ARCHITECTURE
SATISFIES BASIC HUMAN NEED
FOR A ROOF OVER ONE’S HEAD
“I HAVE A ROOF OVER MY
HEAD”
MORE THAN ANY OTHER
ART ARCHITECTURE
DEMANDS STRUCTUAL
STABILITY
STRUCTUAL SYSTEM
• 2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• SHELL SYSTEM
• SKELETON-AND-SKIN
SYSTEM
SHELL SYSTEM
• BUILDING MATERIAL PROVIDES
BOTH STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND
SHEATHING.
• EX. BRICKS, STONE ADOBE, AND LOG
CABIN
• WALLS AND ROOF SAME MATERIAL
• SHELL WAS UNTIL 19TH CENTURY
SKELETON-AND SKIN
SYSTEM
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SKELETON---STEEL FRAMES
SKIN OR SHEATHING---GLASS
2 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
WEIGHT-WALLS SUPPORT WEIGHT OF
ROOF
• TENSILE ABILITYOF MATERIAL TO
SPAN HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
LOAD BEARING
CONSTRUCTION
• STACKING AND PILING
• SIMPLEST METHOD
• HEAVIER AT THE BOTTOM
LIGHTER AT THE TOP
GREAT FRIDAY MOSQUE
REBUIT 1907
STYLE 13TH CENTURY
SIMPLE TECHNIQUES AND MATERIAL SMALL SIZE
WINDOWS TAPERING WALLS
POST-AND-LINTEL
• TENSILE: THE ABILITY TO
WITHSTAND TWISTING AND
STRETCHING
• STONE:HAS THE GREAT
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH –THE
ABILITY TO WITH STAND CRUSHING
• USED OVER 4,000 YRS
PARTHENON, ATHENS
447-432 B.C.
1687 –AMMUNITION DUMPINGNITED AND BLEW UP
3 GREEK ORDERS
• DORIC --7TH CENTURY BC–no basecapital plain stone slab
• IONIC—6TH CENTURY B.C.---carved
capital—2 graceful spirals (volutes)
• CORINTHIAN---4TH CENTURY B.C.—
more detailed base—capital—bouquet of
leaves
Temple of Atena Nike
427-424 B.C.
Ionic Temple—Frieze—ornamented—low
relief
ROUND ARCH
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•
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•
USED FIRST BY MESOPOTAMIA
FULLY DEVELOPED BY THE ROMANS
CAN DEFINE LARGE OPEN SPACES
STRESSES ARE TRANSFERRED
OUTWARD FROM THE CENTER
(KEYSTONE) TO LEGS
• DOESN’T DEPEND ON THE TENSILE
STRENGTH OF ITS MATERIALS
ARCHES HAVE MANY
VIRTURES
• OPEN UP LARGE
SPACES-WITHOUT
RISKING STRUCTURE
SOUNDESS
• ADMIT LIGHT—
REDUCE WEIGHT OF
WALLS
• ATTRACTIVE
• DECREASE
MATERIALS NEEDED
Pont du Gard Nimes
France—1st century AD
most elegant and enduring of Roman
structures based on the arch
Water works project
BARREL VAULT
• ARCHES PLACED BACK TO
BACK TO ENCLOSE SPACE
• MADE IT POSSIBLE TO
CREATE LARGE INTERIOR
SPACES
• USED FOR CHURCHES IN
THE MIDDLE AGES—
STYLE CALLED
ROMANESQUE—THEY
WANTED TO ADD HEIGHT
TO THEIR CHURCHES
INTERIOR-Sainte-Foy—France
1050-1120
Nave—the long central area
GROIN VAULTS
• 2 BARREL VAULTS
CROSSED AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO EACH
OTHER
• DIRECTING STRESSES
AND WEIGHTS DOWN
ON THE 4 CORNERS
• COULD COVER
ALONG SPAN SAFELY
AND ECONOMICALLY
POINTED ARCH
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•
•
•
Gothic period
Many advantages
Arch can be taller
Didn’t need heavy masses of material
throughout the curve of the vault
• Windows could be put in
• More light
Nave, Reims Cathedral—France
1211-1290—Height 125 feet
Flying Buttresses
• The designers of Gothic
Cathedrals sought to
achieve a sense of
lightness.
