APAINTERNALCITATIONEXAMPLES
UIWWriting
andLearning
Center
Thewritermustalwaysdistinguishwhichpartsoftheessayaretheideasofothersby
includingacitationofthesourceusedinthetext.Thestudentmustdothiseverytimeheor
shesummarizes,paraphrases,orquotesanotherindividual’swork.Allinternalcitations
correspondtoanexternalcitationonthe“References”page.Forexample,ifaparticular
internalcitationcontainstheauthor’slastname,thenthereadercangototheReferences
sectionandfindthatauthor’snamewiththeothercorrespondinginformationtolearnmore
aboutthatsource.
InternalCitationExamplesforBooksandArticlesinScholarlyJournals:
Ifyouusetheauthor’snameinthetext:
Garza(2007)notedthatalthoughcatsappeartobemoreintelligentthandogs,dogsactually
usesimilarproblem-solvingstrategies.
Ifyoudon’tusetheauthor’snameinthetext:
Self-proclaimed“catladies”oftenadmitthattheyhaveneverowneddogs,andtheir“catlady”
traitswereinheritedfromeitherparentorboth(Garza,2007).
Ifusingaquotationoffewerthanfortywords,thereferencegoesaftertheclosingquotation
mark.
Importantnote:Whenparaphrasing,pagenumbersarenotused;however,whenusingadirect
quote,thepagenumber(s)whereyoufoundthatquotemustbeincludedinthecitation.
Garza(2007)wentontoexplainthatthe“preferenceofeitherdogsorcatsisindicativeofother
personalitytraits”(p.15).
Itisokaytoomittheauthor’snamefromcitationsafterthefirstinaparagraph.
Onthecontrary,therehavebeendocumentedcasesinwhichcatsprotectinfantchildrenfrom
periloussituations(Garza,2007).Further,althoughthesecasesarerare,theydodemonstrate
thatcatscanbetrustworthycompanions(2007).
Ifthequoteismorethanfortywords,itshouldbeseparatedfromthetext,andquotation
marksshouldbeomitted;thereferencegoesonespaceaftertheendingpunctuation.
Havingbeenanownerofbothcatsanddogsforover20years,Garza(2007)explained:
Bothdogsaswellascatscanbegreatcompanions.Dogstypicallycanbecountedonto
bringpositiveenergyandhappinesstothehome,whilecats,althoughvery
independent,canprovideasimilarlevelofcomforttotheirowners.(p.43)
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OtherInternalCitationExamples:
Ifyouareusingasourcethathastwoauthors:
Despitecommonbeliefthatalldogsandcatsarecompletelydomesticated,oneshoulduse
cautionwhenapproachingstraydogsandcats(Garza&Cheatum,2008).
*Note:Use“&”onlyinparentheticalcitations...spellout“and”inthetext.*
Ifyouareusingasourcethathasthreetofiveauthors:
Somestrayanimalsmakeaneasytransitionintotheiradopter’shome,thusdemonstratingthat
theyweremostlikelysomeone’spetinthepast(Garza,Cheatum,Johnston,Kerr,&Coffman,
2009).
Importantnote:Listalloftheauthorsthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.Eachtimeyoucitethe
sourcesubsequently,however,useonlythefirstlistedauthor’slastnamefollowedbyetal.and
theyear(seeexamplebelow).
Therehavebeenmanycasesinwhichapreviouslystrayanimalwillcontinuetoexhibit
aggressivetendenciesafterbeingadopted(Garzaetal.,2009).
Ifyouareusingasourcethathassixormoreauthors,onlylistthefirstlistedauthorfollowed
byetal.andtheyear:
Petscanbeextremelyintuitive,demonstratinganabilitytodetectseveraldifferentemotionsin
humans(Garzaetal.,2012).
Ifyouareusingasourcethathasacorporateauthor:
Unfortunately,dogsarethemostabusedanimalsintheUnitedStates(PETA,2008).
Ifyouareusingtwoormoresourcesinthesamesentence:
Manystudies(Svedka,2007;Strongson&Soren,2012;Ladel,2015)haveconcludeddogs
experiencementaldisorders,similartohumans.
Ifyouareusingabookorlongerworkthathasnoauthorlisted:
Ifyouarebringinganewdogintoahomewhereadogalreadyresides,introducethenewdog
inaneutralsetting,suchasataparkorwhileonawalkaroundtheneighborhood,toavoid
conflict(AdoptingYourNewestFamilyMember,2014).
