The Battle of Stalingrad
The Bloodiest Battle in Recorded History
Garrick Phimister
Ben Redfern
Sid Grover
Ziyi Zhang
William Kesten-Orange
8th December 2016
Abstract
This material was extracted from the DH100 wordpress website at
http://wludh.ca/dh100/2016/T3/G2/M3/.
Contents
Contents
i
1 Aspects of The Battle
1.1 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
5
2 Significance of The Battle
9
3 Fun Facts
11
3.1 Russians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Conclusion / Aftermath
15
5 Axis / Soviet Strategies
5.1 German . . . . . . .
5.2 German Operations
5.3 Soviet Union . . . .
5.4 Soviet Operations .
17
17
18
18
19
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bibliography
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
i
1. Aspects of The Battle
On the eve of July 17th, 1942, a war within the war began as the Germans make
their stand in claim of Stalingrad (now Volgograd). From that day until the sun
set upon the night of February 2’nd, 1943, many men had fallen, and many innocent lives were lost. As both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin understood the
key significance of Stalingrad for both its transportation and industrial us, they
each had purpose to claim the land as their own. As the Russians had successfully defended their city from German forces, the battle is now considered to be
the single most crucial battle of the Great Patriotic War. This was the battle in
which initially stopped the advancement of the Germans and eventually aided
in the victory of the allies.
German forces had been rallying and claiming land in and around the Aksay
River, Kuban River, Kalach, Armavir, Yeysk, and Krasnodar. All of these claims
made before August 25th, 1942, when Stalingrad was officially and formally
declared under siege from the German Army. By September 3rd, 1942, the German 6th army had reached the outskirts of Stalingrad. While working their
way into and through the city, they had fought their way through the streets,
killing many innocent lives of women, children, and men.
By mid-September the Swastika flag had been raised in the center of the city,
this to indicate the Germans advancement and minor victories thus far. The
Russians saw this battle somewhat like a campaign, and had eventually moved
into the southernmost corners of their country to further rally troops and collect support from its people. With this now larger supply of troops, the Soviets
claimed their place along the Volga River, in a perfect vantage point for attacking the Caucasus troops of the Germans.
As it is highly regarded as the bloodiest battle in recorded history with rounding
2 million casualties, each side of the battle seemed to have their own opinions
of what had truly happened. The Russians regard the battle as the Greatest
Battle of the Second World War, while the German people seem to remember
the battle as a Rattenkrieg, or Rat War. Many tactics were used throughout,
1
1. Aspects of The Battle
for example an attack focused upon encircling the enemy, replication that of
Hannibal in 212 B.C. when he had initially sought after war with the Romans.
Throughout the battle, many moments occurred to support the German memory
of a Rattenkrieg. The Soviets surrounded the army of General Paulus in order
to claim their surrender, but instead slaughtered the group, much alike swine
in a slaughterhouse. However it was not only the Russians using well proven
military strategy.
On the 25th of November 1942, the Germans, low on supplies, ammunition,
and in need of troops calls upon the Luftwaffe to airdrop supplies as well as
men for larger squadrons to be forged on land and by air. In doing so, the Germans had hoped to take Stalingrad quickly (within a few days), however when
the 4th German Panzer army launched Operation Winter, the Soviets had built
a defense too strong for the Germans to penetrate. In saying this, the operation
failed miserably resulting in the death of hundreds of troops.
Once the winter had approached battle conditions worsened, as did the troops.
The German 6th army was promised Arial support, warmed shelter, and food
provided they leave their post briefly. However, although tempted, Hitler would
not allow the troops to stand off guard for even a moment. Do to this series
of events, upon the earliest hours of morning on February 2nd, 1943, 91,000
men were forced to surrender, while nearly 150,000 had died in a final stand of
defiance. From this point on, Stalingrad remained on the offensive for the rest
of the war.
1.1
Timeline
1942 July 28th
– Joseph Stalin issues “not one step backward” to his troops and Generals.
1942 August 4th
– Elements of the German Army cross the Aksay River toward Stalingrad.
1942 August 6th
– The German Army crosses the Kuban River near Armavir
1942 August 7th
– Elements of the German Army attack Soviet forces near Kalach.
1942 August 9th
2
1.1. Timeline
– The German Army captures the strategic post of Yeysk and Krasnodar on the
Sea of Azov.
1942 August 14th
– German forces cross the Kuban river near Krasnador.
