ACADEMIC ETHICS &
PLAGIARISM
Mikael Ejdebäck, Associate professor in Molecular biology
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A CADEMIC IDEAL
– Openness
– Critical evaluation
– Clear distinction between one’s own ideas and the
ideas of others
– Plagiarism is cheating
– Refero – an anti-plagiarism tutorial
•
http://bi.lnu.se/Refero_eng/1intro.php
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W HAT IS PLAGIARISM ?
– Submission of somebody else´s work as your own
– Copying text, images, diagrams and tables from a
source without referencing
– Taking ideas from or rewriting a source without
referencing
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paraphrasing
– Three main rules of thumb:
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The reader should always be clear about the source of the text.
If you do not use your own words, you should use quotation marks and list the
source and page number.
If you paraphrase someone else’s text, then make sure the reader knows it. Bild 3
W HY USE REFERENCES ?
– Need to be able to assess the original contribution
of the author(s)!
– Who has done the work?
– The reader needs to know who gets the credit for
ideas and text.
– The reader should always be able to look up
references:
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The reader would like to check your sources.
The reader would like to gain more knowledge by consulting the original
source.
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W HEN TO REFER
• Everytime you mention something that someone
else has said or written.
• Always better to make too many references than
not enough.
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W HEN NOT TO REFER
• Common knowledge, such as
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Generally accepted dates
Dates of birth and death of well-known people
Facts you can find in many different standard works
General observations that anyone can make
Common traditions and folklore
You must however be certain that the knowledge is so well known in
the subject field that your readers or your audience are familiar with it.
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H OW TO REFER
• So the reader can look up the reference.
• By using a standard system of reference
– Harvard style: refer to name and year
– Full bibliography in alphabetical order at the end of the report
– Vancouver style: number in () or [] or superscipt or combination
(1), [1], (1) or [1]
– References should also be numbered in numerical order in the text
– Full bibliography in numerical order at the end of the report
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H ARVARD STYLE
Text
Mer is a cell membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase receptor that, together with
Axl and Tyro3, constitutes the TAM receptor family (Lemke and Rothlin, 2008). The
growth arrest specific protein 6 (Gas6) and anticoagulant protein S are important
biological ligands for theTAM receptors (Godowskia et al., 1995; Lai et al., 1994;
Stitt et al., 1996).
Bibliography in alphabetical order
Godowskia....
Lai...
Lemke G, and Rothlin CV (2008) Immunology of the TAM receptors. Nat Rev
Immunol 8:327-336.
Stitt...
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VANCOUVER STYLE
Text
Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found in many plants, and its antioxidant
activity is more accessible than many other flavonoids (1). Phenolic compounds are
ubiquitous in plants, and they are also present in beverages such as wine, tea, and
coffee (2). Previous studies have reported that chlorogenic acid regulates cytokine
and chemokine release (3).
Bibliography in numerical order
1. Niggeweg R, Michael AJ, Martin C. (2004) Engineering plants with increased
levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid. Nat. Biotechnol. 22: 746-54.
2. Stoclet JC, et al. (2004) Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols. Eur. J.
Pharmacol. 500: 299-313.
3. Olmos A, et al. (2007) Effects of plant alkylphenols on cytokine production,
tyrosine nitration and inflammatory damage in the efferent phase of contact
hypersensitivity. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152: 366-73.
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AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
1. Read
2. Condense
3. Re-write using your own words
4. Cite
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R E - WRITING
SOME EXAMPLES
• Ejdebäck (2013) writes that plagiarism is an unethical way of
presenting someone else's works without citing.
• Plagiarism is an unethical way of presenting someone else's
works without citing (Ejdebäck 2013).
• Presenting someone else's works without citing is unethical and
plagiarism (Ejdebäck 2013).
• It is unethical and plagiarism to present someone else's works
without citing (Ejdebäck 2013).
• Ejdebäck (2013) writes “plagiarism is an unethical way of
presenting someone else's works without citing”.
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U SING QUOTES TO REPRESENT
EXACT LANGUAGE
Martin Luther King Jr. believed that the end of slavery was important and
of great hope to millions of slaves done horribly wrong.
Martin Luther King Jr. said of the Emancipation Proclamation, "This
momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of
slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.“
Quoting is not commonly used in some disciplines but very
common in others.
Don’t forget to cite the source!
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W HEN IN DOUBT
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Use a reference
Look at instructions at course site in Scio
Talk to your teacher
Use the Study Support Center in the library
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H OW CAN PLAGIARISM BE
DETECTED ?
– Experience
– Google
– Electronic services: Urkund
Risks:
– Warning
– Disciplinary board
– Expelled for up to 6 months and reported to home
university
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S OME FINAL WORDS
Questions?
Welcome and good luck with your studies!
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