• Because stone was their
basic building material,
they recognized the need
for a system that would
overcome the bulk of a
stone buttress
• Flying Buttressesreinforced walls from the
outside with supports
Exterior Cathedral of LeMas,
France---1217-54
DOME
• HALF GLOBE—ARCH
ROTATED 360
DEGREES ON IT’S
AXIS
• MUST BE SUPPORTED
ON ALL SIDES OR THE
STONES COULD POP
OUTWARD IN ALL
DIRECTIONS
• PERFECTED BY THE
ROMANS
INTERIOR OF THE PATHEON
GIOVANNI PANINI-1740
OIL ON CANVAS
PANTHEON
• DOME SITS ON
CIRCULAR DRUM
• CEILING IS
ORNAMENTED WITH
RECESSED
RECTANGLES
• IS A ROTUNDAROUND BUILDING
• OCULUS OR EYE 29
FEET IN DIAMETER
• OPENING PROVIDES
THE SOLE LIGHTING
DOME WITH PENDENTIVES
• PENDENTIVES ARE
USED BETWEEN
ARCHES AND
DOME THEY ARE
CURVED
TRIANGULAR
SECTIONS
• Function: to make a
smooth transition
between rectangle and
dome
HAGIA SOPHIS (The church of Holy
Wisdom) Istanbul—6th Century—
Constantinople—Turks in 15th Century
converted to a Mosque
CAST-IRON
CONSTRUCTION
• 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTS REALIZE
GREAT STRENGTH FOR STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT
• FRAME IS IRON AND THEN IT IS
SHEATHED WITH GLASS, ETC.
• SOLID FRAME WORK FOR A VERY
LARGE STRUCTURES
Eiffel Tower
Paris, France 1889
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
• Center piece for the
World’s Fair
Cost one million
dollars
Showed that metal
can make a beautiful
structure all by itself
BALLOON FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
• DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
• HOUSES
• UNTIL 19TH CENTURY ALL HOUSES WERE
SHELL CONSTRUCTION
• BRICKS, STONE, REEDS, BAMBOO ETC.
(LOAD-BERING CONSTRUCTION
• 1833 BALLON FRAME CONSTRUCTION WAS
INTRODUCED IN CHICAGO
BALLON FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
• DEVELOPED FORM
2 INNOVATIONS
• IMPROVED
METHODS FOR
MILLING LUMBER
• MASS-PRODUCED
NAILS
STEEL FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
• SKYSCRAPERS REQUIRED
2 LATE 19TH CENTURY
INNOVATIONS
• ELEVATOR
• STEEL-FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
• STEEL “CAGE” CAPABLE
OF SUSTAINING THE
ENTIRE WEIGHT OF
BUILDING
WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
St. Louis
• First modern steel
framework building
Sheathed in masonry
ornamented projecting
roof
GEODESIC DOMES
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•
ONLY STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
THAT CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO
A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL IS THE
GEODESIC DOME
R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER
BUBBLE FORMED BY METAL
RODS ARRANGED IN
TRIANGLES AND FURTHER
ORGANIZED INTO
TETRAHEDRONS
(GEOMETRIC FIGURE HAVING
FOUR FACES)
CAN BE SHEATHED IN ANY OF
SEVERAL LIGHTWEIGHT
MATERIALS—WOOD, GLASS
OR PLASTIC
ADVANTAGES OF GEODESIC
DOMES
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AMAZINGLY STRONG
REQUIRES NO INTERIOR SUPPORT
ALL THE SPACE CAN BE USED
BUILT ANY SIZE (UP TO 2 MI.)
QUICK ASSEMBLY
ENDLESS OPTIONS FOR CLIMATE
AND LIGHT
R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER
U.S. PAVILION
MONTREAL WORLD’S
FAIR
• 250 feet in diameter
(football field)—
sheathed in translucent
material---never used
for public or domestic
buildings
But proved well suited
for government and
scientific operations in
arctic climates