SCH 4C ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS PREFIXES # H2 O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 P4 S8 Fe3O4 magnetic iron oxide CCl4 carbon tetrachloride CS2 carbon disulphide CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide SO2 sulphur dioxide SO3 sulphur trioxide mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SINGLE VALENCES +1 +2 +3 ±4 H Li Na K Ag Be Mg Ca Zn Ba B Al C Si -3 ROMAN NUMERALS I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X MULTIPLE VALENCES -2 -1 +1,2 +1,3 +2,3 +2,4 ±3,5 O S H F Cl Br I Cu Hg Au Fe Cr Co Ni Sn Mn Pb Pt N P As Sb RADICALS (POLYATOMIC IONS) +1 -1 -2 -3 NH4 +, ammonium ClO3 - , chlorate BrO3 -, bromate IO3 -, iodate NO3 -, nitrate OH -, hydroxide C2H3O2 -, acetate SO4 2-, sulphate CO3 2-, carbonate CrO4 2-, chromate PO4 3-, phosphate LATIN NAMES (ous – ic system) Cu Fe Sn Pb Au cuprous cupric ferrous ferric stannous stannic plumbous plumbic aurous auric SOME COMMON IONS AND THEIR CHARGES Cations Aluminum Ammonium Antimony (III)/antimonous Arsenic (III)/arsenious Barium Beryllium Bismuth (III) Calcium Cadmium Cerium (III)/cerous, Cerium (IV)/ceric Cesium Chromium (II)/chromous, Chromium (III)/chromic Cobalt (II)/cobaltous, Cobalt (III)/cobaltic Copper (I)/cuprous, Copper (II)/cupric Gallium (III) Gold (I)/aurous, Gold (III)/auric Hydrogen, Hydronium Iron (II)/ferrous, Iron (III)/ferric Lead (II)/plumbous, Lead (IV)/plumbic Lithium Magnesium Manganese (II), Manganese (IV) Mercury (I)/mercurous, Mercury (II)/mercuric Nickel (II), Nickel (III)S Platinum (II), Platinum (IV) Potassium Rubidium Silver Sodium Strontium Thallium (I)/thallous, Thallium (III)/thallic Tin (II)/stannous, Tin (IV)/stannic Titanium (III)/titanous, Titanium (IV)/titanic Vanadium Zinc Symbol 3+ Al NH4 + Sb3+ As3+ Ba 2+ Be 2+ Bi 3+ Ca 2+ Cd 2+ Ce2+, Ce3+ Cs + Cr2+, Cr3+ Co2+, Co3+ Cu+, Cu2+ Ga 3+ Au+, Au3+ H +, H 3O + Fe2+, Fe3+ Pb2+, Pb4+ Li + Mg 2+ 2+ 4+ Mn , Mn + 2+ Hg , Hg Ni2+, Ni3+ Pt 2+, Pt 4+ K+ Rb + Ag + Na + Sr 2+ Tl +, Tl 3+ Sn2+, Sn4+ Ti 3+, Ti 4+ V 3+ Zn 2+ Anions Acetate Arsenate Arsenite Benzoate Borate Perbromate Bromate Bromite Hypobromite Bromide Carbonate Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate Chlorate Chloride Chromate Dichromate Cyanate Cyanide Fluorate Fluoride Hydride Hexacyanoferrate (II) or ferrocyanide Hexacyanoferrate (III) or ferricyanide Hydrogen phthalate or biphthalate Hydrogen sulphide or bisulphide Hydrogen sulphite or bisulphite Hydroxide Iodate Iodide Nitrate Orthosilicate Oxalate Hydrogen oxalate or bioxalate Oxide Permanganate Peroxide Phosphate Monohydrogen phosphate Dihydrogen phosphate Pyrophosphate Silicate Sulphate Hydrogen sulphate or bisulphate Thiocyanate Thiosulphate Symbol C 2H 3O 2 AsO4 3AsO3 3C7H6O2 2BO3 3BrO4 BrO3 BrO2 BrO Br CO3 2HCO3 ClO3 Cl CrO4 2Cr2O7 2CNO CN FO3 FHFe(CN)6 2Fe(CN)6 3HC8H4O4 HS HSO3 OH IO3 INO3 SiO4 4C2O4 2HC2O4 O 2MnO4 O2 2PO4 3HPO4 2H2PO4 P2O7 4SiO3 2SO4 2HSO4 SCN S2O3 2- SCH 4C FORMULA WRITING Write a chemical formula for each of the following compounds showing all the steps. For example. III aluminum oxide II Al O → Al2O3 1. magnesium chloride ______________________________ 2. sodium phosphate ______________________________ 3. silver oxide ______________________________ 4. calcium sulphide ______________________________ 5. aluminum hydroxide ______________________________ 6. lead (IV) bromide ______________________________ 7. zinc carbonate ______________________________ 8. lithium nitrate ______________________________ 9. phosphorus (V) sulphate ______________________________ 10. hydrogen bromate ______________________________ 11. mercury (I) oxide ______________________________ 12. iron (II) phosphate ______________________________ 13. manganese dioxide ______________________________ 14. copper (II) sulphide ______________________________ 15. lead (IV) carbonate ______________________________ 16. tin (II) fluoride ______________________________ 17. arsenic (III) acetate ______________________________ 18. magnesium hydroxide ______________________________ 19. antimony (V) iodate ______________________________ 20. barium phosphate ______________________________ CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE BINARY COMPOUNDS Binary compounds contain only 2 elements. Follow the steps in writing formula. The positive element is written first (the least electronegative element). A. Monovalent First Element The name of the first element is written and the name of the second is altered to give an "ide" i.e. NaCl sodium chloride K2 O potassium oxide CaBr2 calcium bromide Al2S3 aluminum sulphide RULE I → element (elem...)ide EXERCISE 1 Write the correct chemical names for the following binary compounds: a) CaCl2 b) BaO c) ZnS d) H2S e) AlBr3 f) NaI g) CaH2 h) AgCl i) Al2O3 j) SiC k) MgS l) HF m) KBr n) HgCl2 B. Multivalent First Element To avoid confusion the valence used must be indicated in the name of the compound. There are 3 ways to do this; the Stock System; the "ous - ic" system and; the Prefix System. Each of these 3 systems are explained below. i) "ous - ic" System - the oldest system. When an element possessing 2 different valences unites with another element of constant valence, the compound formed containing the element in its lower valence attaches the suffix "ous" to the name of that element. The compound containing the element in its higher valence adds the suffix "ic" to the name of that element. i.e. SbI5 HgCl HgCl2 mercurous chloride mercuric chloride CuCl CuCl2 cuprous chloride cupric chloride PBr3 PBr5 phosphorous bromide phosphoric bromide FeO Fe2O3 ferrous oxide ferric oxide SbI3 antimonous iodide antimonic iodide SnS SnS2 stannous sulphide stannic sulphide AsF3 AsF5 PbBr2 PbBr4 plumbous bromide plumbic bromide AuI AuI3 aurous iodide auric iodide arsenious fluoride arsenic fluoride ***Copper, iron, tin, lead and gold use their Latin names in this system. RULE II → 1. Lower valence - (elem...)ous (elem...)ide 2. Higher valence - (elem...)ic (elem...)ide **Memorize Fe3O4 magnetic iron oxide EXERCISE 2: Using Rule II write the chemical name for each binary compound in the first blank following the formula: a) FeO b) Sb2S5 c) SnCl4 d) As2O3 e) SnO f) Fe2S3 g) P2O3 h) Hg2O i) CuBr2 j) As2S5 k) Fe2O3 l) CuO m) SbI3 n) Fe3O4 o) SnS p) P2O5 q) FeCl3 r) CuF2 s) PbO t) PbO2 u) AsCl3 v) MnO2 w) AsBr5 x) Sb2O3 y) P2O3 ii) Prefix System - this is generally used for compounds containing 2 non-metals (covalent compounds). The number of atoms of the first and second element is indicated by a suitable Greek prefix. ie. mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona (9), & deca (10). If first is mono then it is omitted from the name. CCl4 CO SO2 PCl3 P205 carbon tetrachloride CS2 carbon disulphide carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide SO3 sulphur trioxide phosphorus trichloride P2 O3 diphosphorus trioxide diphosphorus pentoxide if an oxide then drop “a” or “o”) RULE III → di(element) tri(elem...)ide prefixes indicate the # of atoms in each. Practice carbon tetrachloride iodine monochloride sulfur dioxide nitrogen triiodide