GCSE
Human Health and Physiology
44151H – Topics in Human Health and Physiology
Mark scheme
4415
June 2015
Version 1: Final
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the
relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments
made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was
used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers
the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same
correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts:
alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after
the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they
are required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular
examination paper.
Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
•
the marks available for each part of the question
•
the total marks available for the question
•
the typical answer or answers which are expected
•
extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement and help to delineate
what is acceptable or not worthy of credit or, in discursive answers, to give an overview
of the area in which a mark or marks may be awarded.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark
scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where
consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the
diagram or at a different place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which
confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is
straightforward and consistent.
2. Emboldening
3.
2.1
In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is
used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.
2.2
A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the
mark.
2.3
Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or. Different
terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement.
Marking points
3.1
Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which candidates
have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation
is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no
marks can be awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not
penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? (1 mark)
Candidate
Response
1
2
3
green, 5
red*, 5
red*, 8
Marks
awarded
0
1
0
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system. (2 marks)
Candidate
1
2
3.2
Response
Pluto, Mars, Moon
Pluto, Sun, Mars,
Moon
Marks awarded
1
0
Use of chemical symbols / formulae
If a candidate writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical
name, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context
of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3
Marking procedure for calculations
Full marks can be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working shown.
However, if the answer is incorrect, mark(s) can be gained by correct substitution /
working and this is shown in the ‘extra information’ column or by each stage of a
longer calculation.
3.4
Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers
to the correct subject.
3.5
Errors carried forward
Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only.
Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be
carried forward are kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are
most likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be shown by the
abbreviation e.c.f. in the marking scheme.
3.6
Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless
there is a possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7
Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be
awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer
required.
3.8
Ignore / Insufficient / Do not allow
Ignore or insufficient is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question
or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain
the marking point.
Do not allow means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is
given, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
Answers
1(a)(i)
Lipase
1(a)(ii)
Small intestine
Extra information
Allow phonetic spelling
Allow duodenum / ileum / jejunum /
small bowel
Mark
ID details
1
G
1
G
2 max
E
1
E
2
E
1
E
Do not allow pancreas / intestine /
large intestine
1(b)(i)
Any two from:
Do not allow temperature / pH
•
volume of milk
Allow amount of milk
•
volume of Na2CO3
•
concentration of Na2CO3
•
volume of enzyme
•
concentration of enzyme
•
time in water bath before
mixing
Ignore time unqualified
•
no. of drops of indicator
Allow amount of indicator
Allow amount of Na2CO3 / starting
pH as max 1 for Na2CO3
Allow amount of enzyme as max
1 for enzyme
If no other mark awarded, allow
same amounts of solutions
1(b)(ii)
To ensure all chemicals / both
tubes get to / are at the correct
temperature (before mixing)
Do not allow optimum
o
Allow to reach 10 C
Allow same / constant temperature
1(b)(iii)
Fatty acids produced = 2 marks
Ignore glycerol
Allow acid produced / decrease in
pH = 1 mark
1(c)(i)
(Molecules / particles) have more
energy
Allow (molecules / particles)
move quickly / diffuse more
quickly / more collisions
Ignore enzymes ‘work faster’ at
higher temperatures
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
1(c)(ii)
Enzyme / active site
denatured
or
shape altered
1(d)
Any two from:
Allow enzyme no longer fits
substrate
Ignore enzyme destroyed /
damaged
1
E
2 max
E
Do not allow enzyme killed
• same result at 30 °C and 40 °C
