Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
9,,7$/,$1&21)(5(1&(2)5(6($5&+(56,1*(27(&+1,&$/(1*,1((5,1*±
*HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJLQ0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFKIURP0LFURVFDOHWR5HJLRQDO6FDOH
&15,*
6WXG\RIWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIDFRQJORPHUDWH
6DEULQD%RQHWWRD&HVDUH&RPLQDD&KLDUD&RORPEHURD)UDQFHVFR'HOD3LHUUHD$QQD
0DULD)HUUHURD1LFROz*LRUGDQRD$QGUHD5LVSROLD)HGHULFR9DJQRQD
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI(DUWK6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI7XULQ7XULQ,WDO\
$EVWUDFW
7KLVSDSHULVGHYRWHGWRWKHVWXG\RIDFRQJORPHUDWHURFNIRUPDWLRQ0RODUH)RUPDWLRQRXWFURSSLQJLQVRXWKHUQ3LHGPRQWWKDW
IRUPVDQDWXUDODUFKRIHQYLURQPHQWDOLQWHUHVW$ZDUHQHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKLVVWUXFWXUHHPHUJHGDIWHUVRPHLQWHQVH
UDLQVZKLFKFDXVHGVPDOOFROODSVHVDWWKHDUFKIRRW7KHQHHGIRUDSURSHUFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDOLQLWVQDWXUDOVWDWHDQGLWV
GHWHULRUDWLRQIROORZLQJLQFUHDVHGZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQLVQHHGHG$PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKEDVHGRQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIERWKLQVLWX
DQGODERUDWRU\JHRSK\VLFDOWHVWVIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHURFNVWUXFWXUHDWGLIIHUHQWVFDOHVZDVSHUIRUPHG*HRORJLFDOVXUYH\V
WRJHWKHUZLWKVHLVPLFWRPRJUDSK\DQG*35KDYHEHHQH[HFXWHGRQVLWH3HWURJUDSKLFDODQGFRPSRVLWLRQDOVWXGLHVRIWKHPDWUL[
XOWUDVRQLFSXOVHYHORFLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\GHWHUPLQDWLRQVDQGVWDQGDUG8&6WHVWRQODUJHVSHFLPHQVDUHXQGHU
GHYHORSPHQWLQODERUDWRU\
©
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJDQGVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHVRI&15,*
Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016
.H\ZRUGV5(9FRQJORPHUDWHELPURFNVHOHFWULFDOVHLVPLFJHRSK\VFLDOPHWKRGV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
*HRPDWHULDOVZLWKEORFNLQPDWUL[WH[WXUHELPURFNVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KHWHURJHQHRXVVWUXFWXUHVLQFOXGLQJURFN
EORFNVDQGFODVWVHPEHGGHGLQDILQHJUDLQHGPDWUL[FRQJORPHUDWHVEUHFFLDPHODQJHVHWFDUHDFRPPRQIHDWXUH
LQWKHJHRORJLFDOUHFRUG&RQVHTXHQWO\HQJLQHHULQJVWUXFWXUHVDUHRIWHQFRQVWUXFWHGLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKWKLVFKDOOHQJLQJ
PDWHULDOZKRVHPHFKDQLFDOUHVSRQVHQHHGWREHSURSHUO\WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW>@
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
