LF.IDSE
GEOLOGISCHE
deel
MEDEDELINGEN,
32,1965,
pp.
193-201,
separate
published
15-9-1965
A
del
late-glacial
Visitador
and holocene
(Dept.
pollen
Boyaca,
diagram Colombia)
from Cienaga
BY
T.
van
der
&
Hammen
E.
Gonzalez
Summary
In
C
a
14 dated
from
pollen diagram
and
Ic
form
Bølling interstadials)
is
reflected. An
not
Susacá-interstadial. It
than
other
the
earlier
lasted from about
and
due
neae-percentages, apparently
must
have been
drier than the
on
caused
Late-glacial,
tree-line.
the
with
comparable
The
earlier
proved by
is
to
of the
part
13900
and is
13100 B.P.,
to
in
72°47’
pollen
shows
colder
was
high
zone
called
from
diagrams
very
W)
the Allerød
the short cold
as
recognized
diagram
considerable
(ca 6°8’N;
(including
diagram,
reflected
probably
a
II
+
Grami-
of the ”tree-line”. This
lowering
fact that the Holocene local climate has been much
even
the effect of the increase of
dominating
zonation
pollen
that from
of the
temporaneity
the
by
Ic
+
interstadial is
Late-glacial
of the world. The Holocene
parts
Ib
zones
fluctuation in the
one
probably
Bølling-interstadial,
del Visitador”
”Cienaga
in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera the
is
nevertheless rather
the Sierra Nevada
Colombian and
del
European
partly-dated diagrams,
pollen
to
seems
and other
Cocuy
be
directly
The
areas.
con-
strongly suggested
zones,
confirmed
fully
temperature
and
clear,
by
or
the present
one.
INTRODUCTION
In
in
of
August
with the
the
Paramo
valleys
(Alto
de
los
lower and
locally
in
parts,
It is situated
Bobos).
warmer
with
of
The
high
are
due
tation-types
de
Polylepietum
to
on
composition
and
from this
of these
devoid of
on
very
vegetation,
the
higher
also led
are
to
in
an
to
about 4000
which fall
(see
fig.
a
now
van
vegetation
valleys.
der
of
on
3).
"dwarf-forest"
principally
decrease
prevails
a
in
have
the
Further details
a
drier flat
slopes
on
been
been
"dwarf-forest".
the inner
Hammen &
Only
found,
certainly
to
up
and also the
2 and
There has
Paramo
meters
down towards
slopes
respectively.
seems
glacial
Quercetum, growing
The inner
forest
of
Department
old and wide
of the Cordillera where
up
a
analysis,
mountain mire
is
and its flat
given
pollen
marshy sites,
of the low open
plateau
(fig. 4).
but this
bog-vegetation
region
cloud-forests,
for
large
(Susaca,
mountains,
meters
Escalonietum,
which has
grazing,
Espeletion
275—278.
or
the
Guantiva
a
plateau-like part
covered with
and
collected
by higher mountains,
slopes
are
was
altitude of 3300 m in
3400—3600
as
valleys,
surrounding mountains,
p.
outer
valleys,
as
its flat
of floristic
grass-land,
Paramo
at an
m
del Visitador",
"Cienaga
found is surrounded
human influence
change
than 4
more
Desaguadero,
3).
wind-protected valleys
consisting
some
are
forest-limit,
"plateau"
of
in the
in the Eastern Cordillera. The
valley-system
these
the
section
a
del
1 and
Boyaca, fig.
to
1958
Dachnovsky sonde,
the
Gonzaiez
Open
of the
vege-
(1960a)
194
Fig.
T.
1.
Map
of
van
der Hammen & E.
Gonzalez
Colombia, showing approximate position
of
Cienaga
del
Visitador.
A
Fig.
late and
2. Generalized
Holocene
profile through
showing
Fig.
3.
Cienaga
del
standing.
Visitador.