1942 August 19th
– German General Paulus and his 6th Army is ordered to attack the Soviet city
of Stalingrad.
1942 August 25th
– Stalingrad is officially under siege by the German Army.
1942 September 1st
– German Army elements, backed by Romanians cross the Kerch Straits.
– The Germans establish a bridgehead over the Terek River.
1942 September 3rd
– The Germans enact an offensive aimed at the heart of Stalingrad.
1942 September 6th
– The strategic Black Sea port city Novorossiysk falls to the Germans.
1942 September 15
– The Soviet Army is Unleashed on Voronezh.
1942 September 24th
– The German Army makes headway toward Tuapse.
1942 October 6th
– Malgobek falls to the German Army.
1942 October 9th
– The Soviet government hands all military powers to the Soviet Army.
1942 October 14th
– Adolf Hitler stops all further offensives against Soviet targets in the region
for the year and orders his commanders to hold their positions until 1943.
1942 October 18th
– The German drive against Tyapse is stopped by the Soviets.
1942 October 25th
– The Germans enact a new offensive in the Caucasus.
1942 November 1st
– The Caucasus town of Alagir is captures by the Germans.
1942 November 2nd
– The Caucasus town of Ordzhonikidse is captured by the Germans.
1942 November 19th
– The Soviets push forward a new two-part offensive – Operation Uranus –
3
1. Aspects of The Battle
north of Stalingrad and break through the Romanian-held defenses.
1942 November 20th
– Part 2 of Operation Uranus is enacted at the southern end of Stalingrad.
– German General Manstein is appointed the commander of Army Group Don.
1942 November 22nd
– Two elements of the Sovier Army meets at Kalach, effectively encircling the
German 6th Army at Stalingrad.
1942 November 25th
– In an effort to resupply their troops, the German Luftwaffe is called upon to
exercise airdrops of vital supplies to the German Army.
1942 December 12th
– While Hitler rejects any Plea from the German 6th Army to retreat from their
position, the 4th Panzer Army is used through Operation Winter Storm in an
attempt to relieve the beleaguered German troops at Stalingrad.
1942 December 16th
– The Soviet Army puts Operation Little Saturn into effect and attacks Rostov.
– The Italian Army goes into full retreat from the Soviet Advances
– German Army forces are called off from further offensives at Tuapse.
1942 December 21st
– Soviet relief forces and supplies header for Stalingrad are stopped at Myshkova.
1942 December 23rd
– All further attempts to relieve Stalingrad are put on hold, indefinitely.
1942 December 24th
– The Soviet Army launches a fresh attack at Kotelnikovo, routing its Romanian
defenders and putting them into full retreat.
1942 December 28th
– German Army Group A is given the official order to retreat from the Caucasus region.
1943 January 1st
– German forces at Terek retreat.
1943 January 8th
– Soviet generals send in the formal request fo surrender of the German 6th
Army at Stalingrad, a request which is formally rejected.
1943 January 10th
– Soviet General Rokossovsky unleashes hell on the German 6th Army through
thousands of artillery cannons and Katyusha rockats.
4
1.2. Media
1943 January 12th
– Soviet troops make headway against the defensive lines at the Don River by
Hungarian and Italian troops.
– German Caucasus elements make it to their bridgehead over the Kuban River.
1943 January 13th
– German Army elements at Terek retreat to the Nagutskoye-Alexsandrovskoye
position.
1943 January 14th
– In an effort to replenish and build up their army ranks along the East Front,
German Generals proposed conscription service of the Baltic people for service.
1943 January 17th
– The German Panzer Corps at the Don are officially surrounded.
1943 January 25th
– A Soviet offensive splits the German 6th Army at Stalingrad.
– German forces at Armavir retreat.
– German forces at Voronezh retreat.
1943 January 31st
– German General Paulus formally surrenders his southern Stalingrad army to
the Soviets.
1943 February 2nd
– The German Army north pocket at Stalingrad formally surrenders to the Soviet Army.
– The liberation of Stalingrad is officially over.
1.2
Media
5
1. Aspects of The Battle
2.jpg
1.jpg
1.bb
Figure 1.1: A monument to the
Battle of Stalingrad constructed
in the years between 1959-67
(Monument 2016)
6
2.bb
Figure 1.2: German soldiers
in September of 1942 reloading their weapons as they pillage through the streets of Stalingrad, Russia. (In The Streets
2016)
1.2. Media
3.jpg
3.bb
4.jpg
Figure 1.3: September 17th
1942, when the Swastika flag
was raised in the middle of
the city of Stalingrad to signify German victories thus far.
