IHMA
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
India –National Movement
Compiled by Dr Sajeev.V
Medical Officer ,Palakkad
Chronology
AD/CE
1600-English East India Company came into being
1829-‘SATI’custom eradicated
1857-First struggle for independence(Sepoy mutiny)
1858-British Crown (QUEEN) took over the Governance of India from East india company
1876- Indian Association by Surenra nath Banerjee
1885-( DEC 28) Indian National Congress(INC) was formed
1893- Famous speech of Swami Vivekanda at Chicago World Religious Conference
1897-Amaravati INC meeting ELECTED C. Sankaran Nair as its president-(First Keralite
as president)
1905-Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal into two-(east &west bengal)
1905-Swadesi movement started
1906-Formation of Muslim League
- Swaraj declaration by INC
1907-Mdam Bikkaji kaama hoisted India’s flag for the first time at Stuttgart in Germany
1909-Minto Morely reforms
1911-Capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
-Cancelled the partition on of Bengal
1913-Tagore got Nobel Prize for Geethanjali
1915-M.K Gandhi returned from South Africa
-Established Sabarmathi ashram
1916- Home Rule league at Madras by Annie Besent
- Home Rule league started at Pune By Bal Gangadhara Thilak
-Lucknow Pact
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1917-Champaran Sathyagraha by Gandhiji started at Bihar for Indigo Workers
(First sathyagraha by Gandhiji in India)
1918-Feb-Gandhiji started Hunger strike in Ahammedabad Cotton mill struggle
(Firsthunger strike by Gandhiji in India)
July-Montegue-Chelmsford Reforms
Rowlatt Act came into being
1919-April 13-Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre
1920-Khilafath movement started by ALI brothers (Mohammed Ali &Shoukkath Ali)
- Non-co-operation movement started
1921-Malabar Rebellion started
1922-Chowri-Chowra incident
NON-cooperation movement withdrawn
1923 -Swaraj party formed by Motilal Nehru,C.R.Das etc
1925-sarojini naidu was elected as INC presidentat Kanpur session
Hindustan Republican Assosiation was formed
1928- Lala Lajpath Rai died(The LAL among the LAL-BAL-PAL)
1927-Simon Commossion appointed for reforms in India
1928 -Hindustan Socialist Republican Army formed by Bhagath singh and others.
1929 -INC declared Poorna Swaraj at its Lahore session(Nehru President)
-Hindustan Socialist Republican Army formed by Bhagath singh and others.
- Bhagath singh bombed Central Legislative Assembly
- Saarda Act for prohibition of Child Marriage was passed
- Viceroy House renamed as Rashtrapati Bhavan
1930-Jan 26-INC celebrated as complete independence day
-Mar-12-Dandi March Started lesd by Ganhiji
- Civil Disobedience movement all around India
- April-18 Chittagong Armoury Raid by Surya sen
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- Nov -First Round Table Conference
1931-Mar-5 Gandhi-Irwin pact signed
British hanged Bhagath Singh,Raj Guru &Sukh Dev
Second round table conference-Ganhiji Attended
Guruvayoor sathyagraha (in kerala)
1932-restarted civil disobedience movement
-3rd round table conference
-‘Communal award’ which gave special voting rights to minorities
- Poona pact
1933- Gandhiji started the journal ‘Harijan’
1935-passed Govt of India Act
1936- First election in India
1937- Formation of Congress ministries in Provinces
1938-Subash Chandra Bose was elected as INC president
-
National Planning Committee was formed under Jawahar Lal Nehru
1939-Subash Chandra Bose formed the Forward Block
1940-Muslim Leauge Lahore session asked for the Partition of India and formation of
Pakistan
1942-March-Cripps Mission in India -to discuss the possibilities of giving freedom to India
headed by Sir Stanford Cripps (Ganhiji called it a Post Dated Cheque)
Aug 8 INC launched Quit India Movement
1943-Subash Chandra Bose formed Azad Hind Govt in Singapore
Formed Indian National Army (INA) by Bose
1945-simla conference
1946- Cabinet Mission Visited India
Jawaharlal Nehru Heads the Interim Govt
Muslim League nominees joined the Govt
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Communal Riots in different parts of the country
1947-British prime ministerClement Atlee declared that India will be given freedom
- Mount Batten took charge as the viceroy
-July8- British parliament passed India Independence Bill
- Sir Cyril Radcliff Boundary Commission was appointed to chart out the division
of India
- Aug 14-Partitioned India giving Birth to Pakistan
- Aug15- India got Idependence
- Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as the prime minister of India
- First Budget of India by Shanmugam Chetty
1948- Jan 30-Gandhji was assassinated by Nathuram Vinayak Godse
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EVENTS ,MOVEMENTS & ORGANISATIONS
1) First War of Independence(Sepoy Mutiny-derogatory term used by the British)
1857
- Started by soldiers at Meerut (now in UP)
Cartridges greased with cow &pig fat were given to soldiers (to offend both Hindu &
Muslim soldiers)
-revolt started against this on May 9th
-Revolts mainly at Awadh, Rohilkhand. Bundelkhand, Allahabad, Meerut and Bihar.
