MORE TO READ I
ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.
polite
adj
to be polite to
do sth
It’s polite to leave a little food
on the plate at the end of a
meal.
I'm afraid I wasn't very polite
to her.
antonym:
impolite/rude
example
n (C)
to be an
example of sth.
include
v (T)
Smoked fish and hot soups
are some examples of these
dishes.
Fast food includes pizza and
sausages.
Could you give me an
example of the improvements
you have mentioned?
The bill includes tax and
service.
excellent
adj
Behaving in a way that is socially
correct and shows understanding
of and care for other people's
feelings
something which is typical of the
group of things that it is a member
of
to contain something as a part of
something else, or to make
something part of something else
extremely good
You can find excellent
Finnish beer in every shop in
the country.
The fall in interest rates is
excellent news for borrowers.
It’s difficult for her to go from
the village to the city centre
every day because of her
illness.
Rather than making a
suggestion all the time, you can
try doing it yourself.
TEXT 4
TEXT 10
go from one
place to
another
excellent food
coll.
to travel or move from one place
to another place
They were on tour for nearly
a month, going from one
place to another every day.
make a
suggestion
coll.
to produce an idea in the mind
immediately
adv.
now or without waiting or
thinking
After the concert, Buddy
made a suggestion. “Let’s go
to our next concert by plane
tonight.”
They immediately said “yes”.
antonym: exclude
We really ought to leave
immediately.
1
Word
Meaning
disappear
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (I)
reason
n (C/U)
the cause of an event or situation or
something which provides an
excuse or explanation
tragically
adv
TEXT 12
take a lesson
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.
Suddenly, they disappeared.
The search was called off for
the sailors who disappeared in
the storm.
synonym: vanish
the reason for
the accident
No one found out the reason
for the accident.
The reason for the disaster was
engine failure, not human
error.
in a very sad way, often involving
death and suffering
to die tragically
His two friends died
tragically in the accident.
She died tragically young.
coll.
to go to lessons to learn a specific
skill
to take dancing
lessons/a French
course
She took tap dancing and
ballet lessons when she was a
child.
She has started taking driving
lessons.
be/get bored
coll.
to be/get bored
with sth
Two years later, she got
bored with it and left.
release
v (T)
to feel tired and unhappy because
something is not interesting or
because you have nothing to do
If a company releases a film or
musical recording, it allows the
film to be shown in cinemas, or
makes the musical recording
available for the public to buy
to release an
album
In April 2005, she released
her third album.
He was getting
bored with doing the same
thing every day.
The band's latest album will be
released next week.
If people or things disappear, they
go somewhere where they cannot
be seen or found
2
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
coll.
Meaning
former
adj
of or in an earlier time;
before the present time or
in the past
TEXT 13
to perform
(v) (T) (I
to do something to entertain
people, for example by
acting a play or playing a
piece of music:
to top
(v) (T)
ceremony
break
earn/make
money
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
She needed to earn money, so
she started writing songs.
I earn $30 000 a year.
He liked it so much that he
contacted Phil Thornally, a
former member of the rock
band The Cure.
The house, a former barn, has
been attractively converted.
to perform on TV
At tahe age of 18, Celine saw
Micheal Jackson performing
on TV and told Angelil she
wanted to be a star like him.
Chenier and the band are
performing at the Silver Palace
tomorrow.
to be in the highest position
in a list because you are the
most successful.
to top the pop charts
The song won both a
Grammy and an Academy
Award and topped the pop
charts.
The Tower of London tops the
list of London's most popular
tourist attractions.
(n) (T)
an important social or
religious event, when a
traditional set of actions is
performed in a formal way
opening ceremony
In 1996, she won another
Grammy Award and was
invited to the opening
ceremonies of the Atlanta
Olympics.
The opening ceremony of the
Olympic Games was gorgeous.
(n) (C)
a period of time when you
stop working in order to
rest, eat etc
to take/ have a break
In 1999, she announced that
her husband had throat
cancer, so she had to take a
break to spend more time at
home.
Let's take a ten-minute break.
to receive money as
payment for work that you
do
a former employer,
his former wife
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.
***used before a
noun
We'll have a short break for
lunch, then start again at 2
o'clock.
3
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
TEXT 14
Inherit
v (T/I)
to receive money, a house,
etc. from someone after
they have died
to inherit $1 million,
to inherit money,
to inherit a house
Her father died when she was
30 and she inherited $1
million.
Who will inherit the house when
he dies?
Receive
v (T)
to get or be given
something
to receive a fortune,
to receive a mail
Did you receive my letter?
Mean
adj
not willing to give or share
things, especially money
meanness
(n)
the quality of being
unwilling to give or share
things, especially money
willing to give money,
help, kindness, etc.,
especially more than is
usual or expected
a very generous man
to give money as a
payment for sth
to say that something is
wrong or not satisfactory
Her children received a
fortune of more than $100
million.
She was very mean; she
counted every cent and she
spent very little.
She didn’t want to pay for a
doctor.
She spent almost nothing on
clothes.
If the bank complained, she
just moved all her money to
another bank.
