SUlOUPY
of t h e Tharis e n t i t l e d a-tiors
te t k e K w o w m e f thl
Cvtoaenetim urd B i q m g y of ?rotor-a
by Tar., 6. V.,
Department ef k o l o g y , Bangalore Universi t y i Baagalore.
S tublies on T e m w w e Induced D i v i s i r a S ~ r c h r e n ria B l e ~ h a r i s u
)atumedium.
6pchronour divioion has been induced i n t h e c i l i a t e B l e ~ w i s u
j n t m m d i u r by exposing them t o t u p e r a t u r e shocka.
ane i n t h e celd range
-
Tvo t e w p e r a t u r u
0
1 2 C and one i n t h e wara range
chosen f o r this purposa.
- 38% were
B a r l i e r i n v e s t i g a t i s n pointed out t h a t
a t 3Il0c, t h e r e is a block i r r f i s s i o n i n B l e ~ w i s mintermThe p r u e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n indicated a block i n f i s s i o n a t 12'
C.
Hence t h e s e temperatures were chosen and by exposing -is~ t e r r e d i ut o~ t h e s e two t u p e r a t u r e s , synchrony vas obtained,
By
a l t e r i n g t h e t i r e of exposure i n t h r o e two t r r p e r a t u r u , percentage
ef ryachrony varied.
The highest percentage of d i v i r i o n Symckreny
vas abtained when B l e ~ k r r i l . n rirtermediur ware erpored ta, 12%
95 hours and 38'~ f o r 24 kaur8.
Cytochemistry of t k e c i l i a t e s
a c c l i u t d t o 1 2 ' ~ f o r 95 hours and 3 8 ' ~ f o r 24 hours has bef.2
for
studied
an avaluatien of the c k a n g ~i n t h e chemical c o u t i t u r n t r oP t h e
c e l l s i n connectien with t a p e r a h i r e treatment and s y n c h r o n i ~ e dc e l l
Qivisior.
I t w u ebserv.4 t h a t t h e amount of sulfkydryl group and
Sucoinic dehydre(lamc i m c r u s e d at S*C
when t h e r e is
8
burst i n
division.
The rate ef r e s p i r a t i o n was measured by Warburg
apparatus and t h e d e t a i l s a r e given i n C h a p t u VI.
.
V a r i a t i o n s i n C u b o k v d r a t u Glvconen mnd P r o t e i n s
Quria. s ~ r c k r o n o u sd i v i s i o n ,
a Blemharis~
Blemlurisu intermedium v e r e grown a t 1 2 ' ~ and a f t e r 95 hours,
40,999 c i l i a t e 8 were c e n t r i f u g e d a d glycogerr and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s
w e r m estimated b i o c h r i c r l l y , while 100,980 c i l i a t e s were used f o r
carbohydrate estimation.
The c o l d acclimated c i l i a t e a ( 1 2 ' ~ P e r
95 hours) were truuf e r r e d t o 3lI0c.
Aft ar 24 hours o f exposure t o
3 8 ' ~ e~s t i m a t i o n o f glycogen, p r e t e i n and carbohydrate w . o u d m m
described.
I t was seen t h a t a t S'C,
q u u t i t i r . of carbohydratr.,
glycogen and p r o t e i n s was mere than a t 1 2 O ~and 26'~.
Chavter 111;
Cy teemc.1 -C
i n C o + t r and P x u o n ~ u a a n te~f ,B1amharisy
From t h e very lrorrat o f t h e p a i r i n g of p a r t n e r s during conjugat i o n , a series oP changtr t a k e p l a c e i n t h e cytoplasm and n u o l u r
apparatus ef b o t h of -a.