(PDLODGGUHVVVDEULQDERQHWWR#XQLWRLW
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.437
Sabrina Bonetto et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIELPURFNVDUHYHU\GLIILFXOWWREHGHWHUPLQHGE\ODERUDWRU\VWDQGDUG
WHVWVPRVWO\EHFDXVHLWLVSUREOHPDWLFWRREWDLQXQGLVWXUEHGFRUHRIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHGLPHQVLRQV>@7KHGLPHQVLRQ
RI WKH HPEHGGHG URFN EORFNV PDNHV LQGHHG WKHLU 5HSUHVHQWDWLYH (OHPHQW 9ROXPH 5(9 PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKH
VSHFLPHQGLPHQVLRQWKDWFDQEHWHVWHGLQODERUDWRU\6HYHUDOVWXGLHVDUHDYDLODEOHLQOLWHUDWXUHRQWKLVWRSLFEDVHGRQ
ODERUDWRU\WHVWVLQVLWXUHDOVFDOHVXUYH\VDQGQXPHULFDOPRGHOOLQJ>@EXWDFOHDUGHILQLWLRQRIWKHWHVWLQJ
SURFHGXUHLVQRWDYDLODEOH\HW([SHULPHQWDOHYLGHQFHVDJUHHWKDWWKHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLFVDQGWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIELPURFNV
DUHPDLQO\FRQWUROOHGE\WKHILQHJUDLQHGPDWUL[DQGE\LWVHYHQWXDODOWHUDWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\IROORZLQJUDLQHYHQWV
7KLVVWXG\LVFDUULHGRXWLQ0RPEDVLJOLR3LHGPRQW,WDO\RYHUDVRFDOOHG³QDWXUDOEULGJH´VWDQGLQJDERYHWKH
0RQJLDVWUHDP7KLVVWUHDPLVDVPDOOWULEXWDU\RIWKH7DQDUR5LYHULQWKHKLJKHVWSDUWRILWVK\GURJUDSKLFEDVLQLQ
VRXWKHUQ3LHGPRQW(17KHQDWXUDOEULGJH)LJLVDQRXWVWDQGLQJJHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHDERXWP
ORQJZLWKDQDYHUDJHZLGWKRIP7KHWRSRIWKHEULGJHVWDQGVDWPIURPWKHERWWRPVWUHDPZLWKDQDUFKWLFNQHVV
RIDURXQGP,WLVWKHUHIRUHRQHRIWKHELJJHVWH[DPSOHRIWKLVNLQGLQ(XURSHIRUPHGDIWHUWKRXVDQG\HDUVRI
HURVLRQ DW LWV EDVDO SRUWLRQ 7KH FRQVWLWXWLQJ OLWKRW\SH LV D UHG SRO\JHQLF FRQJORPHUDWH ZLWK FDUERQDWLF FHPHQW
EHORQJLQJWRWKH³)RUPD]LRQHGL0RODUH´2OLJRFHQH7KLVFRQJORPHUDWLFIRUPDWLRQLVSDUWLFXODUO\GLIILFXOWWREH
FKDUDFWHUL]HG GXH WR LWV KHWHURJHQHLW\ LW LV QRW UDUH WR ILQG OHQV RI FRDUVH JUH\ VDQGVWRQHV ZLWKLQ WKH IRUPDWLRQ
HYLGHQFHRIWKLVDOWHUQDWLRQFDQEHLQGHHGREVHUYHGLQWKHULJKWDEXWPHQW7KHLQWHUQDOOLWKRORJLFDOFRQWUDVWVRIWKH
IRUPDWLRQDOORZHGDGLIIHUHQWLDOHURVLRQRIWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKHVWUDWLJUDSKLFVHTXHQFHSUHVHUYLQJWKHPRUHFRPSHWHQW
XSSHUSDUW7KLVZDVPRVWSUREDEO\UHODWHGWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDPHDQGHUZLWKLQWKH0RQJLD6WUHDP>@ODWHUFXW
DOORZLQJIRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHEULGJH
$EXQGDQWUDLQIDOOVLQWKHSHULRG0DUFK$SULOFDXVHGDODQGVOLGHRQWKHOHIWXSVWUHDPVLGHRIWKHEULGJHDWWKH
MXQFWLRQZLWKWKHSURYLQFLDOURDGDQGIRUPHGDORZFRQVLVWHQF\]RQHZLWKPDWHULDOVLQNLQJLQWKHULYHUEHORZ$IWHU