Hetty’s family paid the price
for her meanness.
I don't know how I managed to
spend so much in the pub.
Lots of people have
complained about the noise.
The doctor knew that Hetty
was wealthy.
With their natural resources
they are potentially a very
wealthy country.
Generous
adj
Spend
v (T/I)
Complain
v (I)
pay
v (T/I)
wealthy
adj
to give money to someone
for something you want to
buy or for services
provided
Rich
to spend money on sth
to complain to sb about
sth
to pay for sth
He's too mean to buy her a ring.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.
antonym: generous
His meanness finally caused
them to break up with each
other.
It was most
generous of you to lend me the
money.
How much did you pay for the
tickets?
synonym: rich
antonym: poor
4
Word
Meaning
poor
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
adj
ask for
phr. verb
argument
n (C/UC)
TEXT 18
shipwreck
(v) (I/T)
to make someone suffer a
shipwreck
to be shipwrecked
fascinated
adj.
(n) (UC)
adj.
relating to or belonging to
the armed forces
extremely interested
military pilots,
to serve in the military
to be fascinated by
something
to destroy
(v) (T)
to damage something so
badly that it does not exist
or cannot be used
to destroy something
The Inca and Aztec empires
were destroyed for gold.
rare
adj.
not common; very unusual
to be rare
Pure gold is rare both in nature
and in manufacturing.
The museum is full of rare and
precious treasures. It's very
rare to find these birds in
England in winter.
to
manufacture
(v) (T)
to produce goods in large
numbers, usually in a
factory using machines
to manufacture something
Pure gold is rare both in nature
and in manufacturing. In the
1980s, car manufacturers used
gold for the metal parts of
airbags.
to belong to
Phrasal (v)
(I)
to be someone's property
to belong to something, to
belong to somebody
Not all of this gold belongs to
the governments of these
countries.
My father used to manufacture
house furniture before he
started to work in construction
business. He works for a
company that manufactures car
parts.
All these fields belong to my
grandfather. You shouldn't take
what doesn't belong to you.
Military
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
having little money and/or
few possessions
…,so she took him to a
hospital for poor people.
Most of the world's poorest
countries are in Africa.
to say that you would like
to see or speak to someone
or get something
a disagreement, or the
process of disagreeing
The doctor knew that Hetty
was wealthy and asked for
money.
Hetty had an argument with a
shop assistant about the price
of a bottle of milk.
Don’t ask for more money as I
don’t have any left.
Sailors, for example, wore a
gold earring. If they were
shipwrecked, they could
exchange it to get.
Gold is still given to military
pilots for the same reason.
People have always been
fascinated by gold.
They were shipwrecked off the
coast of Newfoundland.
to have an argument about
sth with sb
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.
The children had an
argument about what game to
play.
I was surprised to learn that he
was serving in the military.
They were absolutely
fascinated by the concert. I was
fascinated to hear about his
travels in Bhután.
These weapons can destroy the
entire planet.
Antonym: civilian
Synonym:
impressed, attracted,
mesmerized,
bedazzled
Synonym:
demolish, devastate,
ruin, spoil
Antonym: build
Synonym:
infrequent,
exceptional
Antonym: common,
usual
Synonym: produce,
build
5
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.
field
(n) (C)
an area of land in which
you are working or
studying
different fields, work
in a field, open up
fields, the field of
biology
Today, gold is still the most
important and valuable metal.
And man has used it in many
different fields.
People who work in this field
have a high status in our
society. This discovery has
opened up a whole new field of
research. All of them seemed to
be experts in the field of
biology.
TEXT 19
reliable
(adj)
someone or something
that is reliable can be
trusted or depended on
a reliable car/ man
So, he employed the wellknown constructor to design a
reliable car.
Miller was a quiet and reliable
man.
Synonym:
dependable
argument
(n) (C)
a situation in which two
or more people disagree,
often angrily
to have arguments
to win/ lose
arguments
Hitler and Porsche often had
arguments.
The party hopes to win the
argument about how to reform
the health system.
Synonym:
disagreement
import
(n) (C/U)
(v) (T)
to import
smth.
a product that is brought
from one country into
another so that it can be
sold there
import of Beetles/
gold
The great success started with
the import of Beetles to
Holland.
Import of gold and silver is
govern by certain rules and
regulation.
to replace
(v) (T)
to put sth. in the place of
an older thing
to replace trees/
rug/ people
We’ve burnt fossil fuels, cut
down trees faster than they’re
replaced, used…
I replaced the old rug with a
new one.
I'm replacing Sue on the team.
remaining
(adj)
people/things that are left
when the others have
gone, been used, or been
dealt with
the remaining
material/ guests
The remaining 20% is chunks,
or small pieces, of metal and
rocky material.
The few remaining guests were
in the kitchen.
TEXT 20
to puzzle
v (T)
to confuse someone or
make them feel slightly
anxious because they do
not understand
something
to puzzle someone
People who study his notebooks
have long been puzzled by
something else, however.
What puzzles me is why his
books are so popular.