or could be any temperature in
this range
or not tested at 35oC
or need to test at smaller
temperature intervals
• accuracy of result only to
nearest minute
• difficult to determine endpoint (colour)
• no mention of repeats / needs
to be repeatable / reproducible
• enzyme was too concentrated
Total
11
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
2(a)(i)
Answers
Extra information
Mark
Must be in correct order
ID details
A
3
1
1
1
4
1
2(a)(ii)
C
1
A
2(a)(iii)
Prevent backflow (of blood)
or
Ensure blood flows one way
1
E
2(b)(i)
Artery carries blood away from
heart
Allow converse for vein
1
E
(So) blood is at high pressure /
blood pushes on wall of blood
vessel / artery (wall) is stretched
by blood
Allow converse for vein
1
(Caused by) heart beat / waves of
contraction of heart /contraction
and relaxation of heart
2(b)(ii)
Total
Any four from:
•
more blood flowing / blood
flows faster (to muscles)
•
(more) O2 supplied / needed
•
(more) glucose /sugar supplied
/ needed
•
(more) respiration
•
(more) energy released /
needed
•
(more) CO2 removed
•
(more) lactic acid removed /
less lactic produced /
reference to O2 debt
Do not allow to pump blood
1
If answer is only about veins →
max 2 marks
‘More’ must be given at least
once for full marks
4 max
E
Do not allow energy production /
makes energy
Accept more ATP produced
Ignore cramp
12
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
3(a)(i)
Answers
Extra information
Mark
ID details
Large (surface) area
1
E
Thin / short distance (between
mother’s & fetus’s blood)
1
Good blood supply / lakes of
mother’s blood / many capillaries /
capillary network
3(a)(ii)
1
Any two from:
•
•
•
•
•
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
glycerol
vitamins / named example
•
ions / salts / minerals / named
example
water
•
2 max
E
Allow two named examples for 2
marks
Allow two named examples for 2
marks
Allow antibodies
Allow hormones
Ignore food / nutrients
3(b)(i)
1.5(0) to 5.09 (kg) or 5.09 to 1.5(0) Allow 1.50-1.79 to 4.80-5.09
1
G
3(b)(ii)
3.6(0)-3.89 (kg)
Allow 3.6(0)
1
G
3(b)(iii)
1.649/1.65/1.6
Correct answer = 2 marks
2
E
E
or
Allow 1 mark for use of ‘8’ and
‘485’ - eg 8 × 100 or 8
485
485
or 8 out of 485
or allow 1 mark for 1.64 or 1.7
or 1 mark for 0.82 / 0.825 / 0.8
Ignore extra insignificant figures
3(c)
Less O2 (since less carried by
mother’s RBCs)
Penalise zero oxygen / respiration
/
growth once (ie allow 2nd & 3rd)
1
(So) less (aerobic) respiration /
less energy release
Do not allow energy production
1
Ignore deformities / growth of
specific body parts
1
(So) less growth
/ less development
Total
12
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
Answers
4(a)
To control what enters / leaves
the cell
4(b)
Any three pairs from:
4(c)(i)
•
•
Nucleus
Controls activities of cell /
contains genetic information /
chromosomes / DNA
•
•
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions
occur
•
•
Mitochondrion
(Aerobic) respiration /
releases energy
•
•
Ribosome
Makes proteins / enzymes
Swells / increases in volume / in
mass
Extra information
Mark
ID details
Allow membrane is partially
permeable / selectively permeable
/ semipermeable
Ignore extras – eg ‘holds cell
together’
1
E
6
E
1
E
1 mark for structure and
1 mark for correct linked function
Allow anaerobic respiration
Do not allow makes / produces
energy
Allow makes ATP
Accept takes in water
1
Bursts
4(c)(ii)
Water enters
1
By osmosis / diffusion / down
water concentration gradient
Allow from dilute to more
concentrated solution
Accept concentration unqualified
as meaning solute concentration
Ignore ambiguous gradient if
osmosis / diffusion given
(so) membrane stretches / breaks
Allow no cell wall to prevent
bursting
E
1
1
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
4(d)(i)
ADH / antidiuretic hormone
Phonetic spelling
1
G
1
G
1
E
If incorrect name - cancel
4(d)(ii)
‘X’ on head of Fig. Y – higher than Take centre of ‘X’ as indicating the
base of ears
point
Allow other symbols
4(d)(iii)
Reabsorption of water
OR
Absorption of water into blood
Is increased
Total
1
16
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
5(a)(i)
Answers
Extra information
A because:
No mark for ‘A’
Muscles (do work when they)
contract
If B, max 1 mark
Muscle pulls the bone
or
Correct reference to point of
attachment – eg to (middle) finger
(metacarpal) / to nearside of thumb
5(a)(ii)
Muscles pull / cannot push
or
can contract but cannot expand
Mark
ID details
E
1
1
Allow when one muscle contracts
the other relaxes / muscles can
only contract and relax
Need 2nd muscle to reverse
movement caused by 1st
or
A muscle can only move a bone
one way
or
One muscle flexes and the
other extends
Allow one is adductor and the
other is the abductor
5(b)(i)
P = Synovial membrane
Allow phonetic spelling only
5(b)(ii)
1
E
1
1
G
Lubrication / for smooth movement Allow ‘oils the joint’
/ reduces friction / stops bones
rubbing
1
E
Shock absorber / keeps bones
apart / cushions (bones)
1
If no other mark given, allow
prevents damage to bones
5(b)(iii)
Q = Cartilage
Phonetic spelling
1
G
5(b)(iv)
Movement is difficult /stiff / limited
Allow movement is painful
Allow cannot walk far
1
E
(Due to) friction or pieces of
(uneven) cartilage ‘catching’ /
rubbing
Total
1
10
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
6
Answers
Extra information
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the quality of written
communication.