C y t o a l r u i c a l 8tudieS on pr.csnjugurt8,
conjugants md exconjugants have been m d e r
The d i f # e r e n c o i n t h e
c o m e n t r a t i a n 8 e f carbohydrates, p r o t e i n s , 8ulPkydryl groups, n u c l e i c
acids, l i p i d s ud r ~ r y u rv 8 u c c l r i c d.lryd*ogmr.e,
adenosine
t r i p h o s p l u t u e , cytoahreme o r i d u e and glucose-6-phosphatase
noticed
i n this study stress that i n a d d i t i o n t o n u c l r r r events, ck.ag.r occur
in t h e cytoplasm during t h e preceas of conjugationr
Cenjugatier i s a sexual p r o c r r s t h a t is l i m i t e d t@one c l a s s e f
Pratoroa
-
the c i l i a t u .
a r e diverse.
C u l t u r a conditions t h a t favour conjugation
Coajugation occurs when t h e r e i s heavy feeding Pellowed
by t h e d e p r i v a t i o n of food.
k r l i e r i r v u t i g a t i e a s have shown that
temperature and various chemicals induce conjugation i n s e v e r a l c i l i a t e s .
Conjugation has been i n d u c d by a l t e r a t i o n s i n t u p e r a t u r e , pH of t h e
medium, supplementing t h e medium v i t h amino a c i d s , c h u i c a l s , metals
and by changing t h e growth medium.
Frequency of conjugation was
s p o r a d i c w i t h chmges i n t u p e r a t u r e and pH v h i l e i t was c o n r i s t m t
with metalr, c y s t i n e , m w c a p t e e t ~ land i n Medium 199
.
Yaximum
perceacage of conjugation w u n o t i c e d i n o y s t i n e s u p p l u e n t e d medium.
Va
-
e 2 8-
Commur& e n C d l D i d i e n
Plr.)uri.ru
i.tur.4iurr
s u l p h u r cempeundr play an i n p e r t a n t r o l e i n cell d i r i s i e r .
8ff-t
of sulphur c e n t u t i r g wip. a c i d s
and ofrteie
&cia o r
- cystine,
The
a y r t e i n e , methienine
t h e f i s s i e n r a t e ef D l e w k r r U ~i8t.r-
Val
tried s a p u a t e l y u d i n c o m b i u t i o a .
Pff ect of c y s t i n e i n combina-
t i o n with t h e m i t o t i c i n h i b i t o r re.rcapteeth@nol
was a l s o studied.
The r a t e of f i s s i o n was a o r e i n t h e c i l i a t e s grovn i n t h e supplemented
a e d i u r than i n t h e u n s u p p l u r a t e d r e d i u r .
Combination of c y s t i n e and
r e r c a p t o e t h a a o l Bid n o t a l t e r the f i s s i o n r a t e .
An i n i t i a l r i s e i n
temperature i n c r e a s e s the f i s s i e n r a t e upto m o p t i m ~ l iand f u r t h e r
i n c r e a s e blocks f i s s i o n i n B l e w h a r i s ~$ n t u a e d i u r , due t o t h e r a a l
injury.
This thermal i n j u r y is r e p a i r e d if t h e r e d i u r is supple-
mented with s u l p h u r containing amino acid.,
they have a p r o t e c t i v e
i n f l u e n c e on heat i n j u r y .
To a o r f i r r t h e c y t e c h e r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which showed a aarked
i n c r e a s e i n s u c c i a i c d e h y d r o g a a s e a c t i v i t y during synchronous d i v i s i o n , t h e r c o p i r a t a r y r a t e e i Ellem-
j n t e r r e d i u r grown a t
t e r p u a t u r u that' induce synchrony has been determined by t h e
P r e c i s i o n Warburg apparatur.
tea t i m u a t S*C
The r e s p i r a t o r y r a t e increa8.d by
when corpared t o t h e c o a t r o l .
s u l p h u r csrpoumds s t i m u l a t e r e s p i r a t i o n .
tea t h e r e s p i r a t e r y r a t e ir
I t is known t h a t
Addition of e y r t i s e stimlr
B l e wkrlru j a t u n e d i u r v h i l i marcapto-
e t h u a l roduced t k e r u p i r a t c ~ r yrate.
There w a s ne cbange i n t h e
r e s p i r a t e r y rate u h u c y r t i n e am¶ mercaptoethanel were uood i n
-.