6
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
logical
adj
reasonable or sensible
logical order
be/sound/seem logical
contemporary
n (C)
contemporari
es (PLURAL)
someone who lived or
was in a particular place
at the same time as
someone else
contemporaries of
Leonardo
superstitious
adj
influenced by the beliefs
that particular events
bring good or bad luck
superstitious people
to hide
v (T)
hid
hidden
hiding
to keep something secret,
especially your feelings
to hide smth from sb
to disagree
v (I)
to have or express a
different opinion from
someone else
to disagree with sb
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Not only did Leonardo write
in mirror-image script from
right to left, but he used
strange spellings and
abbreviations, and his notes
were not arranged in any
logical order.
People who were
contemporaries of
Leonardo left records saying
that they saw him write and
paint left-handed.
His arguments seemed perfectly
logical.
Because people were
superstitious, children who
naturally started using their
left hands to write and draw
were forced to use their right
hands.
Others think that he was
hiding his scientific ideas
from the powerful Roman
Catholic Church, …
I'm superstitious about the
number 13.
Others think that he was
hiding his scientific ideas
from the powerful Roman
Catholic Church, whose
teachings sometimes
disagreed with what
Leonardo observed.
He is tolerant of those who
disagree with him.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.
Oswald was much admired by
his contemporaries at the
Academy.
She tried to hide her
disappointment.
I have never tried to hide the
truth about my past.
Antonym: to agree
7
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
v (I)
to continue to be in
the same state or
condition
to remain
unknown/unclear
/
unanswered
While Leonardo’s technical treaties on
paintings were published as early as
1651, most of his scientific work
remained unknown until the 19th
century.
verb (v)
to help something to
develop or increase
_
the activity of
helping something
to develop or
increase
if an activity or
situation involves
something, that
thing is part of it or
a result of it
The promotion of
being in a situation
where something
might affect you.
_
to try to cure an
illness or injury by
using drugs,
hospital care,
operations etc
.
_
to remain
TEXT 21
promote
promotion
(n.)
involve
exposure
treat
Verb (v)
Noun (n.)
verb (v)
transitive (T)
_
Color therapy is the use of color in a
variety of ways to promote health and
healing.
_
Used to treat both physical and
emotional problems, color therapy may
involve exposure to colored lights,
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Many scientists remain
unconvinced by the current
evidence.
A balanced diet promotes
good health and normal
development.
the promotion of
international
environmental cooperation
Community service can
involve anything from
gardening to helping in old
people's homes
Used to treat both physical and
emotional problems, color therapy may
involve exposure to colored lights,…
Exposure to lead is known
In ancient Egypt, patients were treated in
rooms specifically designed to break up
the sun’s rays into separate colors.
It was difficult to treat
Synonym:
encourage
_
Synonym:
Include
_
to damage the brain of
young children.
_
patients because of a
shortage of medicine
8
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
treat
(treatment (n))
something that is
done to cure
someone who is
injured or ill
To get/receive
treatment
Dr Edwin suggested
chromatotherapy as a
treatment for a variety of
ailments, including burns,
nervous excitability…
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Doctors are trying out a
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
_
new treatment for
depression.
TEXT 22
Satisfy
v. (T)
to please someone
by giving the
person something
that is wanted or
needed, or to make
someone feel
pleased because a
particular desired
result has
happened
to satisfy a need
As the earth’s human
population grows rapidly,
satisfying basic human
needs becomes more
difficult.
It’s sometimes very difficult
to satisfy all the needs of our
children.
Primary
adj.
more important
than anything else;
main
primary
requirements
Living space and shelter are
among our primary
requirements.
The primary requirement of
bachelor studies at METU is
for the students to pass the
Proficiency Exam.
resource
n. (C)
natural substances
such as water and
wood which are
valuable in
supporting life
natural resources
Other basic requirements of
human life are food and
natural resources.
The earth has limited
natural resources, and if we
don’t recycle them we use
them up.
obtain
v. (T)
to get something,
esp. by a planned
effort
to obtain wealth
Consequently, we have
begun to obtain some of the
vast mineral and agricultural
wealth of the oceans.
He worked for many years
to obtain the wealth he has
now.
9
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
rare
adj.
not common and
therefore
sometimes valuable
rare minerals
In addition, deep sea exploration
and mining will soon give access to
the rare minerals on the ocean
floor.
propose
v. (T)
to suggest or state
(a possible plan or
action) for
consideration
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
It is important for our body
to get some of the rare
minerals every now and
then.
It has often been proposed
that the president be elected
by direct popular vote.
to propose sth
to propose that +
sentence
She proposed to keep the
schools open all summer.
to propose to do sth
proposal
n. (C)
a suggestion for a
possible plan or
action
a number of proposals
There are already a number of
proposals and experiments that
may help to achieve these goals.
The members of the jury
came up with a number of
proposals to make the
competition a more exciting
one.
achieve
v. (T)
to do or obtain
something that you
wanted after
planning and
working to make it
happen
to achieve a
goal/objective
There are already a number of
proposals and experiments that may
help to achieve these goals.