Altitude
ca
pollen
the
area
the
The
3300
diagram from
Cienaga del
was
Slopes
made
almost
on
del
Visitador
Visitador and
principal vegetation
boring
m.
of
Cienaga
Laguna
195
de los
Bobos,
belts.
the
place
completely
where
devoid
the
two
of forest.
men
are
196
T.
4.
Fig.
the
Western outer
slopes,
slopes
to elevations
up
der Hammen & E. Gonzalez
van
of mountains
of 3500
and
m
Alto
on
de
lake
"Laguna
lake
is situated
3800
m
VIII
tween
%
"tree-line").
Podocarpus
%
3550
outer
5000
history
Cienaga
and
present
earlier
of lake
der
(van
of the Alto de los
the
deposits
Hammen,
Bobos,
Colombian
from
1962).
at an
pollen
Subatlantic
spectra about 40—50
see
Quercus
to
der
van
of
m
the
This
altitude of
zones
VII
and
The per-
zones).
the
%
forest-elements and
300
approximately
total forest
Hammen &
samples, corresponding
of the mountains the
rather
of
reflected
clearly
influence of
tree-limit;
tree-line
is
was
as
in the
Late-glacial
case
history,
of
clearly
a
and
to
m
above
elements less Alnus
Gonzalez,
1960a,
p.
302)
local "tree-line" of ap-
a
the
the
man).
vegetation
pollen
We will
and climate of the
diagram
see
(fluctuations
that the
Upper
reflected in the upper part of the
due
to
the
fact
lower altitude than the
it could
Laguna
on
of
history
in
apparently
at
produced locally,
diagram.
cover
BOBOS”
actual conditions
of climate is much less
altitudes,
The
Oak-forests
elevation of 3900
total of forest-elements and Gramineae fluctuates be-
a
(uppermost
del Visitador. This
was
an
Bobos.
Subboreal and
The relation of
slope
Holocene the local
pollen
los
Visitador.
taken from
m.
is
years
Quercus-ratio
lower
to
( ”Quercus-ratio ”;
On the
tree
%
was
14 dated section
slopes
European
in the uppermost
proximately
cene
50
C
published
outer
Gramineae, reflecting
is about 50
of
the
to
a
LOS
diagram represents
of forest-elements
local
last
The
of
were
the humid
2).
about 25 and
50—60
and
on
(see fig.
Bobos",
(corresponding
centage
the
pollen analysis
de los
DE
del
Cienaga
The foto
Laguna de
”LAGUNA
The results of the
West of
more.
not
reach
the
that
during
plateau,
area
by
so
of
Holo-
diagram
the entire
almost
no
air-lift from
de los Bobos.
other
hand,
is
very
clearly
reflected
in
the
A
and
Late-glacial
Holocene
HISTORY
The
OF
is
principal diagram (fig. 6)
from
Colombia
rather curious
der
(van
diagram from
VEGETATION
in the
composed
Hammen &
of the
picture
pollen
in
50
and
%
to
tions,
have
the
a
los
tree-line of' about 3550
therefore
reflected,
the
from organogene
humidity
going
was
rise
to
(fov. )
Gramineae-percentages
that
the
plateau
from
and
1960b),
make it
but
again,
Pure
been
almost
Nevada del
del
GRN 2477
del
The
per
two
to
two
1000
Col 32
us
—
show
them
use
place
fig.
and
on
where the
enclosing
—
are
show
we
the
age.
(hatched)
added,
European
were
the
of
cm
the
The
of
der
to
to
Compositae,
the
decrease.
diagram
with
so
pollen
the
Hammen
&
Flint,
These similarities
curves.
were
also
analysed
Dr.
for
helpful
most
by
J.
G.
Vogel
Foundation for
Netherlands
a
depth
and the
Depth
and of the
the
not
within which this
to
as
at
this
cm
an
of these
indicated
the
130 yr
140 yr
±
rate
was
32
cm
1000 year. The
per
it
seems
justified
additional verification
zones.
diagram,
as
lines,
calculated
an
show the close
European.