carbon disulfide dinitrogen tetroxide diphosphorus trisulphide dichlorine monoxide SF6 N2 O3 OF2 PI5 IF3 As2S3 MnO2 SbCl5 The following formulae have one and only one name. Memorize them: CCl4 CS2 CO CO2 SO2 SO3 carbon tetrachloride carbon disulphide carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide iii) Stock System - the most widely used, it is sometimes called the Roman Numeral or the IUPAC System. The valence of the first element is shown by a Roman Numeral in brackets following the English name of the element. HgCl mercury (I) chloride HgCl2 mercury (II) chloride PBr3 phosphorus (III) bromide PBr5 phosphorus (V) bromide Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide SnF2 tin (II) fluoride CuO copper (II) oxide RULE IV → element (II) (elem...)ide English name indicates valence of first element EXERCISE Using Rule IV write the correct name for the formulae found in Exercise 2 in the blanks provided on the right hand side of the page. PEROXIDES These are binary oxides which contain one extra oxygen. Write the formula as if it is a regular oxide and then add on one extra oxygen. Do not cancel subscripts to the lowest whole number ratio! i.e. hydrogen oxide H2O, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, RULE V → element peroxide Practice; zinc peroxide calcium peroxide _______ _______ potassium peroxide aluminum peroxide _______ _______ Na2O2 ________________ H2 O2 ________________ BaO2 ________________ MgO2 ________________ FORMULA OF ELEMENTS Most elements are written as single entities eg: iron-Fe, silver-Ag, etc. The exceptions to this are: H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4, and S8 (for our purposes we will use S not S8). POLYATOMIC IONS (RADICALS) A polyatomic ion (or radical) is a group of elements that behaves as a single element in a chemical reaction. You will find a list of polyatomic ions along with their corresponding valences on the valence charts. NH4+ CO32- CrO42BrO3- ammonium radical carbonate radical chromate radical bromate radical When naming compounds containing positively charged polyatomic ions the name of the polyatomic ion is given followed by the second elements name which is altered to give an "ide" ending. When naming compounds containing negatively charged polyatomic ions the name of the element is given followed by the name of the polyatomic ion name. You will notice that naming polyatomic ions has a similarity to naming monovalent binary compounds. Be sure to use the cross-over rule when writing formulas. NH4Cl Ca(BrO3)2 ammonium chloride calcium bromate K2CrO4 H2CO3 potassium chromate hydrogen carbonate RULE VI→ 1. positively charged polyatomic ions - radical (elem...)ide 2. negatively charged polyatomic ions - element radical Practice; potassium chromate copper (II) phosphate copper (II) chromate FeCO3 (NH4)2SO4 HgSO4 Ag3PO4 _______ _______ _______ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ auric bromide ammonium chloride HIO3 Cu3(PO4)2 KMnO4 _______ _______ _________________ _________________ _________________ BASES These compounds contain the hydroxide radical, OH-. NaOH Al(OH)3 sodium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide NH4OH ammonium hydroxide If the element has more than one valence, use the "ous - ic" or the Stock System. Fe(OH)2 CuOH ferrous hydroxide copper (I) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 ferric hydroxide Cu(OH)2 copper (II) hydroxide RULE VII→ element hydroxide (include valence indicator if necessary) Practice; potassium hydroxide zinc hydroxide barium