Jupiter!
!
!
!
Contributors:!
Ben Patton, Spring 2016!
Trevor Hunter, Spring 2014 !
Gustavo Semidey, Fall 2013 !
Andrew Patrichuk, Spring 2013!
ImageSource:h.p://pics-about-space.com/planet-jupiter?p=1
Discovery
•  FirstobservedbyBabylonianastronomersin
7thcenturyBC.TheynamedthiscelesFalbody
“Marduk”.
ImageSource:h.p://www.messagetoeagle.com/elusive-planetmercury-as-seen-through-the-eyes-of-ancient-astronomers/
•  GreekMathemaFcianClaudiusPtolemaeus
firsttrackedJupiter’smovementinrelaFonto
Earthinthe2ndcenturyBC,accurately
calculaFngit’sorbitalperiod.
ImageSource:h.p://pics-aboutspace.com/ancient-greek-astronomy?p=4
Discovery(PartII)
•  Itismostwidelybelievedthat
ItalianAstronomerGalileoGalilei
firstobservedJupiter’sfourlargest
moonsusingatelescopein1610.
Thisisbelievedtobethefirst
observaFonofmoonsotherthan
Earth’s.
•  Onedaylater,GermanAstronomer
SimonMariusalsoobserved
Jupiter’smoonsindependentof
Galileo,thoughhedidn’tpublishhis
findingforanotherfouryears.Heis
alsoresponsiblefornamingJupiter’s
fourlargestmoons.
•  SomeHistoriansclaimthatChinese
AstronomerGanDefirstobserved
Jupiter’smoonswithouttheaidofa
telescopenearly2000yearsbefore
Galileo.
ImageSource:h.p://www.biography.com/people/galileo-9305220
ImageSource:h.ps://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Simon_Marius.jpg
Imagesource:h.p://
www.ancientchinalife.co
m/ancient-chineseastronomers.html
MythologicalBasis
ImageSource:h.p://www.charlo.esymphony.org/
educaFonguide/holst-jupiter/
ImageSource:h.ps://www.dhushara.com/book/god/
Famar.htm
•  TheancientRomansnamed
Jupiterabertheirskygod,known
totheGreeksasZeus.
•  TheancientBabyloniansalso
believedtheplanettobe
religiouslysignificantandnamed
itMarduk,abertheheadoftheir
pantheonofgods(aposiFonalso
heldbytheRoman’sJupiter).
•  FromLaFn“Luppiter”
•  “FuStar”inChineseTaoism
BasicFacts
• 
• 
• 
FibhplanetfromtheSun
Largestplanetinthesolarsystemwithadiameterof88,846miles.Itis11.2
FmeslargerthanEarth,and2.5Fmesbiggerthanalltheplanetsinthesolar
systemcombined.
Jupitercontains71%ofallplanetaryma.erinthesolarsystem
ImageSource:h.p://theplanets.org/jupiter/
BasicFacts(PartII)
•  Jupiteris483,500,000,000milesawayfromtheSun(about5.2AU).
•  Ittakes4,332days(11.86years)forJupitertocompleteit’sorbitaround
thesun.
•  OnedayonJupitertakesabout10hours.
ImageSource:h.p://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/exo-doppelganger-jupiterstwin-seen-orbiFng-suns-twin-150715.htm
Origin
•  Itistheorizedthataberthe
creaFonofthesun,small
parFclesboundbytheforceof
gravity,begantobepulled
togethercreaFnglarger
parFcles.Whilesolarwind
wouldtypicallydisperselighter
elementssuchasheliumand
hydrogen,greaterdistances
fromtheSunallowedforthese
lightelementstojointogether
tocreategasgiantssuchas
Jupiter.
Atmosphere
•  Largestplanetaryatmosphereinthesolarsystem.
•  Hydrogenmakesup90%oftheatmospherewiththeremaining
10%beingcomposedofhelium.Therearealsotraceamountsof
chemicalcompoundssuchasammonia,water,andmethane.
•  AsJupiterhasnorealsolidsurface,itisdifficulttofindthe
boundarybetweenit’satmosphereandtheplanetitself.The
Atmosphereendsatthepointwherethepressuremeasures1bar.
ImageSource:h.p://astronomy.nju.edu.cn/~lixd/GA/AT4/AT411/HTML/
AT41102.htm
ImageSource:h.p://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/
vg1_p21229c.html
InternalComposiFon
•  ScienFstsbelievethatJupiter’scoreisamixtureofelementssurroundedbya
layerofmetallichydrogen.Thislayeriscoveredinanotherlayerofmolecular
hydrogen.