Ifyouareusinganarticleorshortersourcethathasnoauthorlisted:
Whenhousetrainingyourdog,donotuseyourdog’scrateaspunishment,asaccidentswill
happenduringthetrainingprocess(“Housetraining101,”2014).
Ifyouareusingasourcethathasnoauthorlistedandnodatelisted:
Duringthehousetrainingprocess,putyourpuppyonaroutineorschedulethatisfixedand
doesnotconflictwithyours(“Housetraining:CreatingaRoutine,”n.d.).
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Ifyouareusinganindirectsource:
Montalvo,althoughanavidanimallover,arguedthat“thereisnoplaceforpetswithinthe
home;theyaremeanttoliveoutdoorsonly”(ascitedinGarza,2007,p.11).
Ifyouareusingareligiouswork:
Well-knownreligioustexts,suchastheBibleorQuran,donotneedtobecitedinthe
Referencespage.However,youmustincludeanin-textcitationindicatingthebook,chapter,
verse,andtranslation.Herearetwowaystoformatanin-textcitation:
Ex1:
Psalm91:11(TheNewAmericanStandardBible)states“ForHewillgiveHisangelscharge
concerningyou,toguardyouinallyourways.”
Ex2:
“PraisebetoAllah,LordoftheWorlds,theBeneficent,theMerciful”(Qur’an1:2-3,Pickthall).
Ifyouarequotingsomeonethatyouinterviewed:
WhenIwasatthepetstore,SandraWoof(personalcommunication,September30,2007)
toldmeto“playwithdogseverydaytodeveloplastingbonds.”
Myfriendoftentellsmethat“dogsare‘thebomb’”(A.Garza,personalcommunication,
September30,2007).
Ifyouareusingtables,charts,pictures,graphs,figures,orother(nontextual)illustrations:
• Labeltablesandfiguresnumerically;ex:Table1,Table2/Figure1,Figure2.Any
illustrationotherthanatablewillbelabeledasafigure.
• Ifthepaperincludesanappendixwithtablesandfigures,labelthemwiththeappendix
letter,followedbythenumberthatindicatestheorderinwhichtheyarelisted.Ex:
TableA1isthefirsttableinAppendixA;FigureC4isthefourthfigureinAppendixC.
• TablesandfiguresareusuallynotcitedintheReferencessection.
Citingatable:
Belowthetable,includeanotethatexplainsabbreviations,symbols,and/ordata.Ifthetableis
fromasource,youwillacknowledgethesource’sauthor,aswellas“Copyright[Year]bythe
NameofCopyrightHolder.”
Ex1(JournalArticle):
Note.F=fleas;NF=nofleas.Eachcolumnincludesadifferentbreed.Adaptedfrom“An
AnalysisofthePresenceofFleasinDifferentBreeds,”byP.J.Sullivan,B.Kyr,andA.T.Woof,
2001,TheDogJournal,88,p.676.Copyright2009bytheAmericanPetAssociation.
a
Somegoldenretrieversweremixedbreeds.
*p<.05.
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Ex2(Book):
Note.T=treat;t=time.AdaptedfromMyPuppyandMe(p.66),byP.J.Sullivan,2006,San
Antonio,TX:NotarealbookPress.Copyright2006byPetco.
Ex3(Website):
Note.T=treat;t=time.Adaptedfrom“MyPuppyandMe,”InPetco,byP.J.Sullivan,2008.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.petco.com/articles/sullivan/mypuppy.Copyright2008byPetco.
Citingafigure:
Belowthefigure,youwillwritetheexactsamecitationforatable,exceptyouwillindicatethe
figurenumberandaphrasethatservesasatitleanddescription.
Ex:
Figure3.Pictureillustratingtheaggressivedogfightingstance.WP=weakpoint.Thenumbers
1-4indicatetheorderofattack.Adaptedfrom“DogFightingforDummies,”InDogWatch,by
P.J.Sullivan,2011.Retrievedfromhttp://www.dogwatch.com/dogfighting.Copyright2011by
DogWatch.
How It Would Look inside the Paper
Table 1
United States (U.S.) Import Information
Note. The numbers represent billions of dollars per year. Adapted from “U.S. Imports,” In
Business Today, by P.J. Sullivan, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.businesstoday.com/USimports. Copyright 2008 by Business Today.
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Figure 1. U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports by Country. Adapted from “Fruit Imports,” In
Business Today, by P.J. Sullivan, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.businesstoday.com/fruitimports. Copyright 2008 by Business Today.
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