-Leaders of the revolt are Tantya tope(Kanpur),Kanwar Singh(bihar),Bhakt Khan (Delhi)
Rani lakshmi bhai (Jhansi rani) of Jhansi
-Hindus,Muslims & Sikhs fought shoulder to shoulder against the British. This lead them to
the thought of ‘Divide &Rule’ policy which ended in the partition of India and still almost
140 crores (Both India & Pakistan) of people are suffering from it .
- Revolt was controlled by the British and ended on june 20th in Gwalior
2)British Government takes direct Charge of India
-Queen Victoria’s proclamation on 1858 Nov 1 India wiil be governed by the Monarch
through representative called the Viceroy (earlier Governor General)-Lord Canning was the
first viceroy(he was the Gov Gen but the title changed)
- This gave immense power to the British Govt to intervene in India
-But this also gave the possibility of a psychological unification against a common oppressor
and thus started a sense of Nationalism throughout India (at first among the educated elite
and slowly trickled down to the common man).
3) Indian National Congress
Started by Allen Octavian Hume(A.O Hume) in 1885
- Indian Assiciation by surendra nath banerjee can be termed as forerunner of INC
-First session held at Bombay on December 1885
-72 delegates
-First president –Womesh Chandra Banerjee
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4 )Partition of Bengal
Lord Curzon(Viceroy of India)partitioned Bengal into two provinces 1)East Bengal &
Assam with Dhaka as capital2)West Bengal
5 ) Swadeshi movement-1906
Lead by Bal Gangadhara Thilak and Aurobindo Ghosh
In 1906 INC Calcutta session gave call for ‘Swaraj‘- self governance
( call for ‘poorna swaraj’ was in 1929 Lahore session)
6)All India Muslim League 1906
- Started by Aga Khan,Nawb Mohsin–ul-mulk & Nawb Salimul La of Dhaka
- Supported partition of Bengal and opposed.
7 )Minto- Morley Reforms (1909)
Reforms in the governance of India
Provision for separate representation to Muslims
8)Gandhij’s appearance in the scenario
Gandhiji came back to India in 1915 from South Africa were he had lead many social
movements
9)Rowlatt Act- 1919
-Act which empowered the British to put people in jail without trial
-Massive demonstrations all over India against the repressive Act
- Lead to Jaalian walla Bagh Massacre
10)Jaalian walla Bagh Massacre-1919 April 13
-In Punjab people gathered for a protest against British oppression
-Gen Dyre ordered to fire against the gathering
-Hundreds of people died
11)Non-cooperation movement-1920
Started on sept 1920 ,lead by gandhiji
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12)Chauri Chaura Incident 1922
Chauri chaura – a place near Gorakhpur were people clashed with police and police opened
fire
-mob retaliated by burning the police station and killing 22 police persons
-Ganhiji called off non-cooperation movement
13)Swaraj party-1923
-Started by C.R.,Das,Motilal Nehru,N.CKelkar
- Due to disgust against Gandhijis proposal to call off non-cop mvmnt
-to compel the authorities for self govrnance by mounting pressure through legislative
councils
14)Simon commission-1927
Appointed by British for reforms in India
No Indian in it and not the accepted the idea of self governance
All parties and leaders protested against the commission
15) Dandi March/Salt sathyagraha
A Civil Disobedience movement launched by Gandhiji
Law prohibited Indians in making salt from sea water
Gandhiji started a march from sabarmathi ashram to Dandi-a village in Gujarath- and picked
salt from there and break the law.
On April 6th 1930
16)Round Table Conference
For deal between the British & Indian Leaders
3 in number
First -1930.congress leaders did not participate
Second -1931- Gandhiji participated.
Nothing materialised
Third -1932
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17) Quit India Movement-1942
A massive civil disobedience movement
Started in August 8th
‘’Do or Die’’- the famous slogan
British acted Brutally to suppress the movement
18)Indian National Army
Established by Subash Chandra Bose
To work for Indias Independence from foreign land
19) Cabinet Mission
An attempt by the new British Govt to resolve the issues related with the freedom struggle of
India
20)Constituent Assembly
Formed in 1946
To frame a constitutuion for India
Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the President of it
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Leaders
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948)
Politician ,social reformer,writer
Born at Porbanadar in Gujarath
Went to South africa as lawyer,fought for the rights of workers there.
Returned to India on January 9th 1915
Gopal Krishna Gokhale aws the political guru
In 1917 first sathyagraha in India for the cause of indigo cultuvating peasants of of Bihar.