WKLVHYHQWWKHEULGJHZDVFORVHGDQGFRQFHUQVUDLVHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRLWVRYHUDOOVWDELOLW\$PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\VWXG\ZDV
WKHUHIRUH FRPPLVVLRQHG E\ WKH 0RPEDVLJOLR PXQLFLSDOLW\ WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WKH EULGJH IURP JHRORJLFDO
JHRPRUSKRORJLFDO DQG JHRWHFKQLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ 7KH SUHVHQW SDSHU PDLQO\ GHVFULEHV WKH JHRWHFKQLFDO
SKRWRJUDPPHWULF DQDO\VLV RI WKH EULGJH DQG WKH JHRSK\VLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV FDUULHG RXW RQ VLWH LQ RUGHU WR DVVHVV
HOHFWULFDO UHVLVWLYLW\ DQG FRPSUHVVLRQDO ZDYH YHORFLW\ ILHOGV )XUWKHU ODERUDWRU\ WHVWV XOWUDVRQLF SXOVH YHORFLW\
HOHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\8&6GHWHUPLQDWLRQDUHXQGHUGHYHORSPHQWIRUDFURVVYDOLGDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVDWGLIIHUHQWVFDOHV
([SHULPHQWDO0HWKRG
3KRWRJUDPPHWULFUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
$SKRWRJUDPPHWULFVXUYH\KDVEHHQSHUIRUPHGRQERWKVLGHVRIWKHQDWXUDOEULGJH,WFRQVLVWHGLQWKHDFTXLVLWLRQ
RIWZRVHWVRILPDJHVFRYHULQJDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOHWKHDUFKVXUIDFHVFRQVLGHULQJFRQVWUDLQWVGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI
ZDWHUDQGYHJHWDWLRQ6LQFHWKHDLPRIWKHVXUYH\ZDVWRFUHDWHDWRWDO'60'LJLWDO6XUIDFH0RGHORIWKHYLVLEOH
VXUIDFHRIWKHDUFKLQWKHHDVLHVWSRVVLEOHZD\DQGLQDORFDOUHIHUHQFHV\VWHPZHPDWHULDOL]HGDV\VWHPVXLWDEOHIRU
XQLI\LQJWKHPRGHOVREWDLQHGIURPWKHWZRVLGHV%DVLFDOO\ZHSODFHGWZROHYHOVWDIIVVRWKDWWKH\ZHUHYLVLEOHIURP
ERWKVLGHVRIWKHDUFKE\PHDQVRIWKHFRGH$JLVRIW3KRWRVFDQZHFROOLPDWHGRQERWKVHWVRILPDJHVDWOHDVWZHOO
UHFRJQL]DEOHSRLQWVWZRIRUHDFKOHYHOVWDII7KHYHUWLFDOD[LVZDVPDGHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHOHYHOVWDIIDQGWKHRULJLQ
ZDVIL[HGDWWKHEDVHRILWWKHPRGHOZDVVFDOHGE\DVVLJQLQJDNQRZQGLVWDQFHWKDWLVWKHOHQJWKRIDUHGSDUWRIWKH
OHYHOVWDIIZKLFKLVHTXDOWRFP7KHUHODWLYHFRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHFROOLPDWHGSRLQWVZHUHSURSHUO\DVVLJQHGHJWKH
GLDPHWHURIWKHOHYHOVWDIIZDVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQRUGHUWRPDNHWKHUHIHUHQFHV\VWHPRIWKHWZRVHWVRILPDJHV
FRLQFLGH%\SURFHVVLQJWKHWZRGLVWLQFWVHWVRILPDJHVRQHIRUHDFKVLGHE\PHDQVRIWKHFRGH$JLVRIW3KRWRVFDQ
WZRFRORUHGGLJLWDOPRGHOVZHUHREWDLQHG6LQFHWKHLUUHIHUHQFHV\VWHPZDVLGHQWLFDOWKHRSHUDWLRQWRPHUJHWKHP
ZDVEDQDO7KHWRWDOPRGHOZDVWKHQPDQXDOO\FOHDQHGLQRUGHUWRGHOHWHYHJHWDWLRQDQGVFDWWHUHGSRLQWV7KHILQDO
