no English equivalent, but can best be described as...?
63. Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1951) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp.
Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and
other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in
reducing conflict and hostility when...?
64. Which of the following ideas is not consistent with social exchange theory (including Rusbult's expansion of the
theory)? (You need to understand everything about social exchange theory to answer this question.)
65. Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts
me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy.
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66. According to research by Dan Batson and his colleagues (e.g., Toi & Batson, 1982), when empathy is _____, people
_______________________.
67. Thomas Pettigrew and R. W. Meertens (1995) completed a transnational study of prejudice in three European
countries (France, the Netherlands, and Great Britain). Respondents who _____ were most likely to advocate the
expulsion of recent immigrants and to restrict their civil rights.
68. The concept of _____ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned,
other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.
69. According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men are programmed to be aggressive. What is their
explanation for this claim?
70. Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing. According to
frustration-aggression theory, what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to
aggressive behavior? (You need to understand the frustration-aggression theory.)
71. According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming
another person, they are more likely to engage in later acts of aggression because...?
72. There is mounting evidence suggesting that people who are more physically attractive are perceived and treated
differently than those who are less attractive. One striking example of this was found in the context of...?
73. Advocates of which of the following approaches believe that men and women have different agendas in their
relationships with each other?
74. Your text describes differences in the way that the American people regarded "the enemy" during World War II as
opposed to during the Iraq War of 2003. According to the authors, Americans were hostile to the Japanese people but
not to the Iraqi people because...?
75. Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences
prejudice?
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