She achieved her goal of
qualifying for the US
Olympic team.
construct
v. (T)
to build something
made of many parts
to construct a
city/terminal/building
etc.
They approved funds to
construct a new ferry
terminal.
10
Word
float
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
construction
n. (C)
the act or result of
putting different
things together
the construction of sth
In the early 1970s, the Japanese
began the construction of
Aquapolis on the main Japanese
island of Honshu.
A new hotel is now under
construction.
v. (IT)
to be under
construction
to stay or move
easily on or over
the surface of a
liquid, or to cause
something to move
in this way
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
The construction of the new
subway system will take at
least 3 years.
An empty bottle will float on
water.
Fluffy white clouds were
floating across the sky.
floating
adj.
often changing, and
not staying the
same
floating cities
The time may come when
floating cities such as
Aquapolis exist not only as
permanent extensions of landbased habitats but also as freefloating platforms.
With the latest developments in
many areas, we have nothing
but floating cities all around
the world.
extension
n. (C/UC)
the process of
making a road,
building etc. bigger
or longer, or the
part that is added
permanent extensions
The time may come when
floating cities such as Aquapolis
exist not only as permanent
extensions of land-based
habitats but also as free-floating
platforms.
The permanent extension to the
Museum had to be postponed
because the area was not a
proper construction site.
drift
v. (IT)
to move slowly
in/on water or in the
air
to drift from … to …
These would drift from
continent to continent across the
deep oceans.
The logs on the water drifted
from the shore to the other side
because of the current.
11
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
exert
v. (T)
to use your power,
influence etc in
order to make
something happen
to exert pressure
One such problem would be the
enormous pressure exerted by
the ocean at great depths.
Environmental groups are
exerting pressure on the
government to tighten pollution
laws.
enormous
adj.
very big in size or
in amount
enormous pressure
One such problem would be the
enormous pressure exerted by
the ocean at great depths.
The coach’s speech put
enormous pressure on all of us
with right before the game.
adapt
v. (T/IT)
to gradually change
your behaviour and
attitudes in order to
be successful in a
new situation
to adapt to sth
adaptability
n. (UC)
ability or
willingness to
change
adaptability to life
To study these difficulties, and
to test human adaptability to
life beneath the sea, scientists
have been carrying out several
experiments within the last
century.
Her adaptability to different
life conditions amazes me.
n. (C)
a disadvantage or
problem; the
negative part of a
situation
minor drawback
In spite of minor drawbacks,
those experiments have proved
the possibility of living in the
sea.
A minor drawback of our
company is that we have to
follow a lot of rules.
drawback
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
The children are finding it
hard to adapt to the new
school.
12
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to encourage
v (T)
to persuade
somebody to do
something by
making it easier for
them and making
them believe it is a
good thing to do
to encourage sb to do
smth
Their success has encouraged the
architect Warren Chalk to design an
entire underwater city …
Banks actively encourage
people to borrow money.
A 10p rise in cigarette
prices is not enough to
encourage smokers to stop.
entire
adj.
whole or complete,
with nothing
lacking, or
continuous, without
interruption
entire city/world
Their success has encouraged the
architect Warren Chalk to design an
entire underwater city…
I want to see the entire
world before it’s too late.
to enable sb/smth to
do smth
to enable
v (T)
to make it possible
for someone to do
something, or for
something to
happen
obviously
adv.
used to mean that a
fact can easily be
noticed or
understood
isolation
n. (UC)
when one group,
person, or thing is
separate from
others
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
The entire city of New York
is beautiful.
to be in isolation
… which would make maximum
use of space, and would enable
entire human populations to live
safely and comfortably far beneath
the sea for long periods.
The loan enabled Jan to
buy the house.
There are plans to enlarge
the runway to enable jumbo
jets to land.
Obviously, deep sea living has its
physical dangers and psychological
drawbacks like being in isolation.
We're obviously going to
need more help.
Obviously, this is going to
take some time.
Obviously, deep sea living has its
physical dangers and psychological
drawbacks like being in isolation.
The political prisoner had
been held in complete
isolation.
13
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
advanced
adj.
very modern
an advanced system
…we may build underwater cities
which may even be connected by
advanced systems of
communication and transportation.
The advanced weapon
systems of some of the
countries around the world
scare the poorer ones who
do not have the same
technology.
v.(T)
to pay someone to
work for you,
especially for a
short time
to hire sb. to do smth.
to hire sb. for a job
to be/get hired for a job
While your IQ gets you hired, it is
your EQ that will get you
promoted.
v.(T)
to move sb. to a job
at a higher level
to promote sb. to a
position
While your IQ gets you hired, it is
your EQ that will get you
promoted.
The hired him to paint the
house.
In order to get hired for this
job, you should have certain
qualifications.
In 1982, he was promoted
to the rank of sergeant.
v.(T)
to say that smth. is
true, even though
there is no definite
proof
to claim to do smth.
Where IQ claims to measure pure
brainpower, EQ embraces all
important factors such as
sociability, optimism and empathy.