29
quite certain,
by
"Cienaga
"Cienaga
cm.
9830
similar that
boundary
is indicated
being placed
dates),
so
corresponding
was
270—300
depth,
was
features of the
are
cm.
12770 ±
of sedimentation in the lower
cm
rate
age
370—390
(Colombia).
zone-borders,
relevant
boundary
boundary
Depth
380
this
zonal limits
boundary
Radio-carbon
zones,
regions
of the
area
a
in
high
(Colombia).
rate
Between 285 and
with
depth-scale
position
Cordilleran
They
calculate the
average
to
most
precise position
seem
and Holocene Colombian pollen
Dark lake sediment.
calculate the
age of the
calculated
the
A doubtful
units
5
sedi-
der Hammen & Gonzalez,
of the section
paid by
of
curves
van
of the different
apart from the very small difference,
to
tree-
if the
as
conditions
comparison
(van
Guantiva, Dept. Boyaca
correlation with other
In
depth
are,
and
The
way.
moment,
that,
until
A
Late-glacial
part
one
The
(Gonzalez,
course
different
marked and sudden
a
Dark lake sediment.
Between 0 and 285
year.
to
of
changed
the Isoetes-curve falls almost
constant
Guantiva, Dept. Boyaca
Paramo de
dates enable
values
of
lowering
a
seem
slopes
Z.W.O.
Col 24
Sample
—
laboratory,
upper part of the section.
of the
to
14
Paramo de
Visitador",
and
C
Research
Sample
—
Visitador",
outside
sedimentation
at
after
lake.
treeless.
Cocuy
of the
most
recognize
Groningen
GRN 3053
a
way
of the
Cyperaceae
14 dates from the lower
Scientific
the
26
to
but in
increased
the
by
correlation with the above-mentioned regions.
of the
28
nearby
that time
at
on
the
with those from Paramo de Palacio
to
approximately
temperature condi-
present
and
immediately
remain almost
show many similarities in the
possible
is
correlations in the
present
sample
lower,
Quercus
drying-up
and
have
must
Sierra
even
Two C
zones.
again,
partial
a
The
1965)
changed
again,
drier. This is also indicated
Hypericum, Lycopodium
diagrams
little
a
a
fluctuation of
important
humidity-conditions
From
It shows
minerogene.
organogene
demonstrating
zero,
is
under the
at
earlier
published
1962).
Quercus-ratio
Quercus-ratio
prevailing
plateau.
Quercus-ratio
to
mentation became
The
m.
those
25 conditions had
sample
have become
to
mountainsof the
surrounding
In
tree-line and
recent
197
Almost all the forest elements
diagram.
Bobos, this ratio corresponds,
corresponded
line is
to
and
more
fluctuation of the tree-line. The
according
de
Laguna
this
those
as
1960a, b,
One
Visitador
CLIMATE
way
same
vegetation history.
the tree-line is reflected in the lower part of the
participated
AND
Gonzalez,
del
Cienaga
age.
two
must at
interrupted
in relation
connecting
In
lines
any
those
were
rate
correspondence
time
cases
drawn,
be located.
line. The
corresponding
to
its
European
(according
of the Colombian
A few additional remarks follow below.
T.
198
Fig.
5.
van
der Hammen & E.
Principal changes, zonation and dating of
the
Gonzalez
pollen diagram of Cienaga
del
Visitador.
A
In
la
zone
and Holocene
Late-glacial
the
vided in
C
14
three: la
3053
fluctuation in
dez
Amor &
Florschütz,
between this
of
diagram
a
1961),
"fluctuation" and
we
the
Africa,
with
exactly
below
that there
100 yr. Then follows
(about
percentages
14.300—13.000
is
a
that this
diagram
Ic
(B0lling,
that there is
wide
relatively
this
a
follows
cm
a
Earlier
s.s.
