SSMM18.book Page 512 Monday, February 28, 2005 2:23 PM
Se ct i on
Section
2
2
Standards-Based Instruction
The Counter-Reformation
Reading Preview
Standards at a Glance
Reading Skill
H-SS 7.9.5 Analyze how
In the last section, students read about
the movement to reform the Church in
Europe. In this section, they will read
about the Church’s response to that
movement.
the Counter Reformation
revitalized the Catholic
church and the forces that
fostered the movement (e.g.,
St. Ignatius of Loyola and the
Jesuits, the Council of Trent).
Section Focus Question
E-LA Reading 7.2.3 Analyze
text that uses the cause-andeffect organizational pattern.
How did the Catholic Church
respond to the Reformation?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Possible answers: Church officials met
at Trent to address the issues that Luther had
raised. Some steps toward reform were taken.
New orders were founded, and regulations for
priestly behavior were enforced more strictly.
The Inquisition was established.)
■
The Society of Jesus
L2
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Teaching Resources, Unit 7,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 45
■
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four and then mark
their worksheets again. Use the Idea
Wave technique (TE p. T38) to call on
students to share their group’s perspectives. Students will return to these worksheets later.
512 Chapter 18
Key Terms and People
Counter-Reformation (KOWNT
er rehf uhr MAY shuhn),
p. 512
Jesuits (JEHZ oo ihts), p. 512
Ignatius Loyola (loi OH luh),
p. 512
Council of Trent (KOWN suhl
uhv trehnt), p. 514
slow to respond to the Reformation. By 1540, however, it had
mounted a vigorous response to the Protestant challenge.
The Jesuits helped win back
respect for the Catholic
Church.
Under attack from the Protestant Reformation, leaders of the
Catholic Church began to institute reforms. The movement
to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic
Church became known as the Counter-Reformation.
During the Counter-Reformation, reformers founded new
religious orders. They won respect for the Church by helping
the poor, teaching Catholic doctrine, and leading spiritual
lives. The Society of Jesus, which later became known as the
Jesuits, was the most influential of the new religious orders. It
was founded by Ignatius Loyola.
Ask: How do people often respond when
others criticize them? (Possible answers:
They fight back; they think about the criticism
and try to improve those areas of behavior.)
Introduce the concept of the Counter-Reformation by reminding students that in the
1500s, the Church was by far the most
powerful institution in Europe but that it
was facing increasing criticism. Have students use the Think-Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE p. T39) to predict how the Church
might respond to Luther’s criticisms and
to the Protestant movement. Then, have
students read Section 2 to see which predictions are fulfilled.
Set a Purpose
High-Use Words
error (EHR uhr), p. 514
minor (M¯ nuhr), p. 515
Background Knowledge The Catholic Church was
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
Analyze Multiple Effects
Events in history often lead to
many effects. For example,
many people responded to
the Reformation, discussed in
Section 1, by adopting its
views. The Catholic Church
however, was affected very
differently. In Section 2, look
for the Reformation’s effects
on the Roman Catholic
Church.
Vocabulary Builder
Ignatius Loyola In 1491, Ignatius Loyola was born in
northern Spain. As a young man, he entered military service
and was seriously injured in battle. While he recovered, Loyola
read about the life of Jesus and the Catholic saints. Inspired, he
gave up his sword and vowed to lead a religious life.
512 Chapter 18 The Reformation
Universal Access
L3 Advanced Readers
L3
Gifted and Talented
Enacting a Debate Have students plan
and present a debate between two characters in the late 1500s in a European nation
of their choice. One character embraced
Protestantism; the other remained Catholic. The two debate their choices. Debates
should take into account the results of the
Council of Trent, the appearance of the
Jesuits on the scene, and other developments in the world. The two characters
should present arguments that support
their positions on the issue. Then have the
class discuss the issues that caused the
Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.
Loyola studied in Paris. There, with a small group of followers, he founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Its goal was to
defend and spread the Catholic faith throughout the world.
The Society was organized like a military troop, with strict
discipline. Loyola was elected “general” of the order, and the
members were organized into “companies.” Each new recruit
had to undergo years of rigorous training before being admitted as a full member.
Teach
The Society of Jesus
H-SS 7.9.5
Instruction
■
The Jesuits’ Influence The Jesuits helped correct
The Jesuits
some of the abuses of the Catholic Church. With strict Jesuit
training, priests did a better job. They reached out to people in
need. They helped the sick in hospitals and served the poor.
The Jesuits also helped the Church expand its membership.
Jesuit missionaries spread the Catholic faith to distant lands,
including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In Asia, the Jesuit
missionary Francis Xavier was said to have converted hundreds of thousands of people to Catholicism.
The Jesuits made important contributions in the field of
education. They founded schools and universities and made
notable contributions to both religious and secular scholarship.
Their students included an emperor, dukes, and cardinals. The
Jesuits also served as influential advisers to kings and popes.