PRGHOLVFRPSRVHGE\DERXW¶SRLQWVZLWKDUHVROXWLRQRIDERXWSRLQWHYHU\FP,Q)LJXUHD9LHZRI
6LGHRIWKHWRWDOPRGHODIWHUGHOHWLQJYHJHWDWLRQDQGVFDWWHUHGSRLQWVLVUHSRUWHG7KLVPRGHOKDVEHHQDGRSWHGIRU
WKHILQDOUHQGHULQJRIJHRSK\VLFDOUHVXOWVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHEULGJHVWDELOLW\DQDO\VLV
249
250
Sabrina Bonetto et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
)LJ9LHZRIWKHQDWXUDOEULGJHZLWKGHWDLOVRQWKHWZROHYHOVWDIIVYLVLEOHIURPERWKVLGHVXVHGIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGVFDOLQJRIWKHJOREDO
'60
)LJ9LHZRI6LGHRIWKHWRWDOPRGHODIWHUGHOHWLQJYHJHWDWLRQDQGVFDWWHUHGSRLQWV
3KRWRJUDSKLFDQDO\VLV
7KHURFNVWUXFWXUHRIWKHQDWXUDOEULGJHKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\DSKRWRJUDPPHWULFSURFHGXUHWKRXJKWWKHVRIWZDUH
6SOLW'HVNWRS7KHODWWHULVDEOHWRUHSURGXFHWKHJUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQVWDUWLQJIURPDVLPSOHSLFWXUHRIWKHGHSRVLWV
6LQFHWKLVVRIWZDUHZDVGHYHORSHGIRUURFNGHEULVDQDO\VHVLWLVQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\VXLWDEOHIRUWKHJUDLQVL]HDQDO\VLV
RIFODVWVHPEHGGHGLQDILQHPDWUL[DQGUHTXLUHGWKHUHIRUHFRQVLGHUDEOHDGGLWLRQDOPDQXDOSURFHVVLQJRIWKHLPDJHV
6HYHUDOSLFWXUHVZHUHDQDO\]HGDWGLIIHUHQWVFDOHVIURPWKHZKROHEULGJHVFDOHWRWKHODERUDWRU\VSHFLPHQVFDOH
251
Sabrina Bonetto et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
)LJ3LFWXUHVRIWKHURFNVDQDO\VHGZLWKLPDJHDQDO\VLV'HWDLODQG6DPSOHLQWKHIROORZLQJILJXUH
,QDILUVWSKDVHWKHVRIWZDUHSHUIRUPVDXWRPDWLFGHOLQHDWLRQRIWKHJUDLQERXQGDULHVZKLFKKRZHYHUDVPHQWLRQHG
HDUOLHULVRSWLPL]HGIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIIUDJPHQWVDQGIRUWKLVZRUNLQJFRQWH[WLPSOLHGDPDVVLYHSURFHVVRIPDQXDO
FRUUHFWLRQ,QRUGHUWRREWDLQUHOLDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQO\JUDLQVLGHQWLILDEOHE\WKHDXWRPDWLFGHOLQHDWLRQODUJHUWKDQD
IHZPPIRUWKHVHLPDJHVKDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHGDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGDUHUHODWHGRQO\WRWKHSRUWLRQV
RIURFNJUHDWHUWKDQDIHZPLOOLPHWHUVGLVUHJDUGLQJWKHILQHPDWUL[JUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQ7KHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVDUH
VXPPDUL]HGLQ)LJXUHZKHUHLWFDQREVHUYHWKDWWKHJUDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHURFNLVVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKH
DQDO\]HGVDPSOHVL]HDQGWKDWWKHFXUYHVSURJUHVVLYHO\VKLIWWRZDUGVULJKWIRULQFUHDVLQJURFNSRUWLRQV7KHDYHUDJH
JUDLQVL]HUDLVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJFRQVLGHUHGURFNSRUWLRQVIURPDERXWFPDWWKHODERUDWRU\VFDOHWRFPDWWKHEULGJH