Dryas
ours,
Allerod)
and
seems,
just
as
the
in
some
soon
yr.
its
and in Southern
Europe
about this interstadial and its
more
it
II,
zone
Ericaceae
higher
(duration)
of between
both in the fact that
as
ca
zones
fluctuation,
one
be
might
duration
there
Europe
is
due
partly
as
to
in
the
pre-Bolling
a
low altitude of the sites. We call
This interstadial
but in Central
Europe,
pollen diagrams,
publish
13.100
—
nized in Northern
and
Susaca-interstadial,
about 13.900
it
3048—12.650 4j
the appearance of
as
equatorial
the calculated age
GRN
as
appear
fluctuation. The first fact
but it
phase
rise of the Gramineae. It is
rapid
very
cold
the
Time. Below
calculated age
a
equally interesting.
Gramineae;
dated
again,
is
1964),
Dryas
of
702—12.830 ± 280
yr
300 yr.
of the
by
Spain (Menen-
Kenya,
Younger
with
cm),
sample-distance,
interstadial
in
Mt.
Bakker,
dated
(duration)
705—13.700 ±
interstadial, that it may be due to the comparatively
established
GRN
Kaisungor,
shows many similarities with
pre-Bolling
a
Zinderen
a
these values with those of
Sanguijuelas
as
by
be subdi-
might
directly
was
with somewhat lower Gramineae and
Below 330
yr.
of
high peak
a
la 3
zone
correspondence:
dated
GRN
as
Gramineae-peak
a
zone
lb
II
as
de Los
is
diagram
European
300—330
clear,
+
the
compare
striking
a
see
(van
m
the
199
followed
pollen,
tree
The cold
we
Laguna
Boiling
pollen
clearly represented
corresponds
+
the
altitude of 2900
at an
Zone III is
and
with
comparison
If
yr.
and the base of the "fluctuation" itself
A
of
Visitador
130 yr, while the calculated age
la 2 is between about 13.900—13.100
pre-Bolling
del
Cienaga
On this basis,
(see fig. 5).
12.770 ±
as
rise
temporary
a
(and Cyperaceae).
la 2 and la 3
1,
GRN
analysis
shows
diagram
maximum of Gramineae
pollen diagram from
are
may
be
may
provisionally
be
not
apparently
can
recog-
indications of its existence
be
reflected. We will
clearly
for the subdivision of the
importance
Late-glacial.
Zones lb
+
Ic
+ II
the subdivision of
(for
Flint,
wide
relatively
similar succession
tion
I
in
as
the Gramineae-maximumof Ic is
Colombia,
also
see
Gonzalez,
der
van
lacking
Hammen &
1965).
The
seems
inseparable,
are
zone
that
on
is
sample-distance
shown
other
favourable sites
more
the short time
during
by
may
be the
altitude or
(lower
represented by
zone
Ic
for this
reason
Zinderen
diagrams (van
latitude)
might
but
difficulty,
Bakker,
and
1964),
a
it
the climatic deteriora-
have had little effect
on
the
vegetation.
Zone III
—
In the
of Paramo de Palacio
sequence this
stratigraphical
calation of minerogene sediment. The
(van
der
same was
Hammen &
the
zone
corresponds
with
case
Gonzalez,
zone
1960b),
an
to
III in the
from
inter-
diagram
altitude of
an
3500 m.
Zone V and VI
van
der Hammen &
these
they
a
over
great
a
rately
20
are two
Plantago
VII
Zone
by
There
area.
mean.
As in the
Flint, 1965)
diagrams
it is
The fluctuations of the
zones.
Cocuy
—
and
grows
VIII
interval,
—
The
at
the first
is
not
mentioned in
the
percentage
our
in the Paramo
boundary
in the
dry
zones
but it is
between
with those in the
not
yet clear what
moraine debris
zones
curves.
the limit
higher Sphagnum maximum,
visible because of the
diagram,
on
Cocuy (Gonzalez,
boundary
comparable
are
between
different
and it is therefore that
introduction.
indicate a clear
to
Plantago-curve
than indicated. The limit between
located
from Sierra Nevada del
possible
marked maxima in
to-day
number of changes
cm
not
or
rock.