The organization claims to
represent more than 20,000
firms.
v.(T)
to make a judgment
about what is likely
to happen or likely
to be true using the
available
information
to calculate smth.
EQ claims to measure intelligence,
but EQ cannot be calculated in
numbers.
It’s difficult to calculate the
long-term effects of these
changes in the law.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
TEXT 23
to hire
to promote
to claim
to calculate
14
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to embrace
V(T)
to accept and include
smth.
to embrace smth.
optimism
n.(U)
a tendency to be
hopeful and to expect
good things will
happen
sb. who is optimistic is
hopeful about the
future and expects that
good things will
happen
very important
Where IQ claims to measure pure
brainpower, EQ embraces all
important factors such as
sociability, optimism ….
EQ embraces all important factors
such as sociability, optimism and
empathy.
optimistic
adj.
significant
adj.
significance
n.(U)
the importance that
smth. has because it
affects other things
interaction
n.(C/U)
to tend
v.(I)
the activity of being
with and talking to
other people
to usually do a
particular thing
complicated
adj.
difficult to do, deal
with, or understand,
because of involving
different aspects
to gain/have/be
aware of
/understand
significance
social interaction
to tend to do smth.
complicated
formulas
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
The new program embraces
the techniques that have
been used in the past.
Optimism is a mental
attitude of hope for future
conditions.
Antonym:
pessimism
She said that she was
optimistic about the future
of the company.
Antonym:
pessimistic
Sociability, optimism and empathy
were significant qualities in the
1990s.
Sociability, optimism and empathy
are qualities that gained
significance in the …
He was one of the most
significant musicians of the
last century.
The company has gained
significance over recent
years.
Synonym: important
Co-operation, communication, ….
are all important aspects of social
interaction in modern business.
The most productive workers tend
to be those who are good at
motivating themselves and..
People with high IQs may be able
to solve the most complicated
mathematical formulas.
Jobs that involve a degree
of social interaction are
usually more satisfying.
He tends to exaggerate.
These arguments tend to
confuse the reader.
There are reasons why we
don’t teach complicated
formulas to students.
to be optimistic
about smth.
to be significant
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Synonym: difficult,
challenging
15
Word
Findings
Part of
Speech
n.(plural)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
information that you
discover or opinions that
you form after doing
research
to connect smth. with
smth. in some way
exciting findings
phrasal
verb
adj.
to establish
communication with sb.
likely to make sb. or
smth. more successful
to get in touch with sb.
….. one of the most exciting
findings to come out of the EQ
discovery is the fact that high EQ
qualities are those …
…… is the fact that high EQ
qualities are those (that are)
associated with feminine approach
to management.
People need to get in touch with
their intuitive selves.
It’s just these qualities that will be
advantageous in the future.
to associate
v.(T)
to enhance
v.(T)
to enhance smth.
to suit
v.(T)
to improve smth. or to
make it more attractive or
more valuable
to be convenient or
suitable for sb.
to exhibit
v.(T)
to show a particular
feeling, quality, ability, or
form of behaviour.
to exhibit smth.
selfawareness
n.(U)
barrier
n.(C)
the state of realizing your
own thoughts, feelings
and abilities
anything that prevents
progress or makes it
difficult for sb. to achieve
smth.
to get in
touch
advantageous
to associated smth. with
smth.
to be advantageous for sb.
to do smth.
to suit sb.
a barrier to smth.
to break through barriers
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The government seems to ignore
the findings of its own report.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
He associated his social
problems with heavy drinking.
Did you finally get in touch with
your lost cousin?
It may be advantageous for the
new workers to receive prior
training.
The measures taken should
considerably enhance the
residents’ quality of life.
The after-school programme
suits the needs of most children.
synonym: to contact
Women are more likely to exhibit
a real understanding of human
behaviour.
She is beginning to exhibit
symptoms of stress.
Synonym: to show, to
demonstrate, to display
The main aspect of emotional
intelligence is self-awareness.
Self-awareness is the ability to
understand our personality and
behavior.
Disability is a barrier to a
successful career.
We want to break through
barriers among people in both
communities.
Women are more likely to share
and try to enhance other people’s
self-confidence.
EQ driven style of leadership is so
much better suited to modern
organizations.
Synonym: beneficial
Synonym: obstacle
16
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
inadequate
Part of
Speech
adj.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Existing laws are inadequate to
deal with these problems.
Some people feel totally
inadequate when they are faced
with new responsibilities.
not good enough for a
particular purpose
to feel / be inadequate
Next time you feel inadequate,
remind yourself that you may, in
fact, be cleverer than you think.
Reserved
adj.
sb. who is reserved tends
not to talk or show their
feelings
to be reserved
page 34
Reserved people tend to be
cautious in their interactions
with other people.
TEXT 24
To dominate
v. (T)
to dominate the world/
the conversation/the
society
Elevator or background music
(BGM), which is often referred to
as ''Muzak,'' dominates our world.
Her loud voice totally
dominated the conversation.
currently
adv.
to control someone or
something or to have
more importance than
other people or things:
at the present time
BGM is currently being marketed
for the home in digital stereo as
well.