VFDOH+RZHYHUDOOWKHFXUYHVWHQGWRZDUGVDVWDELOHGLVWULEXWLRQDWWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVRFDOOHG'HWDLODERXW
PLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKLVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYH(OHPHQW9ROXPHRIWKLVNLQGRIURFNV7KHVHUHVXOWV
DOVRLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHVDPSOHVL]HVZKLFKFRXOGEHWHVWHGDWWKHODERUDWRU\VFDOHHJWKURXJK8&6GHWHUPLQDWLRQDUH
VWDWLVWLFDOO\QRQUHSUHVHQWDWLYHDQGQRQGHVWUXFWLYHJHRSK\VLFDOWHVWVRQODUJHUURFNSRUWLRQVKDYHEHHQFRQVHTXHQWLDOO\
SUHIHUUHG
)LJ*UDLQVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQFXUYHVIRUGLIIHUHQWFRQVLGHUHGVFDOHVRIWKHURFNPDVV
*HRSK\VLFDOVXUYH\V
&RPELQLQJHOHFWULFDQGVHLVPLFGDWDLVDXVHIXODSSURDFKIRUDQRQGHVWUXFWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRIPDWHULDOXQGHUVWXG\
7KHFRPSOHPHQWDULW\EHWZHHQHOHFWULFDQGVHLVPLFPHWKRGVLVLQGHHGIDYRUDEOHZLWKUHVSHFWWRERWKWKHDQDO\VLVRI
ZDWHUFRQWHQWDQGRIPDWHULDOUHVLVWDQFH(OHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\LVLQGHHGYHU\VHQVLWLYHWRIOXLGSKDVHVZKLOHVHLVPLF
ZDYHYHORFLW\LVPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVRLOVNHOHWRQ/LWHUDWXUHH[DPSOHVRIWKHFRPELQHG
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVHWZRPHWKRGRORJLHVDUHUHSRUWHGLQVHYHUDOSDSHUVHJ>@VRPHWLPHVDOVRZLWKWKHXVHRI
252
Sabrina Bonetto et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
MRLQWLQYHUVLRQDSSURDFKHVHJ>@3DUWLFXODUO\WKHXVHRIERWKPHWKRGRORJLHVWRJHWKHUHQDEOHGXVWRKDYHD
ILUVWSUHODPLQDUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUSRWHQWLDOLQVWDELOLWLHV
2ZLQJWRWKHOLPLWHGDYDLODEOHVSDFHSDUDOOHOOLQHVRIHOHFWURGHVZHUHDGRSWHGZLWKDQDYHUDJHHOHFWURGH
VSDFLQJRIP%RWK'LSROH'LSROHDQG:HQQHU6FKOXPEHUJHUDUUD\VZHUHDFTXLUHG%RWKVLQJOHFDEOHDQGFURVV
FDEOH DFTXLVLWLRQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG LQ RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H ODWHUDO FRYHUDJH DQG GHSWK RI LQYHVWLJDWLRQ $SSDUHQW
UHVLVWLYLW\GDWDIURPERWKDFTXLVLWLRQVZHUHDQDO\]HGWRJHWKHU7KHPD[LPXPH[SHFWHGGHSWKRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLV
DERXWPZKLFKLVFRKHUHQWZLWKWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHDUFKFURZQ'DWDLQYHUVLRQLQ'ZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWK(57/DE
VRIWZDUH 5HIUDFWLRQ VHLVPLF DFTXLVLWLRQV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW ZLWK D JHRSKRQH DUUD\ DQDORJRXV WR WKH HOHFWURGH
GLVSRVLWLRQ6HYHUDOVKRWSRVLWLRQV ZHUHDGRSWHGDQGVHLVPLF3ZDYHV ZHUHUHJLVWHUHGE\ PHDQVRI+]