The Jesuits played a leading role
in the Counter-Reformation.
Jesuit missionaries, like those
shown here, carried the
Catholic faith around the world.
For founding the Jesuits,
Ignatius Loyola (inset) was
made a saint in 1622. Critical
Thinking: Identify Benefits
What benefits did the Jesuits
bring to the Catholic Church?
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not granted permission to
display this image in
electronic format. Please see
the teacher's edition of your
textbook for this image.
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words Before teaching this
lesson, preteach the high-use words
error and minor, using the strategy on
TE p. 503.
Key Terms Following the instructions
on p. 7, have students continue to preview key terms.
■
Have students read The Society of Jesus,
using the ReQuest strategy (TE p. T37).
Ask: How are the Jesuits like an army?
(They have a military organization and
demand rigorous training of their members.)
■
Review medieval saints, such as St.
Clare and St. Francis. Ask: How might
those early saints have reacted to the
Jesuits? (Possible answer: They might have
approved of the Jesuits’ faith, personal discipline, and helping of the poor.)
■
As students complete this section, ask:
What does the formation of the Jesuits
suggest about the effect of Luther’s 95
Theses? (Possible answer: It shows that
some Catholics acknowledged that the
Church needed some reform.)
How did the Jesuits help restore popular support for
the Catholic Church?
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display this image in electronic format. Please see the teacher's edition of
your textbook for this image.
L2
Independent Practice
Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 18, Section 2
(Adapted version also available.)
Monitor Progress
513
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure they understand the important role that the Jesuits
played in the Reformation. Provide assistance as needed.
History Background
Jesuits Around the World As indicated,
Jesuit missionaries took the message of the
Church to many lands. Francis Xavier, one
of the founding members of the Society of
Jesus, established a powerful missionary
outreach in India and Japan. His associates
took the message into China, where they
were highly respected by the royal court.
Jesuit missionaries also worked through-
out Latin America. There, Peter Claver is
remembered today for his work among
West Africans who had been brought
across the Atlantic as slave laborers. In
French North America (New France), Jesuit missionaries worked among many
Native American peoples (who often
referred to them as the “Black-Robes”),
especially the Huron and the Iroquois.
Answers
Identify Benefits They helped those in
need, expanded membership, and contributed to education.
Their members helped the
poor, taught Catholic doctrine, and led
spiritual lives.
Chapter 18 Section 2 513
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent
H-SS 7.9.5
Instruction
L2
■
Have students read The Council of
Trent. Remind them to look for support
of the main idea.
■
Ask: Why did Catholic leaders meet in
Trent? (to discuss how the Church should
respond to the protests of people like Luther)
What does this suggest about both the
Protestant movement and the Catholic
Church? (Possible answer: The success of
the Protestant movement alarmed the
Church, and Church leaders realized that
some reforms might be justified.)
■
■
Have students consider the steps that
the Catholic Church took to combat
Protestantism. Ask: At the Council of
Trent, what did the Church change and
what did it keep the same? (In general,
the Church changed some practices of priests
and bishops, but it kept the same basic
religious teachings.)
At this point, distribute the worksheet
The Inquisition. Ask: What rights did a
person have who was arrested by the
Inquisition? (None. He or she was not
entitled to any legal protections.)
Teaching Resources, Unit 7, The
Inquisition, p. 50
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
(Adapted version available.)
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display this image in electronic
format. Please see the teacher's edition of your textbook for this image.
To meet the Protestant
challenge, the pope called the
Council of Trent. It set out to
clarify Catholic doctrine and to
reform the practices of the
Catholic Church. Critical
Thinking: Identify
Alternatives Do you think
that the Catholic Church could
have ignored Protestant
criticisms? What might have
been the result?
The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent discussed
ways to end abuses in Church
practices and to redefine
Church doctrine.
In 1545, Pope Paul III called a series of meetings known as
the Council of Trent. During these meetings, Catholic leaders
sought ways to revive the moral authority of the Catholic
Church and to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Council
of Trent took place at various times over the course of about
20 years and was the culmination of the Counter-Reformation.
Tradition
Vocabulary Builder
error (EHR uhr) n. something
incorrect or incorrectly done
Reading 7.2.3 Analyze
Multiple Effects
What were two effects
of Protestant challenges to the
Catholic Church?
Prevails At its meetings, the Council
re-affirmed traditional Catholic doctrines that had been challenged by the Protestants. It rejected Luther’s view of the
Bible. The Bible, it said, is a source of truth, but it is not the
only source. Luther was said to be in error about faith, too.
Faith alone will not bring salvation, said the Council. Good
works and fulfillment of the sacraments are needed as well.
Finally, the Council affirmed that people had free will.
The Council of Trent also made sweeping reforms of Catholic practices. It agreed to enforce the rules that priests must be
at least 25 years old and educated. The Council also ordered
bishops to open schools to train priests.