(FlagPole 2016)
4.bb
Figure 1.4: German troops
within the trenches in Kalach.
(Trenches 2016)
7
1. Aspects of The Battle
5.jpg
5.bb
Figure 1.5: Luftwaffe plains
traveling into Stalingrad during the later days of November 1942 to provide troops and
supplies to their men. (Bomber
2016)
8
6.jpg
6.bb
Figure 1.6: 90,000 German
troops being marched in the
snow, across and out of Stalingrad following their surrender
on February 2nd, 1943. (GermanPower 2016)
2. Significance of The Battle
The smashing of the Nazi Wehrmacht on January 31, 1943, by the Red Army
was a decisive turning point during World War 2. The outcome of that victory acquired planetary significance. Known as Operation Barbarossa, this was
Hitler’s personal war against ‘Jewish-Bolshevism’ and the annihilation of the
Sovie t Union, which had been a central ideology of German Fascism. The Nazis
intentions were to physically exploit the U.S.S.R and its quasi-inexhaustible resource base, and the destruction of its people, making it the first time in the
history of warfare that an entire people were targeted.
Figure 2.1: A cannon placed in front of a crumbling building in the war-torn
city. (Stalingrad Metro Station, Cannon 2016)
On December 6th during a blizzard, General Georgi Zhukov (of Russia)
launched his offensive on a 250km front with over 100 divisions. By the end
of February, Nazi forces had been driven back 120-250km from Soviet Capital. Total Nazi casualties at this time exceeded over 1 million, or 31% of Wehrmacht’s fighting force. German forces began to retreat and backed away from
eastern Europe and Russia ending German expansionism. This was considered
the first major loss for Germany and a major turning point in the war. Until this
point, Nazis were seen as an unbeatable force of power but after the outcome
of Stalingrad, the myth of Nazi invincibility was destroyed with its defeat.
It is considered the most brutal war in history with a horrific number of
casualties on both sides, leaving 20 million Soviet people dead and 40 million
wounded during 1941-1945. Defeat, however, came from the hand of Hitler
9
2. Significance of The Battle
himself as it was his decision to attack Russia in the first place, breaking the pact
of non-aggression Germany and Russia signed before the war. Until this point,
Stalin had no intentions of attacking Germany but was ultimately brought into
the war. The results of the war could have differed significantly if Hitler decided
not to bring the war to the Soviet front, but in doing so he ensured his own
defeat.
Not only did it change the fate of the war, the battle changed the entire
complexion of the politics of wars as its outcome guaranteed the Soviet Union
would survive. The Soviet Union was more susceptible to German offers of
peace as they were in a position of power at this point. The victory of the war
for allies lay crucially with the decisions the Soviets would make because they
were in this position where they could either continue fighting or not. After
the war, the U.S. questioned how to treat foreign policy with the Soviet Union.
Were they to become allies through trust and cooperation, or was the U.S. going
to get tough and use whatever geopolitical leverage was available? President
Roosevelt decided to aid the Soviets because of their growth in strength, as
well to defeat the Germans. They needed to Russians, resulting in an unlikely
alliance.
10
3. Fun Facts
When people think of the Battle of Stalingrad, most people think of the combat
and the bloodshed. What rarely comes to mind are what types of food they’re
eating, what kind of living conditions they’re in, the state of the medical team,
and the deaths not caused by fights.
3.1
Russians
Food and Living Conditions
For the Red Army, the soldiers did not receive great rations and
the food was not divided evenly. The snipers were given the best
rations while fighting soldiers received the next best, and the injured got less. If the soldiers were lucky, they would get three
servings of kasha, which is a buckwheat porridge. As a treat, the
Russian soldiers would sometimes get a piece of salted herring.
Another treat is a daily ration of makhorka tobacco and they
would have alcohol to get them through the days. The soldiers
camped out in the icy fields drinking vodka everyday.1
Figure 3.1: Kasha frying in a pan (MotherWouldKnow 2016)
1
Bull 2008.
11
3. Fun Facts
Medical Information
The bravest figures in this battle were the female medics with
only basic training. They would drag back several wounded soldiers in action to be treated. There are many stories that recount
these heroic feats and sacrifices. In the Red Army, there were at
least 119 field hospitals with 62000 beds for casualties.