He is currently working on his
first novel.
to compose
v. (T)
to write a piece of music
to compose a
symphony/music
..it is not composed only by
second-rate composers but also by
world-famous composers.
Barrington has composed the
music for a new production of
'A Midsummer Night's Dream'.
widespread
adj.
existing or happening in
many places or situations,
or among many people
widespread use/presence
of smth
The widespread and increasing
presence of commercial BGM
shows that BGM is very effective
in changing human behavior
The widespread use of
chemicals in agriculture
is alarming.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Antonym: adequate,
sufficient
Synonym: presently
17
Word
Meaning
Collocation
emotion
Part of
Speech
n. (C)
a strong human feeling
such as love, hate, or
anger
mixed/strong emotions
Means
n. (C )
a way of doing or
achieving something
means of transportation
/communication
To spread
v. (T/I)
if something spreads or is
spread, it becomes larger
or moves so that it affects
more people or a larger
area.
in a way that happens at
exactly the same time
to spread through a place
simultaneously adv.
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
One very strong possibility is the Her voice was full of emotions.
powerful influence of music on Sara listened with mixed
the communication and creation emotions.
of emotions and moods.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Synonym: feeling
Thus, music can rapidly and
powerfully set moods in a way
that cannot be achieved by other
means.
Moreover, sound can spread
through a place and reach all
potential audiences
simultaneously.
They entered the country by
unlawful means.
For most people, the car is still
their main means of transport.
Fire quickly spread through the
building.
Synonym: methods
Moreover, sound can spread
through a place and reach all
potential audiences
simultaneously.
The opera will be broadcast
simultaneously on television
and radio.
Impact
n.(C)
the effect or influence
that an event, situation etc
has on someone or
something
impact of smth.
to have impact on smth.
…you will probably realize that
without music, the impact of a
movie would be dramatically
reduced.
An international meeting will be
held to consider the
environmental impacts of global
warming.
!!! Do not say 'cause an
impact' on something. Say
‘have an impact’ on
something.
To
accompany
v.(T)
to happen or exist at the
same time as something
else
to accompany sb./smth.
…filmed
events
can
be
remembered significantly better
when they are accompanied by
music.
The disease is accompanied by
sneezing and fever.
The singer was accompanied by
a group of body guards.
Usually passive.
distinction
n. (C)
a clear difference or
separation between two
similar things
to make a distinction
between A and B
… market researchers, who advise
advertising agencies and their
clients, make a clear distinction
between purchasing situations…
There is a distinction between
formal and informal language.
Synonym: difference
18
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
involvement
n. (UC)
the feeling of excitement
and satisfaction that you
get from an activity
emotional/social
involvement
… while others require low
cognitive processes but
with
high
emotional
involvement.
There is emotional
involvement between a
mother and her children.
to have smth. in common
phrase
if objects or ideas have
something in common,
they share the same
features
to have smth in
common
with smb.
What
do
jewelry,
sportswear, cosmetics, and
beer have in common?
The two games have much in
common.
I realized that I had a lot in
common with these people.
awareness
n. (UC)
knowledge or
understanding of a
particular subject or
situation
to
raise/maintain/gain
an awareness of
smth.
Thus, we should maintain
an awareness of the
powerful effects of music
on human emotions
Health officials have tried to
raise awareness (=improve
people's knowledge) about
AIDS.
TEXT 26
to charge
v (T)
to state officially that
someone may be guilty of
a crime
to charge sb with
smth
In 1979, the painter Tom
Keating was arrested and
charged with forgery.
charge
n (C)
an official statement made
by the police saying that
they believe someone may
be guilty of a crime
a charge against sb
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Gibbons has been charged
with murder.
He was found guilty of all
six charges against him.
19
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to accuse
v (T)
to say that you believe
someone is guilty of a
crime or of doing
something bad
to accuse sb of
(doing) smth
He was accused of faking
and selling a painting by
Samuel Palmer, an early
19th century British artist.
He was accused of murder.
Smith accused her of lying.
to admit
v (T/I)
admitted
admitting
to say that you have done
something wrong,
especially something
criminal
to admit doing smth
… Keating admitted
faking more than 2,000
paintings by various artists
over a period of 20 years.
Greene admitted causing
death by careless driving.
fake
adj
made to look like a real
material or object
a fake painting
He set about producing
large numbers of fakes by
over 100 artists as he was
sure that most art dealers
and art critics could not
tell the difference between
the genuine and the fake.
I paid a lot for this jacket in
fake fur.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Synonym: to confess
Antonym: to deny
20
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
genuine
adj
something genuine
really is what it
seems to be
a genuine painting
He set about producing large
numbers of fakes by over 100
artists as he was sure that most
art dealers and art critics could
not tell the difference between
the genuine and the fake.
The belt is genuine leather.
trace
v (T)
to find someone or
something that has
disappeared by
searching for them
carefully
to trace smth
Nor could he remember whom
he had stolen to, which meant
that many of his fakes could
not be traced.