The Inquisition The Church enforced the Council’s decisions through the Inquisition. The Inquisition was a court set
up by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages to try people suspected of heresy. Those accused were assumed to be
guilty of holding beliefs that violated Church teachings. Suspects were harshly questioned and often tortured before being
put to death.
Monitor Progress
Tell students to fill in the last column of the
Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what
they learned that confirms or invalidates
each statement.
Teaching Resources, Unit 7,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 45
514 Chapter 18 The Reformation
Answers
Identify Alternatives Possible answer:
The Catholic Church could have ignored
criticism, but the Protestant movement
was growing so quickly in popularity that
the Church may have lost much of its
power and authority.
Reading Skill Possible answers:
The Catholic Church reaffirmed its teachings; it made some reforms in its practices;
it mounted a strong campaign to rid
Europe of Protestant ideas and “heretics.”
514 Chapter 18
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Understanding Historical Events Have
students work in pairs to write out each
step that Catholic Church leaders decided
to take at the Council of Trent. Students
should identify each step and then work
together to write a few sentences explaining exactly what it meant. Student pairs
L1 Special Needs
should help each other with difficult
vocabulary and with expressing their ideas
in complete sentences. When all partners
have finished this activity, they can gather
for a small-group discussion of the importance of the Council of Trent.
SSMM18.book Page 515 Monday, February 28, 2005 2:23 PM
In Rome, the pope declared that the Inquisition “was in no
case to employ gentleness.” Inquisition judges put people on
trial for even minor violations of Church teachings. Protestants
living in Catholic lands were frequently among the Inquisition’s victims, but even Church leaders and important nobles
were accused of heresy and forced to flee for their lives. Those
not able to escape were burned at the stake for their beliefs.
The Church also battled the spread of Protestant ideas by
banning books. The Inquisition published the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of Protestant authors and books that Catholics
were forbidden to read. The list included books by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and William Tyndale.
Vocabulary Builder
minor (M¯ nuhr) adj. small and
not very important or serious
Assess Progress
Teaching Resources, Unit 7,
Section Quiz, p. 55
To further assess student understanding,
use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 18, Section 2
Reteach
how the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation. New religious orders and the Council of Trent
affirmed the authority and teachings of the Church. In the next
section, you will see how the strengthened Catholic Church
competed against Protestant churches for control of Europe.
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall What was the
Counter-Reformation?
(b) Analyze Cause and
Effect Why did the Catholic Church launch the
Counter-Reformation?
2. (a) Explain What beliefs
did the Catholic Church
affirm at the Council of
Trent?
(b) Evaluate Information
How did the Catholic Church
respond to Protestant religious ideas?
Extend
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mxa-7182
H-SS: 7.9.5; E-LA: Reading 7.2.3
Reading Skill
Writing
3. Analyze Multiple Effects
Describe at least three
effects of the CounterReformation.
Vocabulary Builder
Decide whether each sentence
below makes sense. If it does,
explain why. If it does not,
change the sentence to make it
logical.
4. The Counter-Reformation
attacked the teachings of
the Catholic Church.
5. The Council of Trent helped
restore the moral authority
of the Church.
Below are several topic sentences for paragraphs in a persuasive speech. Put them in the
order that would make the
speech most effective.
6. The works of the Jesuits
helped generate respect for
the Catholic Church.
7. The Counter-Reformation
needed both reform-minded
religious orders and the
Council of Trent to succeed.
8. The Council of Trent
answered Protestant challenges and affirmed the
authority of the Church.
Section 2 The Counter-Reformation
Section 2 Check Your Progress
1. (a) an attempt by the Catholic Church to
respond to and silence criticism
(b) Possible answer: The Church did not
want to lose its power over the people.
2. (a) the proper role of the Bible in the
search for truth; that the sacraments of
the Catholic Church were necessary for
salvation; that good works were as
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
(Adapted version available.)
Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you learned
2 Check Your Progress
L2
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
What steps did the Church take to end abuses and to
restore its moral authority?
Section
Assess and Reteach
515
important as faith in achieving salvation; that people had free will
(b) The Church reaffirmed its teachings
and made some reforms; it also banned
Protestant writings and declared that
heretics could be put to death.
3. the founding of the Jesuits; the Council
L3
Students can meet in a group and publish
a newspaper “special edition” on the
Council of Trent. Have students use Internet and library resources, as well as their
textbooks, to identify the key issues tackled at the Council. Then, have each team
member write an article about one of the
issues, answering the key journalistic questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how.
When team members have completed their
articles, they should put them all together
in a single collection of news articles.
Answer
The Church reformed some of
its practices; it also established the Inquisition and banned Protestant books.
4. No: The counter-reformation confirmed
the teachings of the Catholic Church.
5. Yes: The council reaffirmed Catholic
teachings, reformed some Church practices, and actively opposed the Protestants.
6.–8. The correct order is 7, 6, 8.
of Trent and its affirmation of Catholic
teaching and practice; the Inquisition
and Index of Forbidden Books
Chapter 18 Section 2 515