Unstructured volume-agglomeration MG : solution of
the Poisson equation
Bruno Koobus, Marie-Hélène Lallemand, Alain Dervieux
To cite this version:
Bruno Koobus, Marie-Hélène Lallemand, Alain Dervieux. Unstructured volume-agglomeration
MG : solution of the Poisson equation. [Research Report] RR-1946, INRIA. 1993. <inria00074727>
HAL Id: inria-00074727
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074727
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Unstructured
Volume-Agglomeration
MG : Solution of
the Poisson Equation
Bruno KOOBUS , Marie-Helene LALLEMAND and Alain DERVIEUX
N˚ 1946
Juin 1993
PROGRAMME 6
Calcul scientifique,
modélisation
et logiciels numériques
ISSN 0249-6399
apport
de recherche
1993
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