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Ch. 9.3 Objectives
Chapter 9
The Progressive Era
9.3: T.R.’s Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt(TR)
• 1900, NY governor urged to be VP to McKinely.
– Political bosses wanted TR out of NY.
• Famous leader of “Rough Riders” at San Juan Hill
in Cuba.
• McKinely killed, TR youngest Pres. at 42.
• TR created the “Modern” presidency
– Bully Pulpit - Used personality, popularity &
publicity campaigns to advance his agenda &
shape legislation.
– Feds should help when states incapable &
powerful Fed.
1. Describe the events of Theodore
Roosevelt’s presidency.
2. Explain how Roosevelt used the power
of the presidency to regulate
business.
3. Identify laws passed to protect public
health and the environment.
4. Summarize Roosevelt’s stand on civil
rights.
• Square Deal
– Various progressive reforms by President.
• Trustbusting
– Trusts (monopolies) used unfair business practices to
control 4/5 of the industries in US
– TR sought to strengthen the Sherman AntiAnti-trust Act &
used it to control businesses.
– Not all Trusts bad, only those hurting the public interest.
• 1902 Coal Strike
– Set expectation Feds mediate, in an orderly way, strikes
when it harms public interest. (Progressive)
• Railroad Regulation
– TR wanted Federal regulation
– Elkins Act – rebates illegal ($ given for using
certain railroads)
– Hepburn Act – limited free railroad passes(bribe)
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Health and the Environment
• 1906, Meat Inspection Act
– TR reaction to the Jungle, set up a commission to investigate.
– Act set cleanliness standards & fed. meat inspections.
– Gov’t left to pay for inspections & no labels on cans.
• Pure Food and Drug Act
– Stopped sale of contaminated foods & medicines
– Truth in labeling
• Conservation
– Americans over used natural resources.
– TR rejected view of endless supply of natural resources.
– Set aside land for forest reserves, waterwater-power sites, mineral &
water exploration, wildlife sanctuaries & 7 national parks.
– Newlands Act (Nat’l Reclamation Act, 1902) gov’t would
manage water resources in West.
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
• TR failed to support civil rights for African
African--Americans.
• Supported individual African
African--Americans
– Appointed African
African--Americans as head of customhouse &
postmistress.
– Invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at White House.
• NAACP, 1909
– Created by African
African--Americans and white reformers in NY
– Goal of full equality among the races.
9.4: Progressivism Under Taft
Ch. 9.4 Objectives
• Summarize the events of the Taft
presidency.
• Explain the division in the Republican
Party.
• Describe the election of 1912.
• Gifford Pinochot
– Head of US Forest Service, favored multimulti-use land programs.
(some public, some private)
• Pres. William Taft, 1908
– Cautious on progressive reforms, didn’t expand reforms of
Roosevelt.
– Busted 90 trusts but still unpopular
– Payne
Payne--Aldrich Tariff
• Campaigned on lowering tariffs but signed PP-A Tariff
• Tariff was a compromise didn’t lower tariffs enough.
• Seen as abandoning progressivism.
– Richard Ballinger
• New Secretary of Interior removed 1 mil. acres from reserved to public.
• Unpopular w/ conservationists/progressivists
• Taft supported Ballinger and fired popular Pinchot.
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Republican Party Splits
• Republican conservatives fighting w/
progressive republicans.
– Fight over Joseph Cannon, conservation, PaynePayneAldrich Tariff, & Taft.
– Led to Democrats winning Presidency & House of
Reps.
• Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)
– Roosevelt ran for 3rd term under purely
progressive ideas. (recall, initiatives, 8hr work days,
women suffrage, child labor law, regulation of
business)
Ch. 9.5 Objectives
• Describe Woodrow Wilson’s background
and the progressive reforms of his
presidency.
• List the steps leading to woman’s
suffrage.
• Explain the limits of Wilson’s
progressivism.
• Split allows Democrat Woodrow Wilson
to win Pres., reform the real winner.
9.5: Wilson’s New Freedom
• 1st Ph.D. president, Gov. of New Jersey & progressive.
• Attack Triple Wall of Privilege: trusts, tariffs, & high
finance
• 2 Anti-trust Measures
– Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914
• Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
• prevent trusts purchasing stock of other companies if it will create
monopolies
• corporate officers held personally responsible for violations.
• Labor unions & farm organizations legalized
– Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
• Created Federal Trade Commission
• Stop unfair trading & business practices and violations of regulatory acts.
A New Tax System
• Underwood Act of 1913 – 1st major accomplishment
– reduced tariffs by half of what they were in the 1890s.
(lowered prices on goods coming into the U.S.)
• Federal Income Tax
– 16th Amendment legalized graduated income tax
• Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – 2nd major accomp.
– Creates a decentralized, federally controlled private
banking system.
– In an emergency can issue new paper money for new
loans.
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Women Win Suffrage
•
Suffrage w/in reach:
–
–
–
•
Local Suffrage Battles
–
–
•
Increased local activism
New strategies to build enthusiasm for suffrage
Carrie Chapman Catt renews national movement
College-educated women
Door-to-door campaigns to reach supporters.
19th Amendment
• More radical women’s groups pressured gov’t
• American women involvement in WWI wanted a
reward for support for war.
• 1920, 19th Amendment passed
Catt & The National Movement – 5 Tactics by Catt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organization
Close ties between local, state & national workers
Establish a wide base of support
Cautious lobbying
Gracious, ladylike behavior
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