Other Manners of Death
Since the soldiers looked to alcohol as a means of relief, when
they ran out, they had to find substitutes. One example is antifreeze
(contains methanol). These unreliable substitutes caused blindness
and death.
Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, and
starvation.2
3.2
Germans
Food and Living Conditions
Figure 3.2: Killed horse (OnceUponATimeInWar 2016)
The Sixth Army began with a kilogram box of potatoes for 15
men and 500 grams of bread for each soldier per day. As the battle
played through, the rations thinned more and more until it became
a slice of bread (75 grams) per soldier. The casualties received no
2
12
Kaplan 2000.
3.2. Germans
food or drink. They were even desperate enough to kill supply
horses to make watery soup for protein.
Rats and lice riddled the land. The rats would chew through
tank cables and the lice would latch onto the soldiers. The soldiers
fought the cold by sleeping together to share warmth which would
activate the lice.3
Medical Information
For the Sixth Army, many medical supplies ran out and surgery had to be performed without anesthesia. Those who could
still walk were attended to before those who had more fatal injuries. Most soldiers with head and abdominal wounds were left to
die.
Figure 3.3: A doctor operating on a soldier (PadreSteve’sWorld 2016)
Other Manners of Death
Similar to the Red Army, the Sixth Army had other forms of
death that include freezing, diseases, and starvation.
• Mild cases of frostbite could be treated with ointment, but
those with gangrene were amputated. Soldiers died in masses
from frostbite and hypothermia.
3
Kaplan 2000.
13
3. Fun Facts
• There were so many deaths caused by diseases that the medics
feared it has infected every soldier. Jaundice was welcomed
by the soldiers so they could be taken off the field.
• While the soldiers were starving, they were given high-meat
paste to improve nutrition, but in a starving body, in combination with stress, tiredness, and cold, only a fraction of the
calories were absorbed. The fat could not be metabolized and
lead to many sudden deaths.
Other forms of death include freezing to death, diseases, and
starvation.4
4
14
Kaplan 2000.
4. Conclusion / Aftermath
The battle of Stalingrad led Hitler to a deep mistrust of his commanders. The
losses/casualties of German soldiers was reaching above 150,000. This statistic
is important as this was also causing the soldiers fighting at the front to start
losing hope in their cause. This mistrust also fuelled Hitler’s motivation to
start micromanaging everything at the front. This was a mistake that ended
up costing him the battle. The Germans had multiple opportunities to leave
Stalingrad and fall back. They ended up being ordered to stay put. With the
winter fast approaching the city became extremely hard to hold.1
Figure 4.1: A monument in Stalingrad to the Battle (Swastikas, Flags, Berlin,
Germany 2016)
Battle of Stalingrad was of the utmost importance for the allied forces. This
was because the battle had the ability to break the defences of the eastern German forces. German commanders were making assumptions in regards to soviet tactics. These assumptions specifically in the battle of Stalingrad were
proved to be incorrect. This is what led to the degradation of the German forces.
This also led to the turning point in the war. This meaning that prior to this
1
Ziemke F, ”Stalingrad to Berlin: German Defeat in the East [in en]”. Government Printing
Office, 1968
15
4. Conclusion / Aftermath
news of the war in Germany, it was generally of the triumphs of war. After this,
the news started to turn grim as Hitler had to admit to his defeats. This outcome of a German loss due to poor tactics was felt through the entire German
conquest.
Figure 4.2: Buildings all over Berlin were flying the Nazi flag. It was a symbol of power to the Germans and reminded them of why they were fighting
(Monument, Fountain 2016)
They had to pull troops from the western fronts to try and salvage the eastern front. This was significant as Hitler who was making the calls in the background was doing so from a standoff point of view he never really saw the
severity of the front. As such he made decisions based only on knowledge he
was told and what his assumptions were. The loss at Stalingrad ended up being
the demise of the German forces.2 What all of this decision/ or lack thereof led
to was the loss on the Stalingrad front. The German forces time and time again
found themselves having to deal with situations that could have been avoided
had Hitler been less indecisive. Hitler could not process that fact that things
were not going well and proceeded to make decisions based on the illusion that
the German forces still had the upper hand. In the wake of the battle of Stalingrad the German forces were no longer able to maintain all of the fronts, the
German forces moral was decreasing all due to decisions made by Hitler.3
2
Raymond Limbach, ”Battle of Stalingrad” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015
Dana Sadrarananda, ”Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group
Don” Praeger Publishers, 1990.