hydroxide Pb(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 ________ ________ ________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ferrous hydroxide aluminum hydroxide tin (IV) hydroxide AuOH NaOH Sn(OH)2 ________ ________ ________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ HYDRATES The compound is named following the necessary rule and is followed by a Greek prefix with "hydrate" to indicate how many water molecules are associated with the crystal. CuSO4 • 5 H2O Cl2 • 8 H2O RULE VIII→ copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate chlorine octahydrate compound dihydrate Greek prefix Practice; calcium sulfate dihydrate barium chloride dihydrate sodium carbonate decahydrate aluminum nitrate monohydrate aluminum oxide monohydrate bromine decahydrate ferric chloride hexahydrate iodine tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2 • 3 H2O Cu(BrO3)2 • 6 H2O Cu(NO3)2 • 5 H2O FeI2 • 4 H2O LiCl • H2O Ba(OH)2 • 8 H2O ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ ACIDS Acids contain hydrogen atoms (H) which give them their acidity. There are a number of different kinds of acids. A. Binary Acids These are two element acids containing hydrogen and a non-metal. They are formed when binary gases react with water therefore, all are dissolved in water and must have (aq) following the formula. Binary acids must contain H as the first element. Normal cross-over rule determines the formula. The names of these acids have the prefix "hydro" and the suffix "ic". Gases HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HF(g) hydrogen fluoride HBr(g) hydrogen bromide RULE IX→ Practice; hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid hydrofluoric acid HBr(aq) HI(aq) Acids HCl(aq) HF(aq) HBr(aq) hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid hydrobromic acid hydro (elem...)ic acid _______ _______ _______ ______________________ ______________________ hydrochloric acid hydronitric acid hydrosulphuric acid _______ _______ _______ HF(aq) ______________________ HCl(aq) ______________________ B. Oxyacids and Their Derivatives Also known as oxoacids, all acids of this type contain H, O and one other element. The H gives these compounds their acidity. The element and the O are contained within a polyatomic ion or radical. All these radicals have 3 oxygens in them except SO42-, PO43- and C2H3O2-. The last of these you will notice also has hydrogen locked up within the radical. Study the following example to see how these acids are named. You will notice that the name of the radical is at the root of the acid name and that various suffixes and prefixes are added depending on the number of oxygen atoms the acid has. The parent oxy acid contains the radical in its natural state as shown on your valence sheets. The derivatives of the parent contain more or fewer oxygen atoms than the radical. OXYACID NAME hypochlorous acid chlorous acid chloric acid perchloric acid RULE X→ HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 Acids; hypo(rad...)ous acid (rad...)ous acid (rad...)ic acid per(rad...)ic acid Radicals; hypo(rad...)ite (rad...)ite (rad...)ate per(rad...)ate Number of "O" atoms 2 less 1 less parent 1 more - ClO ClO2ClO3ClO4- RADICAL NAME hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate No. of "O" atoms 2 less 1 less parent 1 more No. of "O" atoms 2 less 1 less parent 1 more Practice; phosphoric acid hypophosphorous acid nitrous acid HBrO HIO HNO3 ___________ ___________ ___________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ phosphorous acid