ImageSource:h.p://juno.wisc.edu/
science_interior.html
•  TheexactnatureofthecoreissFllasubjectofdebate.SomescienFsts
believethatthecoreisamoltenballofliquid.Othersbelievethatthecoreisa
massofsolidrocksomewherebetween14to18FmesthesizeofEarthwitha
temperaturenear63,000degreesFahrenheit.
TheMagnetosphere
•  Jupiter’smagneFcfieldis
nearly20,000Fmesstronger
thanEarth’s,creaFngthe
mostpowerful
magnetosphereofany
planetoidinthesolar
system.
•  Themagnetosphereisso
ImageSource:h.ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter
powerfulitcanrepelsolar
windsnearly3million
kilometersaway.
TheGreatSpot
• 
• 
• 
• 
OneofJupiter’sdefiningvisualcharacterisFcsisalargereddish“spot”onit’ssurface.
ThisfeatureisinfactagiganFcanFcyclonicstorm(twicethesizeofEarth),causedby
high-pressure.
Itisunknownwhenpreciselythestormbegan,butithasbeenobservedby
astronomerssince1665.
Recently,photosfromtheHubbletelescopehaveindicatedthatthespotisnotonly
shrinking,butalsoturningorangeandchangingfromanovaltoamorecircular
shape.Itisnotquiteclearwhythisishappening,althoughmanyscienFststheorizeit
isduetochangesinJupiter’sclimate.
ImageSource:h.p://pics-about-space.com/jupiter-s-giant-red-spot?p=1
Moons
•  Jupiterhas67moons,themostofanyplanetinour
solarsystem.
•  ThefourlargestareIo,Europa,Ganymede,andCallisto.
FirstobservedbyGalileoGalileiin1610,hencetheir
designaFonas“GalileanMoons”.Ledtofinal
acceptanceoftheheliocentricmodel.
•  Ganymedeisthelargestof4,withdiameter8%larger
thanplanetMercury
Io
Callisto
ImagesSource:h.ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter
Ganymede
Europa
RingsofJupiter
•  LikeSaturnandUranus,Jupiteralsohasasetofplanetaryringsknownasthe
JovianRingSystem.(Spo.edbyNASA’sVoyager1in1979)
–  h.p://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/Jupiter/rings
•  Unliketheringsofotherplanets,Jupiter’sringsareveryslightandcomposed
mainlyofdustprimarilyejectedfromnearbymoons.
ImageSource:h.p://
www.spaFalreasoning.net
/~jupiter/
•  Theringsystemhasthreecomponents:thetwofaintouterringsaptlynamed
the“gossamerrings”,thewideandflat“mainring”,andthethickinnermost
ringknownasthe“haloring”.
ExploraFon
•  Since1973,severalspacecrabshave
conductedflybymaneuversthathave
broughtthemwithinrangeofJupiter.The
Pioneerprobesallowedforthefirstclose
observaFonofJupiter’satmosphereand
moons.
•  TheVoyagerspacecrabsdiscoveredJupiter’s
severalringsandobservedchangesinthe
massivespotonit’ssurface.
•  TodatetheonlyspacecrabtoorbitJupiter
hasbeentheGalileoOrbiterwhichbeganit’s
journeyin1989,arrivingtoJupitersixyears
later.
•  ThecraborbitedJupiterinaseriesof
ellipses,witheachrotaFonlasFngroughly
twomonths.
ImageSource:h.ps://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Galileo_(spacecrab)
ExploraFon(PartII)
ImageSource:h.ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Galileo_(spacecrab)
•  AberthesuccessfulcompleFonofthe
PrimeMission,anextendedmissionwas
conductedin1997.
•  Duringthismission,theGalileomade
numerousflybysaroundJupiter’smoons
suchasIoandEuropa.
•  Duringit’striparoundIo,theradioacFve
environmentsurroundingthemoonproved
destrucFvecausingtheGalileo’scamera’s
tobedeacFvatedin2003.
•  NASA’sJunospacecrabwaslaunchedin
2011,andisplannedtoreachJupiterlater
thisSummer.
WorksCited
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Redd,Nola."Jupiter'sAtmosphere:ComposiFon&theGreatRedSpot."Space.com.N.p.,n.d.Web.28
Mar.2016.<h9p://www.space.com/18385-jupiter-atmosphere.html>.
Coffey,Jerry."DiscoveryofJupiter."UniverseToday.N.p.,18June2008.Web.28Mar.2016.<h9p://
www.universetoday.com/15142/discovery-of-jupiter/>.
