Education system
Russian
Federation
The Russian education
system described and
compared with the Dutch
system
Education system
| Evaluation chart
Education system Russian Federation
This document provides information about the education system of the Russian
Federation. It also includes the Dutch comparison of qualifications obtained in the
Russian Federation.
Except where expressly stated otherwise and with the exception of images and
illustrations, this publication is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) Licence. For more information about the reuse
of this publication please visit https://www.nuffic.nl/en/home/copyright.
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Education system Russian Federation
L7
Doktor Nauk (Доктор наук)
(PhD)
postgraduate
5-10
L4
Specialist
Специалист
(university education)
Kandidat Nauk
(Кандидат Наук)
(PhD)
L6
Magister Магистр
(university education)
L5
1-2
undergraduate
5-6
L4
Diplom o nepolnom
vysshem obrazovanii
Диплом о неполном
высшем образовании
(university education)
Bakalavr
Бакалавр
(university education)
2
0
Education level
L4
Diplom ob Okonchanii Srednego L3
Special’nogo Uchebnogo
Zavedenija Диплом об
Окончании Среднего
Специального Учебного
Заведения /
Svidetel’stvo (Professionalnoe
Litsei) Свидетелство
профессиональное Лицей
(secondary vocational education)
L3
Attestat o Srednem (Polnom)
Obshchem Obrazovanii
Аттестат о Среднем (Полном)
Общем Образовании
(secondary general education)
1-4
L0
L4
4
Ediniy Gosudarstvenniy Ekzamen (EGE)
Единый Государственный Экзамен (ЕГЭ)
(Unified State Exam (USE))
Diplom ob Okonchanii Srednego L3
Proftechuchilisha Диплом об
Окончании Среднего
Профтехучилища (СПТУ) /
Svidetel’stvo
Professionalnoe Uchilishche
Свидетельство
Профессиональное Училище
(secondary vocational education)
3
2
Attestat ob Osnovnom Obshchem Obrazovanii
Аттестат об основном общем образовании
(basic general education)
1-4
L2
5
Duration of education
Click here to view a sample of
the diploma
Nachalnoe obrazovanie /
Начальное образование
(primary general education)
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4
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Evaluation chart
In the following chart, the left part lists foreign qualifications. The right part lists the Dutch
comparisons, with corresponding levels in the Netherlands and European qualifications
frameworks.
Degree or qualification
Dutch equivalent and NLQF level
EQF
level
Attestat ob Osnovnom Obshchem Obrazovanii - Аттестат
3 years of general secondary education
об основном общем образовании
Svidetel’stvo (Professionalnoe Uchilishche) -
MBO diploma (at qualification level 1 or
Свидетельство (Профессиональное Училище) (1-2½
2)
1/2
1/2
3/4
3/4
years)
Svidetel’stvo (Professionalnoe Litsei) - Свидетельство
MBO diploma (at qualification level 3 or
профессиональное Лицей (2 years)
4)
Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrazovanii -
at least a HAVO diploma
4
4
Diplom ob Okonchanii Srednego Proftechuchilisha (SPTU)
havo diploma for the general education
4
4
- Диплом об Окончании Среднего Профтехучилища
component
4
4
2 years of HBO or at most 1 year of WO
5/6
5/6
HBO master’s degree or WO bachelor’s
7/6
7/6
Аттестат о Среднем (Полном) Общем Образовании
(3 years)
Diplom ob Okonchanii Srednego Special’nogo Uchebnogo
havo diploma for the general education
Zavedenija (SSUZ) - Диплом об Окончании Среднего
component
Специального Учебного Заведения (3-4 years)
Diplom o nepolnom vysshem obrazovanii - Диплом о
неполном высшем образовании
Specialist programme – Специалист (5 years)
degree
Specialist programme – Специалист (5 ½ years)
approximately WO master’s degree
7
7
Bakalavr diploma Бакалавр (4 years)
HBO bachelor’s degree or approximately
6
6
7
7
WO bachelor’s degree
Magistr diploma Магистр
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HBO or WO master’s degree
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NB.
• The information provided in the table is a general recommendation from which no
rights may be derived.
• NLQF = Netherlands Qualififcations Framework. EQF = European Qualifications
Framework.
• The evaluation of a foreign qualification in terms of the EQF/NLQF does not
necessarily mean that all of the learning outcomes associated with these levels have
been achieved.
• Information on the Dutch equivalent qualifications is available in the Netherlands
Education System. See: http://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/education-systemnetherlands.pdf
• Information regarding international study programmes at VMBO and MBO level is
issued by SBB, the foundation for Co-operation on Vocational Education, Training
and the Labour Market.
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
Introduction
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian
Federation became an independent country. The Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union) was made up of the 15 republics. This
module concentrates on the Russian Federation.
The recognised higher education institutions are supervised by an Academic Council of
university governors. Individual institutions are led by a vice-chancellor. In the case of
private institutions, supervision is the responsibility of the owners/founders. It is also
common practice to appoint a Board of Supervisors.
In 2009 Federal Universities were introduced. These universities were established
through a merger of existing state institutions. The federal universities have a special
status in the sense of significant achievements in science and large-scale research and
innovation. On top of that, 12 universities were awarded the status of National Research
University in 2010. These are highly competitive universities, with effective systems for
commercialization of scientific research and development activities.
The language of instruction is usually Russian. Everyone attends a compulsory 9 years of
education, comprising 4 years of primary school and 5 years of the initial phase of
secondary education.
The academic year runs from 1 September until the end of June.
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Primary and secondary education
General education requires some 34 weeks of study per year. A school week consists of