Also participated in agittion in Kheda in Gujarath(Vallabhbhai Patel. Associated with
Gandhiji in this agitation)
First hunger strike in Ahammadabad mill workers protest
Supported Khilafath movement
Started civil dis obedience movement in 1920
Called off it due to Chouri-chowra incident
Participated in 2nd round table confernce in London 12 1931
Dandi march as part of salt sathyagraha
Founed All India Harijan Samaaj in 1932
Civil disobedience called off REACTING TO Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Lauched Quit India Movement in 1942-‘Do or Die’ as slogan
Died on January 30th 1948
Journals started by Gandhiji
Young India,Nav jeevan, Harijan
Rabindranath Tagore called him ‘Mahathma’ for the first time
Subash Chandra Bose gave the title ‘Father of the Nation’
‘’Unto the last’’-book by John Ruskin which influenced Gandhiji
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Literary works of Gandhiji
The story of my experiments with truth
Indian Home rule
My early days
Nonviolence in peace and war
Hind swaraj
International Day of Non-Violence.- October 2nd
Bhagath singh-1907-1931)
Born on 1907 at kathkarkalan in Punjab
Participated in civil disobedient movement
Joined Hindustan Social Republican Association
Killed Deputy Police suprn’dt Saunders as retaliation to the death of Lala Lajpath rai
Conducted bomb attack on Central legislative Assembly in Delhi
‘’Inquilab zindabad’’- famous slogan used in connection with the incident
The revolutionary was arrested and Hanged to death on 1931-March 23rd
Bal Gangadhara Tilak
"Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!"
Journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist
Organized the Deccan Education Society and started and Fergusson College
Radical ideas of Lal-Bal-Pal ended in split of INC in 1907 surat meeting
re-joined the Indian National Congress in 1916.
found the All India Home Rule League in 1916–18 along with Annie Besent
British called him the "Father of the Indian unrest"
Publications
‘Maratha’ weekly in English and Kesari in Marathi
Authored ‘Shrimad Bhagvad Gita Rahasya’ and The Arctic Home in the Vedas
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Made ‘ganesolva’ ahuge public event
Maulan Abdul Kalam Azad(1888 – 1958)
scholar ,political leader
"I am proud of being an Indian. I am part of the indivisible unity that is Indian nationality.
Leader of khilafath movement and darasana sathyagraha in 1931
Associated with Gandhiji
Nationalist with strong secular credentials.
Opposed the partition of India
Was president of INC from 1940-45
Became education minister in the first ministry after independence
Instrumental in starting IIT’S and UGC
His birthday is revered as "National Education Day"-nov 11
Honoured with Bharath Ratna in 1992
journal Nairang-e-Aalam and Al-Misbah, Lissan-us-Sidq
Urdu weekly newspaperAl-Hilal in 1912
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru(1889–1912)
Political leader,historian,writer,lawyer.
The Architect of Modern India
The towering personality who kept India on the track of secular, egalitarian, scientific
modern nation
Born at Allahabad cameback to India in 1912 after studies in England and practiced as
Lawyer.
Joined INC in 1912
Met Gandhiji in 1916 at lucknow meeting of INC
Became president of INC Lahore session in which declared Poorna Swaraj 1929
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Became congress president 6 times(highest )
Started ‘’National Herald’’ newspaper
Became first prime minister of Free India
Proponent of Non –Alignment movement to keep equidistance from power tussle between
capitalism and communism
Nehru was in jail for 9 years.
Literary works of Nehru
Glimpses of world history
The Discovery f India
The Unity of India
Tagore called him ‘’Rithu Rajan’’
. B. R. Ambedkar(1891 - 1956)
Jurist, politicianeconomist,and social reformer
Born in Mhow. In Madhya Pradesh
Formed’’ Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha’’ for educating untouchables
Attended second round table conference
Became principal of the Government Law College, Mumbai
Reserve Bank of India was established according to the proposals given by Ambedkar
chairman of the committee responsible to draft a constitution
Gave immense contribution in framing the constitution of India
India's first law minister,
Converted to Buddhism
Honoured with the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.
Literary works
Waiting for a Visa, an autobiographical work, Untouchables, or the Children of India's
Ghetto,
Gopalakrishna Gokhale (1866 - 1915)
Founder of the Servants of India Society.
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Leader of the moderate group in INC
Was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1905
Considered as political Guru of Gandhiji
Mahadev Govind Ranade ( 1842 – 1901)
founding member of the Indian National Congress
judge of Bombay High Court
member of the finance committee
Associated with Sarvajanik Sabha and the Prarthana Samaj,
founder of the Social Conference movement for working aganist the social evils
Dadabhai Naoroji(1825-1917)
Economist,political activist
Known as ‘Grand old man India’
first Asian to become a British MP.
Formed East India Association in London
Co-founder of Indian National Congress
Member of the Indian National Association founded by Sir Surendranath Banerjee
Book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, a publication Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller)
Put forward the Drain theory regarding the poverty of India
Rani Lakshmi bhai
One among the leaders who lead the rebellion of 1857
Also called Jhansi Rani
Was queen of the princely state of Jhansi
Subhas Chandra Bose(1897 ---)
The revolutionary par excellence in the arena of Indian Freedom Struggle
Worked in INC
Became president of INC in 1938
Formed All India Forward Block,
Joined Indian National Army
Escaped from British India to Germany and then Japan
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