Lang,KennethR."Jupiter:AGiantPrimiFvePlanet."NASA'sCosmos.N.p.,n.d.Web.29Mar.2016.<h9p://
ase.tuRs.edu/cosmos/view_chapter.asp?id=9&page=3>.
Redd,NolaTaylor."HowWasJupiterFormed?"Space.com.N.p.,7Nov.2012.Web.04Apr.2016.<h9p://
www.space.com/18389-how-was-jupiter-formed.html>.
Wolf,PorFa."TheOuterPlanets:GiantPlanets:Magnetospheres."LASP.UniversityofColoradoatBoulder,
Aug.2007.Web.04Apr.2016.<h9p://lasp.colorado.edu/educa\on/outerplanets/
giantplanets_magnetospheres.php>.
Dunford,Bill,andKaFeMcKissick."Jupiter-Rings|Planets-NASASolarSystemExploraFon."NASASolar
SystemExplora\on.NASA,n.d.Web.04Apr.2016.<h9p://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/rings>.
Coffey,Jerry."Jupiter'sCore-UniverseToday."UniverseToday.N.p.,18Dec.2009.Web.04Apr.2016.
<h9p://www.universetoday.com/47966/jupiters-core/>.
Nasa'sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter."Jupiter'sGreatRedSpot:ASwirlingMystery."Astronomy.com.
KalmbachPublishing,5Aug.2015.Web.04Apr.2016.<h9p://www.astronomy.com/news/2015/08/
jupiters-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery>.
QuesFons
•  Whichmoonisthelargestofthe“Galilean”moons?
•  WhatdoesJupiter'satmospherelargelyconsistof?
•  WhatistheearliestdocumenteddateofJupiter'sred
storm?
•  HowmanymoonsdoesJupiterhave?
•  Whereisthe“GreatDarkSpot”locatedinJupiter?
•  WhichmoonorbiFngJupiterwasdiscoveredtohave
volcanicacFvity?
•  WhoweretheastronomersthatfirstobservedJupiter?
ADDEDSLIDES
Important Dates
•  1610:GalileoGalileimakesthefirstdetailedobservaFonsof
Jupiter,includingitsfourlargestmoons
•  1973:Pioneer10becomesthefirstspacecrabtocrossthe
asteroidbeltandflypastJupiter.
•  1979:Voyager1and2discoverJupiter'sfaintrings,several
newmoonsandvolcanicacFvityonIo'ssurface.
•  1994:AstronomersobserveaspiecesofcometShoemakerLevy9collidewithJupiter'ssouthernhemisphere.
•  1995-2003:TheGalileospacecrabdropsaprobeintoJupiter's
atmosphereandconductsextendedobservaFonsofJupiter,
itsmoonsanditsrings.
•  2007:ImagestakenbyNASA'sNewHorizonsspacecrab,on
thewaytoPluto,shownewperspecFvesonJupiter's
atmosphericstorms,therings,volcanicIo,andicyEuropa.
Important Dates cont.
•  2009:On20July,almostexactly15yearsaberfragmentsof
cometShoemaker-LevyslammedintoJupiter,acometor
asteroidcrashesintothegiantplanet'ssouthernhemisphere.
•  2011:JunolaunchestoexamineJupiter'schemistry,atmosphere,interior
structure,andmagnetosphere.Juno’sarrivalisscheduledforJuly2016
andwillorbitJupiterforapproximatelyoneyear.Juno'smaingoalisto
understandtheoriginandevoluFonofJupiter.Underneathitsdense
cloudcover,Jupitersafeguardssecretstothefundamentalprocessesand
condiFonsthatgovernedoursolarsystemduringitsformaFon.Withits
suiteofscienceinstruments,JunowillinvesFgatetheexistenceofasolid
planetarycore,mapJupiter'sintensemagneFcfield,measuretheamount
ofwaterandammoniainthedeepatmosphere,andobservetheplanet's
auroras.(NASA)
Important Dates cont.
•  2011: Juno launches to examine Jupiter's
chemistry, atmosphere, interior structure,
and magnetosphere. Juno’s arrival is
scheduled for July 2016 and will orbit
Jupiter for approximately one year. Juno's
main goal is to understand the origin and
evolution of Jupiter. Underneath its dense
cloud cover, Jupiter holds answers to the
fundamental processes and conditions that
governed our solar system during its
formation. With its various scientific
instruments, Juno will investigate the
existence of a solid planetary core, map
Jupiter's intense magnetic field, measure the
amount of water and ammonia in the deep
atmosphere, and observe the planet's
auroras. (NASA)
ArFstsconceptofJunoatJupiter
Imagesource:wikipedia.org/wiki/
Juno_(spacecrab)