JHRSKRQHVDWPVSDFLQJZLWKDUHFRUGLQJWLPHRIPVDQGDVDPSOHLQWHUYDORI—V0DQXDOILUVWEUHDN
SLFNLQJ RI DOO WKH VKRWV ZDV SHUIRUPHG ZLWK RQSXUSRVHGHYHORSHG 0DWODE URXWLQHV 7KHVH GDWD ZHUH LQYHUWHG LQ
WRPRJUDSKLFDSSURDFKE\PHDQVRIWKH*HR7RP&*VRIWZDUHZKLFKSHUIRUPVWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOWRPRJUDSKLFDQDO\VLV
ZLWKVRXUFHDQGUHFHLYHUSRVLWLRQVLQDQ\FRQILJXUDWLRQZLWKLQD'PHVK
(OHFWULFDO UHVLVWLYLW\ UHVXOWV GUDZ D YDULDEOH ILHOG VKRZLQJ D PRUH UHVLVWLYH YROXPH ! ŸP LQ WKH 6( SDUW
XSVWUHDPDQGDPRUHFRQGXFWLYHRQHŸPRQWKH1:GRZQVWUHDP6DPSOHVRIWKHFRQJORPHUDWLFPDWHULDO
ZHUH DOVR DQDO\]HG DW WKH ODE VFDOH DQG D PHDQ UHVLVWLYLW\ YDOXH RI DERXW ŸP ZDV IRXQG LQ GU\ FRQGLWLRQ
7KHUHIRUHDVLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRIZDWHULVVXSSRVHGWREHSUHVHQWLQQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVZLWKDQLQFUHDVLQJZDWHUFRQWHQW
RQWKHGRZQVWUHDPVLGHRIWKHEULGJH%RWKSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\SRURVLW\VHHPWRGULYHZDWHUPRYHPHQWZLWKLQWKH
URFN PDVV 6HLVPLF GDWD LQYHUVLRQ GHSLFWHG ORZHU SZDYH YHORFLWLHV PV LQ WKH VKDOORZHU XQGHUJURXQG
SRUWLRQVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKHFHQWHURIWKHEULGJHDQGFORVHWRWKHVPDOOVOLGHORFDWHGRQWKHHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKHOHIW
DEXWPHQW $ YHORFLW\ UHGXFWLRQ LV DOVR QRWHG LQ WKH QRUWKZHVWHUQ VLGH RI WKH EULGJH UHIOHFWLQJ D ODFN RI ODWHUDO
FRQILQHPHQWSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWRQWKLVVLGH*HQHUDOO\RYHUWKHZKROHPRGHOEULGJHSODQHVKRZVORZHUYHORFLWLHV
PV WKDQ WKH DEXWPHQWV ! PV DQG WKH 1: VLGH GRZQVWUHDP FRQILUPHG WR EH WKH PRVW DOWHUHG
WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHODQGVOLGH]RQHVLQFHYHORFLW\LVVWLOOOHVVWKDQPVXSWRDOPRVWWKHHQGRIWKHPRGHO
)LJ'YLHZRIWKHDKLJKYHORFLW\PVLQJUHHQDQGEORZUHVLVWLYLW\ŸPLQEOXHLVRVXUIDFHVIURPWKHLQYHUWHGPRGHOV
:DWHULQILOWUDWLRQGXHWRUDLQIDOOVHTXDOO\ILOOVWKHSRUHVSDFHVDQGIORZVDORQJWKHSRVVLEOHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVRIWKH
VHFRQGDU\SRURVLW\1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHKLJKHVW6XQ¶VUDGLDWLRQUHFHLYHGE\WKH6(SDUWRIWKHEULGJHXSVWUHDPFDQ
JHQHUDWHPRLVWXUHPRYHPHQWRUHYHQHYDSRUDWLRQZLWKLQWKHSRUHV7KLVFRQVLGHUDWLRQFDQDOVRH[SODLQWKHYHORFLW\
ILHOGDFKLHYHGE\VHLVPLFLQYHUVLRQ7KHDEXWPHQWVKDYHDVLPLODUYHORFLW\GLVWULEXWLRQZKHUHDVWKHGRZQVWUHDPSDUW
RIWKHDUFKVKRZVDORFDOL]HGORZYHORFLW\]RQH5HPDUNDEO\WKH]RQHRIWKHEULGJHZKHUHDVOLGHDOUHDG\RFFXUUHG
KDVDVLPLODUYHORFLW\UHGXFWLRQ$GULYLQJPHFKDQLVPIRULQVWDELOLW\FDQEHWKHUHIRUHVXSSRVHGDQGUHODWHGWRZDWHU