27-38 hours of study. The school year starts on 1 September and ends in the beginning
of June. The basic curriculum for general education is determined in line with State
requirements with regard to the minimum content of education and workload of pupils. It
also establishes certain compulsory fields of study, such as humanities, natural sciences,
social sciences, and natural sciences. In practice, each school designs its own
curriculum, provided that it adheres to the framework of the Basic Curriculum.
After completing 4 years of primary education, students enter the first phase of secondary
education, which has a nominal duration of 5 years and concludes the period of
compulsory education. At this point students take an examination leading to the issue of
the Attestat ob osnovnom obshchem obrazovanii or the Svidetel’stvo ob okonchanii
nepol’nogo obshchego srednego obrazovaniya.
In terms of level, the Attestat ob osnovnom
obshchem obrazovanii (Аттестат об
основном общем образовании) is
comparable to 3 years of general secondary
education in the Netherlands.
The second phase of secondary education comprises at most 2 years. The number of
subjects examined should be at least 5, including 2 written examinations (composition
and mathematics) and 3 elective subjects. In addition to the results of the final
examinations, school leaving certificates include a supplement with the grades obtained
by the student in all subjects during the whole period of education. The total number of
subjects may vary from 17-20. Final and annual examinations are written (65%) and oral
(35%).
Upon completion, students are awarded the Attestat o Srednem (polnom) obshchem
obrazovanii certificate, which qualifies them to take entrance examinations for higher
education.
In terms of level, the Attestat o Srednem
(polnom) obshchem obrazovanii (Аттестат о
Среднем (Полном) Общем Образовании)
is comparable to at least a HAVO diploma in
the Netherlands.
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Secondary vocational education
Up until 1992, Russia had 2 types of vocational education. The first, called SPTU
(Srednee Professional’noe Tekhnicheskoe Uchilishe), comprised 3 years after the 9
years of primary and secondary education, and led to the Diplom ob okonchanii srednego
proftechuchilisha certificate, which entitled the holder to practice in the professional field
and also provided access to the entrance examinations for higher education.
In terms of level, the Diplom ob Okochanii
Srednego Proftechuchilisha (Диплом об
Окончании Среднего Профтехучилища) is
comparable in the Netherlands to a HAVO
diploma for its general education
component.
The SSUZ (Srednee Specialnoe Uchebnoe Zavedenie) was offered at a Tekhnikum in
the case of technical and economic professions and at a Uchilishe for other professions.
This type of education lasted 3 to 4 years after the 9 years of primary and secondary
education, and led to the Diplom ob okonchanii srednego special’nogo uchebnogo
zavedenija certificate .
In terms of level, the Diplom ob Okonchanii
Srednego Special’nogo Uchebnogo
Zavedenija (Диплом об Окончании
Среднего Специального Учебного
Заведения) is comparable in the
Netherlands to at least a HAVO diploma for
its general education component.
During the 1990s a number of the SSUZ institutions were converted into post-secondary
Colleges (Kolledzh), which offer programmes that lead to a professional qualification
which entitles the holder to practice in the professional field (in managerial positions) and
also provides fast-track admission into similar specialisations in higher education.
Currently, secondary vocational education (nachalnoe professionalnoe obrazovanie) is
offered at 2 types of schools: the Professionalnoe Uchilishche and the Professionalnye
Litsei.
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Professional schools (Professionalnoe Uchilishche) offer programmes lasting 1 to 2½
years. The Svidetel’stvo (certificate) awarded upon completion qualifies students for the
entrance examinations for higher education.
In terms of level, the Svidetel’stvo awarded
by a Professionalnoe Uchilishche
(Свидетельство Профессиональное
Училище) is comparable in the Netherlands
to an MBO diploma at qualification level 1 or
2, depending on the specialisation.
Professional grammar schools (Professionalnye Litsei) teach programmes lasting 1 to 4
years and lead to a Svidetel’stvo (certificate), which likewise qualifies students to take the
entrance examinations for higher education.
In terms of level, the Svidetel’stvo awarded
by a Professionalnoe Litsei
(Свидетельство профессиональное
Лицей) after completion of 2-year
programme is comparable in the
Netherlands to an MBO diploma at
qualification level 3 or 4, depending on the
specialisation.
Completion of the first 2 years of a Professionalnoe Litsei may give access to the
entrance examinations for higher education. Pupils who have completed the general
secondary education (11 years) may be admitted in the third year of a Professionalnoe
Litsei. The certificate awarded after 4 years of professional grammar school is called the
Svidetel’stvo. This qualification (4-year programme) gives access to the third year of
Bakalavr programmes in similar field.
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Admission to higher education
Formerly, admission to higher education was based on the Attestat o Srednem (Polnom)
Obshchem Obrazovanii (Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education) and the
results on entrance examinations taken at individual institutions. Both exams were usually
oral. Designing the school-leaving exams was the responsibility of the schools
themselves. The number of institutions that students could apply to was limited, as they
had to sit separate examinations for each institution.
Since 2009 the Uniform State Examination (Ediniy Gosudarstvenniy Ekzamen, EGE) has
become compulsory throughout the Russian Federation. This exam forms a single,
nationally standardised set of exams. Although in principle the EGE should be the only
exam future students need to pass, some institutions have been granted the right to
impose additional requirements. The highly prestigious Moscow State University (MGU)
serves as an example of this.