sulfuric acid perbromic acid HIO4 HClO4 H2SO4 ___________ ___________ ___________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Complete the chart on the next page by following the example. Do not put anything where the block is "X"ed out as those compounds do not exist! SALTS The word salt, is a general name given to a class of compounds which can be formed when an acid and a base neutralize each other. There are different types of salts just as there are different types of acids. A. Binary Salts Most of the compounds we dealt with in the section on binary compounds could be considered to be salts formed from a base and a binary acid. We name these salts exactly like binary compounds, they are, in fact, the same thing. MgCl2 NaI magnesium chloride sodium iodide CuCl2 KBr cupric chloride potassium bromide B. Salts from Oxy Acids or Their Derivatives The salts of an oxy acid or its derivative may have lost all or only some of its hydrogen. This results in two distinct types of salts in this category. i) Normal Salt These salts have no remaining acidic hydrogen. They are named with the element replacing the hydrogen followed by their analogous oxy acid radical name. sodium hypochlorite sodium chlorite sodium chlorate sodium perchlorate NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 Number of "O" atoms 2 less 1 less parent 1 more RULE XI→ element hypo(rad...)ite element (rad...)ite element (rad...)ate element per(rad...)ate No. of "O" atoms 2 less 1 less parent 1 more Practice; potassium chlorate iron (III) acetate magnesium phosphate tin (IV) hypochlorite ________ ________ ________ ________ sodium nitrate aluminum chlorite aurous sulfate sodium phosphite ________ ________ ________ ________ Au3PO4 NH4NO3 ______________________ ______________________ Mg(ClO3)2 K2CO3 ______________________ ______________________ CuMnO4 Hg(ClO4)2 ______________________ ______________________ (NH4)3PO2 MgSO3 ______________________ ______________________ PAINLESS PRACTICE Enter formulae for the 80 compounds potassium ammonium calcium aluminum hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate hypobromite bromite bromate perbromate hypoiodite iodite iodate periodate nitrite nitrate sulphite sulphate carbonate hypophosphite phosphite phosphate SUMMARY OF NOMENCLATURE RULES 1. BINARY COMPOUNDS (two elements) Basic Rule: element (elem...)ide If the first element has more than one valence, use one of the the following: a) ous-ic System: lower valence → (elem...)ous (elem...)ide higher valence → (elem...)ic (elem...)ide b) Greek Prefix System: element tri(elem...)ide # of atoms of 2nd element c) Roman Numeral System (IUPAC): element (III) (elem...)ide English name valence of 1st element Peroxide = oxide + one more oxygen atom 2. BASES (OH) Basic Rule: element hydroxide If the element has more than one valence, use ous-ic system or Stock System as indicated above in binary compounds. 3. ACIDS (H) 1) Binary Acids: hydro(elem...)ic acid 2) Oxygen Acids: acid rule # "O" atoms hypo(rad...)ous acid 2 less (rad...)ous acid 1 less (rad...)ic acid parent radical per (rad...)ic acid 1 more 4. SALTS 1) Binary: use rules for binary compounds. 1) Polyatomic: use compound rule for oxy acids. 5. HYDRATES Basic Rule: compound dihydrate Use appropriate rule # of water molecules attached. compound rule hydrogen hypo(rad...)ite hydrogen (rad...)ite hydrogen (rad...)ate hydrogen per(rad...)ate SCH 4C Nomenclature Practice #1 Name__________________________ I. Write the formulae for the following substances whether they exist or not. 1. magnesium bromide 1. 