3
16
5. Axis / Soviet Strategies
Strategy is everything. Who could push further into enemy territory? Who
would win and who would lose? The Battle of Stalingrad was a very strategic
battle to win in World War 2, because it was the first time that the German
army was utterly defeated.
5.1
German
Figure 5.1: Swastika (Nazism Exposed - flags and symbols 2016)
The Germans were volatile opponents using a few different key strategies
in the Battle of Stalingrad. Hitler signed the 10-year non-aggression pact with
the Soviet Union in 1939, but had no intention of keeping the pact. Instead
he used this time to build up his troops behind the Soviet border. One of the
goals was the Caucasus oil fields, which would supply the German army with
much needed fuel, thus yielding Soviet efforts. Cutting off Soviet supplies to
troops so that Soviet industrial output would be disrupted while engaged in
military quarrel. The forces had to wait until their supplies were replenished
17
5. Axis / Soviet Strategies
or eventually be defeated. Hitler favored this type of warfare because it would
make his enemies suffer and slowly and die or force them to retreat.
5.2
German Operations
On June 22nd, 1941, Operation Barbarossa commenced where German armed
forces and its allies invaded deep into Soviet territory. A tactic called Blitzkrieg,
which means “lightning war”, warfare was a favoured style of warfare by the
Germans. This type of warfare, used by the German panzer tanks, was to attack
enemies at the weakest point and defeat them the fastest. By spring of 1942 the
Germans had established their front along the border to the USSR. The Germans were in high spirits as they thought they would crush the Soviets since
they were no longer hindered by the winter weather. On June 28th, 1942, Operation Blau/Blue commenced with multiple German and Romanian units were
to capture the Caucasus Oil Fields for a plentiful supply of fuels.
Figure 5.2: Barbarossa Map (WWIIPodcast 2016)
5.3
Soviet Union
In December of 1941, after suffering multiple losses, the Soviet Union counterattacked German forces in the Battle of Moscow, successfully driving them
18
5.4. Soviet Operations
out. The Soviets quickly realized that the Germans were not prepared for anything offensively for the winter months to come, and took advantage of this by
quickly planning their next attacks.
Figure 5.3: Soviet Union (Soviet Union Flag 2016)
5.4
Soviet Operations
• Operation Uranus 19 November 1942
– Southwestern Front 1st Guards, 21st, 5th Tanks, 17th Air Armies,
and the 25th Tank Corps
– Don Front 24th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies
– Stalingrad Front 28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 8th Air Armies
• Kotelnikovo Offensive Operation 12 December 1942 – 31 December 1942
– Stalingrad Front 2nd Guards, 5th Shock, 51st, 8th Air Armies
• Middle Don Offensive Operation (Operation Little Saturn) 16 December
1942 – 30 December 1942
– Southwestern Front
– Don Front
• Operation Koltso (English: Operation Ring) 10 January 1943 – 2 February
1943
19
5. Axis / Soviet Strategies
– Don Front 21st, 24th, 57th, 62nd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 16th Air Armies
Operation Uranus, the Soviet Union plan to counterattack the northern flank of
Stalingrad. Soviets chose to attack the northern flank because it was defended
by Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian forces that were not adequately equipped
to defend such a big scale, thoroughly planned attack. The amount of support
they had compared to the German counterparts of other defenses (November
19-30, 1942). The Soviet Union used a military tactic called a pincer attack.
It consisted of effective counterattacks from both sides of the enemy’s flank,
essentially to pin them down. Operation Uranus was the most strategic decision
made because it set in motion Germany’s first brutal loss. The Stalingrad Pocket
formed was by the pincer attack of Operation Uranus entrapped the German
and it’s allies armies.
Figure 5.4: Pincer Strategy Map (Pincer Attack 2016)
20
Bibliography
AICE. 2016. ‘The Battle of Stalingrad.’ http://www.jewishvirtuall
ibrary.org/jsource/ww2/Stalingrad.html.
Alex, D. 2008. ‘Timeline of the Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 - February
2nd, 1943).’ http : / / www . secondworldwarhistory . com /
battle-of-stalingrad.asp.