Higher education
Higher education is provided at universities, institutes and academies. According to the
law, universities must offer both academic and professionally oriented higher education
and conduct both scientific and applied research in a wide variety of disciplines in natural
sciences, social sciences and humanities. Universities must be prestigious centres in the
field of science and methodology.
Russia has hundreds of institutes, which as a rule offer programmes focusing on
professions in the agricultural, medical, pharmaceutical, pedagogical and technical
sectors. Many former polytechnics, medical institutes, agricultural institutes, and teacher
training institutes have acquired university status. However, there is an unofficial
distinction between these ‘new’ universities and the old ‘classical’ ones. Institutes may be
autonomous institutions or divisions of universities or academies.
Academies in general offer programmes in one major discipline, such as music or arts.
At present, of all Russian state higher education institutions, around 50% are universities
and academies and institutes each are around 25%.
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A network of new, high-status ‘federal’ universities is being created by the Russian
Education Ministry. This network of new universities enjoys a privileged status with regard
to research facilities and academic staff. In 2006-2009, the first 5 federal universities
were established through a merger of existing state universities.
• The Northern (Arctic) Federal University emerged from the Arkhangelsk State
Technical University.
• The Kazan State University formed the basis of the current Privolzhsky Federal
University.
• The Ural Federal University has its roots in the Ural State Technical University.
• The Far Eastern Federal University is located in the former Far Eastern State
University.
• The North-Eastern Federal University has its foundation in the Yakutian State
university of M.K.Ammosov.
These universities offer bachelor’s and master’s programmes in close cooperation with
business and research centres. Also, they are strongly oriented towards international
academic cooperation and research.
In addition, a nationwide competition recently resulted in the selection of 15 universities
that received the status of National Research Universities.
1. Belgorod State University,
2. Irkutsk State Technical University,
3. Kazan State Technological University,
4. Mordovian State University of N.P. Ogarev,
5. Moscow State Institute of Electronic Technology,
6. Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU),
7. Moscow Power Engineering Institute (technical university),
8. Perm State University,
9. Russian State Medical University of the Federal Agency of Public Health and Social
Development,
10. Russian State University of Oil and Gaz of I.M. Gubkin,
11. Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University,
12. Saratov State University of N.G. Chernyshsevsky,
13. Tomsk State University,
14. Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences- Saint Petersburg Academic
University- Scientific-Educational Center of Nanotechologies of the RAS
15. South Ural State University.
These universities will receive extra means from the federal budget. Financing is aimed
towards the purchase of training-laboratory and scientific equipment, to the improvement
of qualifications and professional retraining of university personnel, to the set up of
training programmes, to the creation of information resources and to the modernisation of
the quality management in education and scientific research.
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In principle, this category "national research university" is introduced for a period of 10
years. National research universities have the right to realise educational programmes
designed by themselves.
At present Russia has around 700 state-run institutions for higher education. There are
also several hundred private institutions, at which programmes in law, management and
finance are strongly represented.