2. cupric oxide 2. 3. ferrous hypophosphite 3. 4. lead (II) nitrate 4. 5. iodous acid 5. 6. calcium peroxide 6. 7. aluminum hydroxide 7. 8. antimonic chlorite 8. 9. barium pernitrate 9. 10. nitrogen 10. 11. manganese (IV) oxide 11. 12. hydrosulphuric acid 12. 13. silver carbonate 13. 14. diarsenic pentoxide 14. 15. magnetic iron oxide 15. 16. ammonium perchlorate 16. 17. sodium sulphite 17. 18. zinc acetate 18. 19. phosphorous fluoride 19. 20. silicon dioxide 20. 21. potassium phosphate 21. 22. aluminum hypocarbonite 22. 23. stannic sulphide 23. 24. calcium sulphate dihydrate 24. 25. iron (II) bromite 25. SCH 4C Nomenclature Practice #1 Name__________________________ II. Write one suitable chemical name for each of the following substances whether they exist or not. 1. Hg2SO4 1. 2. Ca3N2 2. 3. K2CO3 3. 4. SbI3 4. 5. (NH4)3PO3 5. 6. Fe(OH)3 6. 7. Na2CO3 • 10 H2O 7. 8. HNO2 8. 9. CuClO 9. 10. CCl4 10. 11. H3PO5 11. 12. AgNO3 12. 13. SO3 13. 14. Mg(C2H3O2)2 14. 15. H2O2 15. 16. K3PO2 16. 17. HBr 17. 18. SnS 18. 19. NH4BrO4 19. 20. Zn(IO)2 20. 21. BaSO3 21. 22. Al4C3 22. 23. SiI4 23. 24. MnSO4 24. 25. CO 25. SCH 4C Nomenclature Practice #2 Name__________________________ I. Write the formulae for the following substances whether they exist or not. 1. sodium sulphite 1. 2. iodous acid 2. 3. zinc oxide 3. 4. aluminum hydroxide 4. 5. potassium persulphate 5. 6. diphosphorus tetraoxide 6. 7. ammonium hypophosphite 7. 8. mercurous sulphate 8. 9. iodine tribromide 9. 10. antimonous chloride 10. 11. calcium bromite 11. 12. magnetic iron oxide 12. 13. copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate 13. 14. tin (II) carbonate 14. 15. barium peroxide 15. 16. hydrogen 16. 17. ferric sulphide 17. 18. hydrosulphuric acid 18. 19. diphosphorus trioxide 19. 20. acetic acid 20. 21. ferrous nitrite 21. 22. silver perchlorate 22. 23. monopotassium hydrogen phosphite 23. 24. stannic fluoride 24. 25. hypophosphorous acid 25. SCH 4C Nomenclature Practice #2 Name__________________________ II. Write one suitable chemical name for each of the following substances whether they exist or not. 1. Hg(BrO)2 1. 2. AsCl3 2. 3. KNO2 3. 4. SO3 4. 5. H3PO2 5. 6. (NH4)3PO3 6. 7. Ag2S 7. 8. Mg(OH)2 8. 9. HClO4 9. 10. SnCl4 10. 11. HOH 11. 12. CaSO4 • 2 H2O 12. 13. HNO3 13. 14. HI (g) 14. 15. Cu(IO2)2 15. 16. NH3 16. 17. H2S 17. 18. Al2(SO3)3 18. 19. Zn(ClO4)2 19. 20. CS2 20. 21. Sn(BrO3)2 21. 22. Pb(C2H3O2)2 22. 23. FeCO3 23. 24. MnO2 24. 25. Ca3(PO4)2 25. SCH 4C 1. 2. ASSIGNMENT Write a formula for each of the following; sodium sulphite aluminum chlorate mercuric perphosphate stannic bromate antimony (v) oxide plumbous chloride lead (ii) nitrate acetic acid sulphur dioxide manganese (iv) sulphide cupric bromite calcium phosphate mercury (ii) hyposulphite zinc perchlorate phosphorous acid hydrogen iodide ferrous nitrite silver sulphide calcium hypochlorite ammonium phosphate hydrofluoric acid calcium hydroxide mercury (ii) oxide perbromic acid magnesium hyposulphite sodium iodite silver phosphate iodic acid chlorine sodium peroxide nitrogen (iii) sulphide barium nitrate carbon disulphide magnetic iron oxide Write one suitable name for each of the following; AsCl3 Ca(Br)2 NH4Br H3PO5 (aq) Hg2O Al(NO2)3 NH3 Na2SO3 AgOH K2CO3 Al2(SO3)3 Sb2S5 HgClO HIO2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 FeS Pb(NO3)2 NH4BrO4 HgS MgO Zn(OH)2 Al4C3 HClO2 Fe3O4 SO2 Fe2(CO3)3 KNO3 Ca(ClO4)2 (NH4)3PO3 Na3PO3 HI (g) HClO4 (aq) Mn(NO3)2 CS2 As2(SO4)3 Fe(OH)2 O2 H 2O 2
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