Unstructured volume-agglomeration MG : solution of the

Unstructured volume-agglomeration MG : solution of
the Poisson equation
Bruno Koobus, Marie-Hélène Lallemand, Alain Dervieux
To cite this version:
Bruno Koobus, Marie-Hélène Lallemand, Alain Dervieux. Unstructured volume-agglomeration
MG : solution of the Poisson equation. [Research Report] RR-1946, INRIA. 1993. <inria00074727>
HAL Id: inria-00074727
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074727
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Unstructured
Volume-Agglomeration
MG : Solution of
the Poisson Equation
Bruno KOOBUS , Marie-Helene LALLEMAND and Alain DERVIEUX
N˚ 1946
Juin 1993
PROGRAMME 6
Calcul scientifique,
modélisation
et logiciels numériques
ISSN 0249-6399
apport
de recherche
1993
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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technôpole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,
615 rue de Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LÈS NANCY
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 46 avenue Félix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1
Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Éditeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399