University and higher professional education
University curricula generally span 36 weeks a year, with a study load of 55 hours a week
at most. Students typically have 27 hours of class time each week. The academic year
runs from September until June and consists of 2 semesters lasting 5 months each.
Specialist (Специалист)
University Specialist programmes vary in length from 5 to 6 years. The diploma provides
a professional qualification and can be earned in any field of study. The specialisation is
always stated on the diploma certificate, to which an overview of subjects and academic
results is appended. Students are usually required to write a final paper. Specialist
programmes span over 400 fairly in-depth specialisations.
In terms of level, the Specialist
(Специалист) degree following a nominal 5year is comparable in the Netherlands to a
WO bachelor’s or HBO master’s degree,
depending on the content of the
programme.
In terms of level, the Specialist
(Специалист) degree following a nominal
5½-year is approximately comparable in the
Netherlands to a WO master’s degree,
depending on the content of the
programme.
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Diplom o nepolnom vysshem obrazovanii (Диплом о неполном высшем
образовании)
The Diplom o nepolnom vysshem obrazovanii has a nominal duration of at least 2 years
and represents an intermediate qualification allowing entry into the labour market.
In terms of level, the Diplom o nepolnom
vysshem obrazovanii (Диплом о неполном
высшем образовании) is comparable to 2
years of higher professional education
(HBO) or to at most 1 year of university
education (WO) in the Netherlands,
depending on the content of the
programme.
Bakalavr (Бакалавр)
Alongside Russia’s existing Specialist qualifications, a system of bachelor’s/bakalavr and
master’s/magistr diplomas was introduced. Bakalavr programmes have a nominal
duration of 4 years and are, in theory, offered in many fields of study. The preliminary
years take a broad orientation, with particular emphasis on subjects such as social
sciences, economics, history, a foreign language, and natural sciences. In some cases
students complete a final paper (short and not required) or project. Upon successful
completion, students receive a state diploma with an appendix listing all subjects, hours,
marks, practical training and final examination and final paper or project results.
In terms of level, the Bakalavr degree
(Бакалаврa) following a nominal 4-year is
approximately comparable in the
Netherlands to a WO bachelor’s or HBO
bachelor's degree, depending on the
content of the programme.
This diploma qualifies students to enter the labour market or to go on to an associated
research-oriented Magistr programme.
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Magistr (Магистр)
Magistr programmes take off where Bakalavr programmes end and have a nominal
duration of 1 to 2 years. A Specialist diploma is also sufficient qualification for enrolment.
Magistr programmes are by and large research-oriented. They conclude with a state
examination and students’ defence of their final paper. The diploma certificate is issued
with an appendix – the Prilozhenie k diplomu listing all subjects, hours, marks, practical
training and final examination and final paper or project results, and qualifies students to
take doctoral entrance examinations.
In terms of level, the Magistr degree
(Mагистра) is comparable in the
Netherlands to a WO or HBO master’s
degree.
In practice, Magistr diplomas are actually seldom awarded, and then in only a limited
number of disciplines. A Magistr diploma and a Specialist diploma both confer the same
rights, even though the former has a nominal duration of an additional year and is more
research oriented.
Kandidat Nauk (Кандидат Наук)
Russia has 2 types of doctorates: the Kandidat Nauk, meaning literally ‘Candidate of
Sciences’ and the Doktor Nauk, meaning ‘Doctor of Sciences’.
The prerequisite for admission to a Kandidat Nauk programme is a Specialist or Magistr
diploma. The programme – or aspirantura – comprises lectures, seminars and research,
takes 3 years to complete and is concluded with the public defence of a doctoral thesis.
Candidates are required to write an extensive summary of their doctoral thesis, called an
Avtoreferat. Doctoral theses deemed satisfactory by the doctoral thesis council result in
conferral of the Kandidat Nauk diploma and the title spetsialist-issledovatel, or ‘specialist
researcher’.
Doktor Nauk (Доктор Наук)
Doktor Nauk is the highest academic title that can be achieved. Admission is extremely
selective and highly restricted. An institution’s Academic Council determines whether or
not to award the title, based on the level of advancement shown in the reserach project,
which must resolve a fundamental scientific problem.
The curriculum focuses entirely on research. Where the research and doctoral thesis for
a Kandidat Nauk demonstrate outstanding quality, a Doktor Nauk diploma may also be
conferred. There is no equivalent qualification in the Netherlands.
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
Assessment systems
The Russian education system uses a 5-2 assessment scale:
Numerical grade
In words
Description
Meaning
5
otlichno
Pyat
outstanding
4
khorosho
tsjetyri
good
3
udovletvoritel’no
Trie
pass
neudovletvoritel’no
Dwa
fail
2
(also: plokho)