Battle of Stalingrad | Facts, Pictures, & Summary | Britannica.com. 2016. https:
//www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Stalingra
d.
Beevor, A. 1999. Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943. Penguin.
Bomber. 2016. http://static.bbc.co.uk/history/img/ic/
640/images/resources/events/germany_bombs_brit
ish_towns_and_cities.jpg.
Bull, S. 2008. World War II Street-Fighting Tactics [in English]. Edited by M. Windrow. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Clairmont, F. F. 2003. ‘Stalingrad: Hitler’s Nemesis.’ Economic and Political Weekly:
2819–2823.
FlagPole. 2016. https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NgvhM90c4fw/
TWDBtM_qKdI/AAAAAAAAF4A/wWi5HHkTK6s/s1600/batt
le-stalingrad-raising-nazi-flag-stalingrad.jpg.
GermanPower. 2016. http://ww2today.com/wp-content/uploa
ds/2013/01/stalingrad-german-pow.jpeg.
In The Streets. 2016. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/
736x/2a/91/1d/2a911d9277bb8cd23ac959844aa01d7b
.jpg.
Jukes, G. 1985. Hitlers Stalingrad Decisions. University of California Press.
21
Bibliography
Kaplan, R. 2000. ‘Medicine at the Battle of Stalingrad’ [in English]. Journal of the
Royal Society of Medicine 93:97–98. Accessed October 3, 2016. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288080/.
Kimball, W. F. 1996. ‘Stalingrad: A chance for choices.’ The Journal of Military
History 60 (1): 89.
Monument. 2016. http://www.visitvolgograd.info/Bilder
MamaevKurgan/image025.jpg.
Monument, Fountain. 2016. /en/monument-fountain-211273/.
MotherWouldKnow, ed. 2016. Kasha Varnishkes - Buckwheat and Bowties | Mother
Would Know. Accessed December 8, 2016. http://motherwouldkn
ow.com/kasha-varnishkes-buckwheat-and-bowties/.
Obtained through Google Advanced Search of images which are labelled
for non-commercial reuse.
Nazism Exposed - flags and symbols. 2016. http : / / www . ekran . no /
html/nazismexposed/page.php?id=16.
OnceUponATimeInWar, ed. 2016. Once Upon A Time In War. Accessed December 8, 2016. http://demons.swallowthesky.org/.
Obtained through Google Advanced Search of images which are labelled
for non-commercial reuse.
PadreSteve’sWorld, ed. 2016. Christmas in the Cauldron: Kurt Reuber and the
The Madonna of Stalingrad | Padre Steve’s World...Musings of a Progressive
Realist in Wonderland. Accessed December 8, 2016. https://padrest
eve.com/2013/12/19/christmas-in-the-cauldron-k
urt-reuber-and-the-the-madonna-of-stalingrad/.
Obtained through Google Advanced Search of images which are labelled
for non-commercial reuse.
Pincer Attack. 2016. http : / / worldoftanks . ru / ru / news / pc browser/more/curious_ways_to_defeat_the_wehrma
cht/.
Roberts, G. 2002. Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943. Pearson Education
Limited.
22
Bibliography
Rotundo, L. 1989. Battle For Stalingrad: The 1943 Soviet General Staff Study.
Pergamon-Brassey’s.
Sadarananda, D. V. 1990. Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army
Group Don. Praeger Publishers.
Schwartz, P. 2001. Stalingrad: A Pictorial History. Caxton Editions.
Soviet Union Flag. 2016. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KzxgyEbS9TY/
maxresdefault.jpg.
Stalingrad Metro Station, Cannon. 2016. https://pixabay.com/en/
stalingrad-metro-station-cannon-211066/.
Swastikas, Flags, Berlin, Germany. 2016. /en/swastikas-flags-berl
in-germany-906653/.
Thomas, S. 2006. ‘Timeline of the Battle of Stalingrad’ [in English]. Accessed
October 3, 2016. http://balagan.info/timeline-of-thebattle-of-stalingrad.
Trenches. 2016. http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/11/
09/article-0-007FC28100000258-913_468x342.jpg.
WWIIPodcast. 2016. Episode 132-Operation Barbarossa | The History of WWII
Podcast - by Ray Harris Jr. Edited by R. H. Jr. http://worldwariip
odcast.net/2015/07/episode-132-operation-barba
rossa/.
Ziemke, E. F. 1968. Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Government Printing Office.
23