Police are trying to trace a
young woman who was seen
near the accident.
to give smth away
phrasal verb
gave
given
to give something to
someone because
you do not want or
need it for yourself
to give smth away
Keating had a rather casual
attitude to his paintings. He
often gave them away or sold
them cheaply.
I gave most of my books
away when I left college.
delight
n (U)
to enjoy something
very much,
especially
something you
should not do
to take delight in doing
smth
In fact, he had not made
himself rich, but he took great
delight in fooling so-called
experts.
Chris takes great delight in
teasing his sister.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Synonym: real
21
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to fool
v (T)
to trick someone
into believing
something that is
not true
to fool sb
to fool sb into doing
smth
In fact, he had not made
himself rich, but he took great
delight in fooling so-called
experts.
I was fooled into believing
their promises.
discreetly
adv
in a careful and
cautious way
to do smth discreetly
Having X-rayed paintings,
some famous museums
discreetly removed Keatings
from their walls.
She coughed discreetly to
announce her presence.
discreet
adj
careful about what
you say or do, so
that you do not
offend, upset, or
embarrass people or
tell secrets
to be discreet
-
He was always very discreet
about his love affairs.
to arouse
v (T)
to make someone
feel very unfriendly
and angry
to arouse
suspicion/anger
A great deal of anger was
aroused by Campbell's
decision.
ashamed
adj
feeling embarrassed
and guilty because
of something you
have done
to be ashamed of smth
Unfortunately, Palmer’s
genuine output was quite
small, much less than
Keating’s, and soon the
number of “previously
unknown” or “just discovered”
Palmers coming on to the
market began to arouse
suspicion.
He admitted in court that he
was rather ashamed of the
particular painting he had been
charged with faking: it was not
up to his standard.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
I felt ashamed of the things
I'd said to him.
22
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
greed
n (U)
a strong desire for
more food, money,
power, possessions
etc than you need
to satisfy sb’s greed
He admitted everything and
took great delight in showing
the greed of the dealers.
greedy
adj
always wanting
more food, money,
power, possessions
etc than you need
greedy for smth
-
He looked at the gold with
greedy eyes.
They are greedy for profits.
to exploit
v (T)
to treat someone
unfairly by asking
them to do things
for you, but giving
them very little in
return
to exploit someone
They had once exploited him
and cheated their customers.
Homeworkers can easily be
exploited by employers.
to cheat
v (T)
to trick or deceive
someone so that
they do not get or
keep something
they have a right to
have
to cheat someone
They had once exploited him
and cheated their customers.
Illegal workers are often
cheated by employers.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
People are sometimes
motivated by jealousy and
greed.
She killed him to satisfy her
greed.
23
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
trial
n (C/U)
a legal process in
which a judge and
often a JURY in a
court of law
examine
information to
decide whether
someone is guilty of
a crime
to go/come to a trial
After the trial, which he had
received a lot of publicity, he
became very well-known and
appeared on television.
By the time the case comes
to trial, he will have spent
a year in prison.
publicity
n (U)
the attention that
someone or
something gets from
newspapers,
television etc
to receive publicity
After the trial, which he had
received a lot of publicity, he
became very well-known and
appeared on television.
Standards in education
have received much
publicity over the last few
years.
remarkable
adj
unusual or
surprising and
therefore deserving
attention
remarkable
talent/achievement/
accomplishment
There is no doubt that Keating
had remarkable talent, and at
the end of his life he received
many orders for his own work.
It's a remarkable
achievement for the
company.
TEXT 27
to lie
(v) (I)
to be in a position in
which your body is
flat on the floor, on
a bed etc
to lie in/ on somewhere
Marianne
Strebsely,
severely injured in a car
accident, lay in the operating
room of St. Luke’s Hospital
in
Cleveland,
awaiting
anesthesia.
He was lying on the bed
smoking a cigarette.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Past form: lay
24
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Word
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Conventional
adj.
conventional therapies
Nash is one of many physicians
around the country who have
found that music, used with
conventional therapies, can heal
the sick.
Internet connections through
conventional phone lines are
fairly slow.
disturbance
(n) (C)
a conventional
method, product,
practice etc has
been used for a long
time and is
considered the usual
type:
a medical condition
in which someone is
mentally ill and
does not behave
normally:
emotional /mental
disturbances
The history of mental
disturbance might not be
suitable for casual reading.
to ignore
(v) (T)
to deliberately pay
no attention to
something that you
have been told or
that you know
about:
to ignore other kinds of
stimulation
The Ivymount School in
Rockville, Illionis, helps
youngsters with developmental
problems ranging from
emotional disturbances to
mental retardation, autism and
learning disabilities.
While the seriously handicapped
may ignore other kinds of
stimulation, they respond to
music.
remarkable
adj.
The power of music is
remarkable in such people.
She has made remarkable
progress.
disorder
(n) (C)
unusual or
surprising and
therefore deserving
attention or praise:
a mental or physical
illness which
prevents part of
your body from
working properly
Patients with neurological
disorders who cannot talk or
move are often able to sing, and
sometimes even dance to music.