Bologna process
In 2003, Russia became a member of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the
cooperative system for higher education in Europe whose foundations were laid by the
1999 Bologna declaration.
Information on the current situation can be found on the official website of the EHEA:
www.ehea.info/country-details.aspx?countryId=39

Qualification frameworks
In 2005, the Bologna Framework (overarching framework for qualifications of the
European higher education area) was adopted. Development of a complete national
qualifications framework, including non-higher education qualifications, is still under way.

Quality assurance and accreditation
In Russia Accreditation is under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Education and
Science of the Russian Federation. Higher education institutions may operate only with
the approval of the government.
Russia recognises the following 2 phases:
1. Licensing: This is a permission by the state to provide education. This phase usually
lasts 3-5 years and precedes state accreditation.
2. Accreditation is granted by the government. This allows the higher education
institution to conduct accredited education programmes and to award nationally
recognised (state format) diplomas and degrees.
The National Accreditation Board of the Russian Federation under the Ministry of
Education and Science of the Russian Federation operates under the authority of the
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Federal Service of Supervision in Education and Science. This Board is in Russia
responsible for the dissemination of knowledge and information about the procedures of
the state accreditation of higher education institutions. It also develops materials and
methodological recommendations for conducting self-evaluations and visitations. Also, it
provides training and conducts research with regard to quality assurance of higher
education in Russia.
More general information on quality assurance and accreditation can be found on the
website of the Russian ENIC: www.russianenic.ru/english/rf/otdel.html