Volume C k u m e n i n B l e w h a r w
Changes i n temperatures, a d d i t i o n o f heavy metals t o t h e medium,
b u f f e r s with varying molarity and pH afffacted t h e s i r e of Blem b r i s m
~nternedium.
A s t u d y on t h e volume changes was made by measuring
t h e l e n g t h and t h e width of t h e s t a i n e d c i l i a t e s on Camera Lucida
drawings i n a i l l i m e t a r s , converted them t o micron8 using a s t a g e
micrometer and t h e o e l l v o l w e s i a
were computed f n a t h e f o r u l a
f o r a p r o l a t e spheroid
i n which A is t h e major axis and B is t h e minor u r i a .
The o e l l
voluaes d i f P u d considerably.
G i u t F e r u t i o a i q w a r i s m a -8
Giantiom is an a b w n u l p a t t u ' n of growth bekaviour.
The
f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r induciag g i a n t f o r m t i o r i n c i l i a t e 8 a r e
complex.
Hunger t u r l u a Pew c i l i a t e s i n t o p r e d a t o r s , cannibalism
induces g i a n t formatier.
I n t h i s study, g i a n t f o r u t i o n i n
P l e m h a r i r u i r t u r d i u m w a r e n o t i c e d when t h e medium was s u p p l u u s t e d
w i t h c y s t i n e and r e r c a p t o e t h u o l a s w e l l a s i n ciliates grown i n
medium with
1)
pH and 34'~.
Maximum numb-
of g i u t s were o b s e r ~
i n B l e ~ b r i s ui r t e r r r l i u m a u l t u r e s Brown a t 3 2 ' ~ with 5 pH.
w
t
r
r IX:
The T e x i c i t v of C o ~ ~ ae rd Zinc t o a few f r e s h w a t e r C 1 1
ja d i f f e r e n t a e d i a .
Bxporure t o c o p p e r and z i n c are known to r e d u c e t h e number of
f r e s h vat-
Protozoan species.
T h i s c h a p t e r r e c o r d s t h e e f t a c t s of
theme t v o heavy m e t a l s on t h e morphology, f i s s i o n r a t e and n u c l e a r
a p p a r a t u s of five f r e s h water c i l i a t e s
B l e ~ h a r i o m as e s h a c h a r i ,
Spires tomm
inrarmediu~,
ambinurm u . i o r , S ~ i r otomum
s
~ m b i m u rainor aad P r e a t o n i a l e u c a s .
z i n c t o the c i l i a t e s studied.
- Blewharism
Copper is more t o x i c than
The t o x i c i t y of t h a n e r e t a l s i s known
t o b e iPPluenced b y t h e q u a l i t y of t h e medium i n w h ~ c ht h e c i l i a t e .
a r e grovn, t h e e f f e c t s of t h e s e m e t a l s v e r e s t u d i e d on c i l i a t e s grown
i n an e n r i c h e d o r g a n i c medium
- hay
~ n f u s i o n , i n o r g a n i c medium
1%Cramer Myers and f i l t e r e d s t r e a m water
-
-
t h e n a t u r a l medium.
1 mg of copper p e r 100 m l was t o x i c t o t h e c i l i a t e s i n a l l t h e t h r e e
media.
1 mg of copper p e r 1000 ml was t o x i c t o t h e c i l i a t e s grown
i n Cra~nerMyers and t h e s t r e a m w a t e r .
1 hg o f copper p e r 10,000 ml
w a s n o t t o x i c t o t h e c i l i a t e s i n a l l t h e media.
5 mg o f z i n c p e r
1 0 0 m l was t o x i c t o a l l t h e f i v e t y p e s of c i l i a t e s i n a l l t h e t h r e e
media where a s 1 mg of z i n c p e r 100 nil Was n o t l e t h a l .
Piorphology,
n u c l e a r a p p a r a t u s , r a t e o f f i s s i o n and s i z e have been s t u d i e d .