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Structure and Function
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Anatomy & Physiology (Open + Free)
Sy lla bu s
Unit 14:: Review and Synthesis
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Mor e
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Structure and Function
Identify exam ples of structure
and function in anatom y .
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Rev iew and Sy nthesis
Module 56 /
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Predict dy sfunctions associated
with altered anatom ical
structures.
As you have seen, function relies completely upon structure and altered structure can greatly affect function.
The following exercises take a look at one way this relationship plays out in the Urinary system.
EXAMPLE
The Bladder
Within the urinary system, recall that the bladder is the organ that stores urine until elimination by
urination. Since urination production is continuous and elimination occurs less frequently, the amount
stored changes over time. We will examine how the anatomical structure of the bladder allows its
physiological function.
To permit large volume changes, the lining of the urinary bladder has rugae, similar to the lining of the
digestive system.
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Structure and Function
The detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder contains multiple layers of smooth muscle cells that align in
different directions. These muscles are aligned in the long axis, as well as around the bladder as circles
and as spirals. These smooth muscles are able to stretch and signal that voiding is necessary.
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EXAMPLE
Layers of the Epidermis
There are multiple layers of cells in the epidermis of the integumentary system. The function of the
collective structural layers is to provide a continuous barrier that also renews. Within the epidermis, each
distinct layer has different structures and functions related to their structure.
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Structure and Function
EXAMPLE
Gastric Bypass
Obesity is usually treated with altered lifestyle changes including altered diet and increased exercise.
Occasionally, weight loss medication is used to supplement lifestyle changes. However, in severe cases,
altering the stomach’s structure can also be used to reduce food intake. Two major types of surgery
include adjustable gastric band (Lap-Band) and gastric bypass.
Gastric banding physically restricts the stomach from expanding. Without the band, an adult’s stomach
can expand from 50 mL to hold about 1 liter of food, and can distend to hold as much as 4 liters. There
are numerous structures which allow this distension function.
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Less food can fit into a stomach with a gastric band, and individuals feel full sooner. With gastric bypass
surgery, stapling the stomach reduces stomach volume. Also, a portion of the small intestine is bypassed.
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Structure and Function
EXAMPLE
Sickle Cell: Altered Red Blood Cell Shape
In sickle cell anemia, low oxygen conditions lead to an altered red blood cell shape and reduced
elasticity. Stiffer red blood cells can lead to vessel occlusion and ultimately tissue damage.
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