International treaties
Russia signed and ratified the Lisbon Convention in 2000.
The website of the Russian ENIC contains a link with all bilateral and multilateral
agreements in the field of higher education:
www.russianenic.ru/int/agreements/index.html.

Addresses
www.russianenic.ru/
Bilingual (Russian and English) website of the Russian National Information Center on
Academic Recognition and Mobility (ENIC), providing an overview of recognised higher
education institutions in Russia. The website has information on a range of topics,
including about the Russian education system and the Russian law on higher education,
along with sample secondary and higher education diploma certificates.
www.russianenic.ru/english/index.html
Website of the Russian ENIC.
www.s-bb.nl
Website of SBB, the foundation for Co-operation on Vocational Education, Training and
the Labour Market.
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
Diploma Supplement
At present, 39 universities are involved in a pilot project with regard to the introduction of
the Diploma Supplement.
Though the Diploma Supplement (DS) has not been implemented in Russia, the grade
list attached to diplomas follows the same general pattern as the DS and provides
information about programme structure and study load.
Some higher educational institutions may issue the European Diploma Supplement on
request. However, this supplement is not a substitution for the Russian Diploma
Supplement.

Composition of file
Minimal file requirements: any file originating in Russia must consist of a copy of the
original Russian diploma certificate, together with a translation, and a grade list – issued
with the diploma - together with a translation.
Authenticity
Russian higher education diplomas of state institutions have a standard layout. They
come in blue hardbound booklets (13x20 cm) and are ochre and turquoise in colour.
When copied, the two-headed (tsarist) eagle becomes visible, as do text boxes indicating
that the document is a copy. The appended grade list follows the pattern of the DS and
provides much information about programme structure and study load. Details about the
diploma recipient, nature of the programme, date and place of issue are filled in by hand.
If the diploma recipient graduated cum laude, this is printed (with honours/s otličiem)
underneath the title Diplom.
Diplomas are signed by the vice-chancellor and chairman of the state examination
committee. The left-hand page of the diploma contains the registration number and an
authentication that the document is a state-recognised higher education diploma.
Diplomas confirming to this old style (in use until around 1993) were issued in small
(11x15 cm), blue, hardbound booklets. Details about the diploma recipient and nature of
the programme are filled in by hand, as are the date and place of issue. If the diploma
recipient graduated cum laude, the diploma is bound in a red booklet.
These diplomas are signed by the vice-chancellor and secretary (dean) of the institution,
and are stamped with the institution’s round seal in the lower left corner. The state
symbol of the former Soviet Union is also displayed on the cover of the diploma. The
diplomas are always accompanied by a grade list bearing the same number as the
diploma.
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Diplomas for non-ethnic Russians
Diplomas issued to non-ethnic Russians from around 1993 follow a standard layout.
These diplomas are issued in blue, hardbound booklets measuring 13x20 cm. Details
about the diploma recipient and nature of the programme are filled in by hand, as are the
date and place of issue. Unlike diplomas issued to Russian nationals, these diplomas are
bilingual: the left-hand page in Russian and the right-hand page is a translation into
English, French or Spanish. If the diploma recipient graduated cum laude, this is printed
underneath the title Diplom.
The diplomas are signed by the vice-chancellor and secretary (dean) of the institution .
Affixed in the lower left corner of the left-hand page is a passport-size photograph of the
diploma holder, with the stamp of the issuing institution placed on top. These diplomas
also contain a further two pages for authentication stamps All diplomas should be
accompanied by a grade list bearing the same number as the diploma certificate itself.
Consulting the registries
Nuffic maintains extensive and intensive contact with both the Russian Ministry of
Education and Science and its colleagues at the Russian ENIC. In theory, the Russian
authorities can answer questions about any higher education programme in Russia.