VI and VII is indicated
This
phenomenon
cannot
VII and VIII
is
spread
be defined more
seems
to
be
accu-
reasonably
but the normal rise of the Gramineae-
special geographic-climatological
conditions
200
T.
van
der Hammen &
E.
Gonzalez
CONCLUSIONS
curious
The
the
general
Holocene,
wetter
local
and
climate
Conditions of
of the
about 3600
the
colder
on
much
warmer
by
local
more
fig.
The
one
due
A
zones
the
lb + Ic
relatively
pre-Bolling
approximately
reflected
in
the
+
II
confirm this
to
of the
in the
the
interstadial
is
in
recognized,
to
called
yr
from central Africa and
those
on
the
to
up
Ic is
Under these
a
slopes
conditions,
higher
the
local
tree-
mire.
surrounding
are
repre-
their
comtemporaneity.
form
Allerod-interstadials)
not
reflected. This
comparatively
Susaca-interstadial,
B.P. This interstadial
Spain.
outer
elevations of
of the zone-boundaries with
and
the
a
period.
may have been accentuated
more
zone
for
accepting
pollen-composition
ages
Boiling
and/or
from about 13.900—13.100
diagrams
explained
occur
Holocene in
once
the short cold
sample-distance
to
view).
picture
calculated
demonstrated
as
be
could have had
Holocene. This
(including
diagram,
wide
comparable
important changes
more
ones,
may
tree-line may
humid) Late-glacial
comparison
European
fluctuation in the
to
seems
high Gramineae-percentages
this last-mentioned
during
where
with
Late-glacial,
Gramineae-production
5. The
those from the
diagram,
the
have been
may
(and drier)
The zonation and the
sented in
plateau
(the Quercus-ratio
m
(but
greater
the
for
mountains,
line than the
a
ones
humidity
surrounding
of the
picture
lower
may
be
low altitude.
that
seems
lasted
also
to
be
A
and
Late-glacial
Holocene
pollen
diagram from
del
Cienaga
Visitador
201
REFERENCES
Gonzalez, E.,
tational
T.
van
Hammen
der
in Valle
sequence
Geologische Mededelingen,
T.
Hammen,
van
der,
y
Ciencias
Exactos,
Fisicas
T.
der
van
vegetation of
Vol.
&
agricultura
E.
y
Vol.
25,
1960b. Holocene
de
p.
and
Flint,
32
region
Late
Quaternary glacial
Nevada
de
del
"Laguna
los ultimos
Vol.
1960.
1965.
Sierra
and
vege-
Colombia. Leidse
Cocuy,
151—182.
p.
de la
Naturales,
11, 44,
5000
p.
de
los
aflos.
Bobos". Historiadesu
Rev.
Acad. Colomb. de
359—361.
Upper Pleistocene
Bogota" (Colombia,
South
and
Holocene
climate
and
America). Leidse Geologische
261—315.
Late Glacial climate
(Eastern Cordillera, Colombia,
South
and
vegetation
America). Geologie
&
of Paramo
Mijnbouw,
de Palacio
Vol.
39,
12,
737—746.
p.
Menendez
la
F.
durante
Gonzalez,
the "Sabana
Mededelingen,
&
R.
Lagunillas,
1962. Palinologia
clima, vegetacion
Hammen,
&
de
Amor, J.
&
F.
Florschütz,
vegetacion en Espafia
Zinderen
Bakker,
E.
M.
durante el
van,
1964. A
1961.
Contribucion
al conocimiento
Cuaternario. Estudios Géológicos,
pollen diagram
Kenya. Geologie & Mijnbouw, Vol. 43,
p.
from
123—128.
de la
Vol.
historia
17,
p.
83
de
—99.
equatorial Africa, Cherangani,