The answer is coherent and in a logical sequence. It contains a range
of appropriate or relevant specialist terms used accurately.
There is a clear description of a double-blind controlled trial on a large
number of patients with arthritis, the groups being normalised for other
variables. A criterion for assessing success is included. Reasons
are given for most points in the method.
4–5
The answer has some structure and the use of specialist terms has
been attempted, but not always accurately. There is a description of a
trial and a control on a large number of patients with arthritis. The
criterion for success may not be clear. A reason is given for at least
one point in the method.
2–3
The answer is poorly constructed with an absence of specialist terms
or their use demonstrates a lack of understanding of their meaning.
The answer is limited to a trial of the drug on patients with arthritis to
find if it ‘improves’ their condition.
1
No relevant content.
Examples of scientific points that may contribute to a candidate’s
response:
Action
Total
Mark
0
Reason
•
Select patients with arthritis
To see if condition improves
•
Large no. of patients (nx100,
if specified)
Reliable / representative
/ repeatable
•
2 groups of patients – drug
– placebo
Control / overcome psychosomatic effect
•
Groups with similar characteristics
/ equal spread of characteristics
eg for weight / height / BMI
/ gender / degree of arthritis
/ same dosage
Other variables confound /
may cause different results
•
Double-blind / described
Overcome expectation / bias
/ psychological effect
/ not behave differently
•
Treat for several months
Enough time for drug to act
•
Suggested criterion of success
eg amount of pain relief
/ amount of increased mobility
Need measurement drug vs.
placebo
•
Statistical analysis
Unbiased, numerical
5
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
Answers
Extra information
Mark
ID details
7(a)(i)
Testis / testes
Allow testicle / seminiferous tubule
1
G
7(a)(ii)
2 divisions
Allow mitosis has only one
1
E
Halves amount of DNA
Allow meiosis decreases amount
of DNA / mitosis → same amount
1
7(b)(i)
3.3
7(b)(ii)
6.6
1st: 6.6
1
G
1
E
1
G
nd
2 : Allow ecf from 7(b)(i)
7(b)(iii)
3 to 4
7(b)(iv)
4.8 or 6
Accept 4 h 48 min
1
G
7(c)(i)
DNA / chromosome has
replicated / copied / duplicated /
doubled
Ignore splitting / multiplied
1
E
7(c)(ii)
So 1 copy to each offspring cell
Allow so each cell has the correct
amount / same amount of DNA
1
E
7(d)(i)
0.14(3)
Correct answer = 2 marks
Ignore extra insignificant figures
2
E
1
E
Allow cloned
or
6.6 = 1 mark
46
or
Allow ecf for answer from
incorrect figure from graph ÷ 46
for 1 mark
or
Allow ecf for answer from
6.6 ÷ incorrect chromosome no.