Sabrina Bonetto et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 248 – 253
LQILOWUDWLRQ,Q)LJXUHD'UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHORZUHVLVWLYLW\ŸPLVRVXUIDFHLVUHSRUWHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH
KLJKYHORFLW\PVLVRVXUIDFH,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHKLJKYHORFLW\]RQHRIWKHPRGHOLVWUXQFDWHGZKHUH
WKHUH LV HYLGHQFH RI ORZHU UHVLVWLYLWLHV DQG WKHUHIRUH KLJKHU ZDWHU FRQWHQW ZKLFK FRQWULEXWHV WR D UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH
PDWHULDOFRPSHWHQFH
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH SUHVHQW SDSHU GLVFXVVHG WKH SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV RI DQ RQJRLQJ UHVHDUFK DLPHG DW FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ D FRPSOH[
FRQJORPHUDWLFIRUPDWLRQLQRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVWDELOLW\FRQGLWLRQVRIDQDWXUDODUFKEULGJH,QVLWXDQGODERUDWRU\
PHDVXUHPHQWVDUHXQGHUGHYHORSPHQWEXWDILUVWHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHURFN5(9KDVEHHQGRQHE\WKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHJUDLQ
VL]HGLVWULEXWLRQVKRZLQJKRZWKH5(9GLPHQVLRQRYHUFDPHWKHODERUDWRU\VSHFLPHQVGLPHQVLRQVDQGQRQGHVWUXFWLYH
JHRSK\VLFDO PHWKRGRORJLHV DUH FRQVHTXHQWO\ SUHIHUUHG &RPELQHG ' VHLVPLF DQG HOHFWULFDO VXUYH\V KDYH EHHQ
WKHUHIRUHDSSOLHGWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHURFNPDVV5HVXOWVSUHVHQWHGHQDEOHGXVWRGHVFULEHWKHURFNPDVVQDWXUDOVWDWH
DQGWRVXSSRVHHYHQWXDOLQVWDELOLW\PHFKDQLVPVDQGFDXVHV7KHFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHURFNPDVVXQGHUH[DPLQDWLRQFDQ
EHK\SRWKHVL]HGWREHGULYHQE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIZDWHUZLWKLQWKHSRUHVSDFHVDQGUHODWHGWRWKHH[SRVXUHWR6XQ¶V
UDGLDWLRQ)XUWKHUODERUDWRU\WHVWVDUHSODQQHGWRKDYHDFRQILUPDWLRQRIWKHVHJHRSK\VLFDOILQGLQJV
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
$XWKRUVZLVKWRWKDQN$OGR0LFKHORWWLDQG(Q]R(UUDQLIRUWKHLUVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRHQYLURQPHQWDQGKLVWRULFDO
DVSHFWVRIWKHZRUN
5HIHUHQFHV
>@0$ILILSRXU30RDUHIYDQG0HFKDQLFDO%HKDYLRXURIELPURFNVKDYLQJKLJKURFNEORFNSURSRUWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDORI5RFN0HFKDQLFV
DQG0LQLQJVFLHQFH
>@6.DKUDPDQ0$OEHU(VWLPDWLQJXQFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGHODVWLFPRGXOXVRIDIDXOWEUHFFLDPL[WXUHRIZHDOEORFNVDQGVWURQJ
PDWUL[,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDORI5RFN0HFKDQLFVDQG0LQLQJVFLHQFH