List of higher education institutes
www.russianenic.ru/english/cred/index.html
Website of the Russian ENIC, including an overview of recognised Russian higher
education institutions.
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
Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrazovanii –
awarded after 2007
Аттестат о среднем (полном) общем образовании
Certificate of Secondary (Complete) General Education
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Education system Russian Federation

Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrazovanii –
awarded since 1 January 2010
Аттестат о среднем (полном) общем образовании
Certificate of Secondary (Complete) General Education
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Education system Russian Federation

Attestat o Srednem Obshchem Obrazovanii – awarded
since 1 September 2013 (front)
Аттестат о среднем общем образовании
Certificate of Secondary General Education
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Education system Russian Federation

Attestat o Srednem Obshchem Obrazovanii – awarded
since 1 September 2013
Аттестат о среднем общем образовании
Certificate of Secondary General Education
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
Diplom o Nepolnom Vysshem Obrazovanii
Диплом о неполном высшем образовании
Diploma of incompleted higher education
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Education system Russian Federation

Diplom o Nepolnom Vysshem Obrazovanii (appendix)
Диплом о неполном высшем образовании
Diploma of incompleted higher education
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
Diplom Specialista –awarded since 1994
Диплом cпециалиста, Российская Федерация
Specialist Diploma
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Education system
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Education system Russian Federation

Diplom Specialista – uitgereikt na 2012
Диплом cпециалиста, Российская Федерация
Specialist Diploma (Specialist degree)
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Education system Russian Federation

Diploma Bakalavr – awarded prior to 2012
Диплом бакалавра
Bachelor diploma
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Education system Russian Federation

Diploma Bakalavr – awarded since 2012 (front)
Диплом бакалавра
Bachelor diploma
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Education system Russian Federation

Diploma Bakalavr – awarded since 2012
Диплом бакалавра
Bachelor diploma
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Education system Russian Federation

Diplom Magistra – awarded prior to 2012
Диплом Mагистра, Российская Федерация
Magister Diploma (Master degree)
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
Prilozhenie k Diplomu – appendix to university diploma
Приложение к Диплому
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
Diplom Magistra – uitgereikt na 2012
Диплом Mагистра, Российская Федерация
Magister Diploma (Master degree)
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
Qualification Russian Federation
Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrazovanii
Аттестат о Среднем (Полном) Общем Образовании
• diploma secondary general education
• grants access in the Russian Federation to all higher education programmes
upon completion of entrance examinations
This qualification is comparable to at least a HAVO diploma in the
Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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
Qualification Russian Federation
Specialist
(Специалист)
(5 years)
• combined 1st and 2nd cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in the Russian Federation to the labour market, to master’s or
PhD programmes
This qualification is comparable to an HBO master’s degree or WO
bachelor’s degree in the Netherlands, depending on the content.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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Education system
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Education system Russian Federation

Qualification Russian Federation
Specialist
(Специалист)
(5½ years)
• combined 1st and 2nd cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in the Russian Federation to the labour market, to master’s or
PhD programmes
This qualification is approximately comparable to a WO master’s degree
in the Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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Education system Russian Federation

Qualification Russian Federation
Bakalavr (Бакалавр)
(Бакалавр)
• 1st cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in the Russian Federation to the labour market or to master’s
programmes
• has a nominal duration of 4 years
This qualification is comparable to an HBO bachelor’s degree or
approximately comparable to a WO bachelor’s degree in the Netherlands,
depending on the content.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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Education system Russian Federation

Qualification Russian Federation
Magistr
(Mагистр)
• 2nd cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in the Russian Federation to PhD programmes
• has a nominal duration of 1-2 years
This qualification is comparable to a WO or HBO master’s degree in the
Netherlands. depending on the content.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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