for 1 mark
7(d)(ii)
Total
Chromosomes vary in size /
number 21 is smaller (than mean)
Ignore reference to 21 being a
Y chromosome
12
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Answers
Question
8(a)(i)
1667
Extra information
Mark
ID details
Correct to nearest whole number
2
E
1
E
or
25 000 for 1 mark
15
or
Allow 1 mark for 1666 / 1666.6 /
1666.7
8(a)(ii)
Fewer / not many people are AB /
more people are O
Allow group O can be given to
more people / other blood
groups / allow O is universal
donor
Allow AB is universal recipient /
can receive blood from other
groups
8(b)(i)
Can donate blood (safely) to any
(other) group / to any person
1
E
8(b)(ii)
O
1
A
3
G
1
E
8(c)
8(d)(i)
















1 mark per correct row
or
1 mark per correct column,
whichever is greater
Accept blank box as ‘'
Accept ‘’ as ‘'
Antibody / antigen has specific
shape
(so) antibody fits antigen / is
complementary to antigen
Ignore ‘matches’
1
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
8(d)(ii)
= Correct reference to size
1
Blocks capillary / blood cannot flow
through capillary
= Correct effect on capillary
1
Cells do not receive correct named
substance – eg O2 / glucose
= Correct consequence
If >1 RBC (bound together), too
big to pass through capillary
E
or >1 RBC is > 10µm / > diameter
of capillary
or Cells cannot remove correct
named substance – eg CO2 / lactic
acid
1
or Cells cannot respire / release
energy
or May suffer a heart attack /
stroke / gangrene
Total
13
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
9(a)
Answers
Extra information
Mark
ID details
Two pairs from:
1stnd: Cause
2 : Correct example for that cause
4
E
•
Named type of pathogen /
microorganism
Any corresponding named
infectious disease, eg
Common cold / influenza /
AIDS / food poisoning /
athlete’s foot / malaria /
dysentery / etc
Allow 2 types of pathogen (from
bacteria, viruses, fungi &
protoctistans + correct example
for each for 4 marks
Example of a deficiency /
imbalance of diet
Any diet-related disease, eg
Scurvy / rickets / anaemia /
type 2 diabetes / CHD
Allow 2 types of diet-related factor
+ correct example for each for 4
marks
Example of substance abuse
Any eg – cirrhosis of liver /
emphysema / etc
Allow 2 types of named
substances + correct example for
each for 4 marks – eg alcohol /
tobacco
E
•
•
•
•
•
Allow smoking
Allow bronchitis
Allow a correct example linked to
each of two imprecise causes, eg
mosquito → malaria
poor diet → scurvy
undercooked food → foodpoisoning
9(b)(i)
9(b)(ii)
Cell division / multiplication
Allow a tumour
1
Out of control / abnormal
Accept references to metastasis /
malignancy
1
A change in DNA / a gene / a
chromosome
1
E
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
9(b)(iii)
Answers
Extra information
Mark
ID details
2 max
E
A form of a gene
1
E
Needs 2 copies (to be expressed) / Allow ‘masked’ by dominant allele /
not expressed if 1 copy
by other allele
1
Any two from:
•
•
•
•
•
UV
X-rays
Gamma-rays
Radioactive / nuclear material
Carcinogen
Or ‘radiation’ for 1 mark
Accept named carcinogen
If no other mark awarded, allow
tobacco / smoking / sunlight
Ignore alcohol
9(c)(i)
Do not allow ‘it is not inherited’ if
dominant allele present
9(c)(ii)
P genotypes: Nn
Gametes:
N
AND
n
Nn
N
n
Offspring genotypes:
NN
Nn
Allow heterozygous
1
Allow correct from P genotypes
1
Allow correct from gametes
1
Allow this point only if 1 in 4
1
E
(Nn) nn
Correct identification of nn
genotype as having CF
If just NN Nn nn in offspring,
allow max 3 marks
Total
15
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
Question
Answers
Extra information
Mark
ID details
10(a)(i)
38
Allow answer in range 36–39
1
G
10(a)(ii)
Latest trend continues / unaltered
/ straight line (from 2005–2010
increase)
Allow continuation of line of best
fit
1
E
10(a)(iii)
Any one named factor – eg:
Ignore exercise
1
E
2
E
1
E
•
•
•
•
10(b)(i)
Government campaign
advertising
education
legislation
30
Allow example of legislation eg
tax on junk food / limiting fast food
outlets
Correct answer = 2 marks
or
Allow 1 mark for 97.2 or 97.2
1.82
3.24
10(b)(ii)
Risk relative to / compared to a
person
with BMI=20-21 / a low BMI /
good health / non-obese
Allow risk of 1
10(b)(iii)
9 (times)
Ignore any units
1
E
10(c)(i)
High / increased concentration
of glucose in blood (from drink)
OR Glucose is not absorbed /
less glucose is absorbed by cells /
less glucose changed to glycogen
1
E
Glucose stimulates release of
insulin
(So) high concentrations of
glucose in the blood
1
But insulin not detected so
(glucose concentration remains
high and stimulates) more
insulin release
High glucose stimulates more
insulin release
1
1
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MARK SCHEME – GCSE HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSIOLOGY – 4415 – JUNE 2015
10(c)(ii)
Glucose is normally all
reabsorbed by kidney
the glucose is reabsorbed
High blood glucose / In Mr
Jones’s case → more glucose
(than usual) in filtrate
Ignore ‘absorbed’
1
E
Allow ‘taken (back) into blood’ /
‘absorbed into blood’
1
1
Not all of this (extra) glucose can
be reabsorbed / there is too much
glucose to all be reabsorbed
Total
14
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