>@+6RQPH]&*RNFHRJOX(0HGOH\(7XQFD\+$1HIHVOLRJOX(VWLPDWLQJWKHXQLD[LDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIDYROFDQLFELPURFN,QW-
5RFN0HFK0LQ6FLE±
>@0)HUUHUR00LJOLD]]D55RQFHOOD*7HEDOGL$QDO\VLVRIWKHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVRIDZHDNURFNWKURXJKSKRWRJUDPPHWULFDOPHDVXUHPHQWV
E\'DQG'YLVLRQV-(QJ)UDF0HFK
>@$0)HUUHURDQG00LJOLD]]D7KHRUHWLFDODQGQXPHULFDOVWXG\RQ8QLD[LDOFRPSUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXURIPDUO0HFKDQLFVRI0DWHULDOV,QW-
0HFK0DWHU
>@:-;X4;X5/+X6WXG\RQWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIVRLOURFNPL[WXUHE\ODUJHVFDOHGLUHFWVKHDUWHVW,QW-5RFN0HFK0LQ6FL
>@<:3DQ0++VLHK0+/LDR0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIYLUWXDOEORFNLQPDWUL[FROOXYLXP,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHQG86URFNPHFKDQLFV
V\PSRVLXP6DQ)UDQFLVFR
>@:;X=<XHE5+X6WXG\RQWKHPHVRVWUXFWXUHDQGPHVRPHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVRLOURFNPL[WXUHXVLQJGLJLWDOLPDJHSURFHVVLQJ
EDVHG)LQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRG,QW-5RFN0HFK0LQ6FL
>@0%DUEHUR0%RQLQL0%RUUL%UXQHWWR7KUHHGLPHQVLRQDOILQLWHHOHPHQWVLPXODWLRQVRIFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWVRQELPURFN,Q3URFHHGLQJVRI
WKHWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRILQWHUQDWLRQDODVVRFLDWLRQIRUFRPSXWHUPHWKRGVDQGDGYDQFHVLQJHRPHFKDQLFV,$&0$**RD,QGLD
>@9%DGLQRLQ*OL6WDWXWLGL0RPEDVLJOLRFDUWHGLIUDQFKLJLDHDSSXQWLVWRULFL&RPXQHGL0RPEDVLJOLR&HQWUR&XOWXUDOHGL0RPEDVLJOLR
0DULR*LRYDQD
>@.'XHQQELHU-&RQIDO76FKLFKW.7KLHPDQQ)%RHUQHU8VLQJHOHFWULFDODQGVHLVPLFWRPRJUDSK\WRGHWHFWZHDNSRLQWVRQDSRWDVK
PLQLQJLQFHQWUDO*HUPDQ\WK(XURSHDQ0HHWLQJRI(QYLURQPHQWDODQG(QJLQHHULQJ*HRSK\VLFV$WKHQV*UHHFH
>@/$*DOODUGRDQG0$0HMX&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIKHWHURJHQHRXVQHDUVXUIDFHPDWHULDOVE\MRLQW'LQYHUVLRQRI'&UHVLVWLYLW\DQGVHLVPLF
GDWD*HRSK\V5HV/HWW
>@0$0HMX/$*DOODUGR$.0RKDPHG(YLGHQFHIRUFRUUHODWLRQRIHOHFWULFDOUHVLVWLYLW\DQGVHLVPLFYHORFLW\LQKHWHURJHQHRXVQHDUVXUIDFH
PDWHULDOV*HRSK\V5HV/HWW
>@-%76FRWW5'%DUNHU63HDFRFN&RPELQHGVHLVPLFUHIUDFWLRQDQGHOHFWULFDOLPDJLQJSDSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWK0HHWLQJRI(QYLURQPHQWDO
DQG(QJLQHHULQJ*HRSK\VLFV(QYLURQDQG(QJ*HRSK\V6RF%RFKXP*HUPDQ\
>@&&RPLQD6)RWL/6DPEXHOOL/96RFFR&6WUREELD-RLQWLQYHUVLRQRIYHVDQGVXUIDFHZDYHGDWD3URFHHGLQJVRIV\PSRVLXPRQWKH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIJHRSK\VLFVWRHQJLQHHULQJDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVVDJHHS/DV9HJDV
253