Severe eating disorders such as
bulimia and anorexia might be
very dangerous.
neurological disorders
We cannot ignore the problem.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
Used only before a
noun
Do not use ignore
to mean 'not know
about something'.
Use not know
instead • We don't
know how famous
people live their
lives (NOT We
ignore how famous
people live their
lives).
25
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
handicap
(n) (C) (U)
something that is wrong with
your mind or body permanently
Mental/ emotional/
physical handicaps.
Mental, emotional and physical
handicaps: The Ivymount
School in Rockville, Illionis,
helps youngsters with
developmental problems ranging
from emotional disturbances to
mental retardation, autism and
learning disabilities.
In cases of severe mental
handicap, constant
supervision is
recommended.
TEXT 28
To celebrate
v. (T)
to enjoy an occasion
to celebrate a party/
a festival
Kwanzaa is a modern festival
celebrated by African
Americans.
She celebrated her 30th
birthday with her friends.
adj.
tradition (n)
traditionally
(adv)
(n)(UC)
being part of the traditions of a
country or group of people
It comes from traditional
African agricultural festivals.
The dancers were wearing
traditional Hungarian
costumes.
This festival celebrates several
important ideas or principlesprinciples like unity,
cooperation and creativity.
Burglar alarm companies
work in close co-operation
with the police.
traditional
cooperation
when you work with sb. to
achieve smth. you both want
in cooperation with
sb.
cooperation between
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc)
Slightly old-fashioned
use
Antonym: modern
26
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
cooperation
to cooperate
(v)(I)
to work with sb. to achieve
smth. you both want
to cooperate with sb.
in doing smth.
to last
v. (I)
to continue for a particular
length of time
last (for) + time
The festival lasts for seven
days starting on 26 December.
commercialized
adj.
more concerned with making
money from smth. than about its
quality
to become
commercialized
As Kwanzaa becomes popular,
it is also becoming more
commercialized.
The hot weather lasted for
the whole month of June.
Each lesson lasts fifty
minutes.
It is a pity that Christmas
has become so
commercialized.
organizer
n. (C)
the person or group who plans
and arranges an event or activity
It was first thought of by the
organizers in the late 1980s to
attract children to the festival.
There aren't enough seats
for all the guests - I must
tell the organizers.
to organize (v)
(T)
to arrange an event or activity
to organize a party
festival / concert /
v. (T)
to make someone interested in
something, or make them want
to take part in something
to attract sb. to
smth.
to attract
attraction (n)(C)
Use in MTR I
(n)(C/UC)
the effect that a person or thing
has on sb.’s decisions, opinions
etc.
to have an influence
on/over smth./ sb.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
The two universities are
cooperating in the
development of a new
industrial process.
The concert was organized
by a famous drink company.
It was first thought of by the
organizers in the late 1980s to
attract children to the festival.
The job attracted me as
there was the chance of
travelling.
The story has attracted a lot
of interest from the media.
Kwanzaa is an interesting
balance of African and modern
American influences.
He has a huge amount of
influence over the city
council.
to attract attention /
interest
influence
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Synonym: effect
27
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
to influence
v.(T)
to affect sb. smth.
to influence sb./
smth.
v. (T/I)
performer (n.)(c)
performance
(n.)(C/UC)
to do an action or piece of work
to perform a ritual/ a
play
prospective
adj.
someone who is likely to do a
particular job or achieve a
particular position
prospective
husband/ wife /
candidate
customarily
adv.
in a way which follows customs
or usual practices
to do smth.
customarily
custom (n.)(C)
usual and traditional
customary (adj)
usual, traditional
v. (T/I)
be present at (an event,
meeting, or function)
to attend a party/
conference/meeting/
class/school
….organized by her sister or
best friend and attended only
by women, usually family and
friends.
Only 12 people attended the
meeting.
n. (C)
a place or position
location of smth.
…the bride doesn’t know its
time and location until the very
last minute.
His apartment is in a really
good location.
to be located (v.)
to be in a particular place
to be located
in/near/on/etc.
Their flat is very convenient
for the shops. It is located in
the city center.
Our office is located in the
city centre.
TEXT 31
to perform
to attend
attendance (n.)
location
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Marx was strongly
influenced by the historian
Niebuhr.
In the US, before a young
couple gets married, there are
two social rituals which are
usually performed before the
day of the wedding.
For young women, it’s the
bridal shower and for her
prospective husband, it is the
stag party.
It is customarily organized by
her sister or best friend and….
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to affect
sb./smth.
Most of the students
performed well in the exam.
There are two prospective
candidates for the
managerial position in the
company.
Muslims customarily invite
relatives to dinner during
Ramadan.
I like the custom of serving
sweets during Bayram
visits.
In Germany, it is customary
to share the bill when
friends go out for a meal.
Synonym: potential/
possible
Synonym: traditionally
Synonym: tradition
Synonym: traditional
Synonym :to be
situated
28
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to set up
phrasal verb(T)
to arrange or organize smth.
to set up a home/
business/ a system
Everyone brings along a gift
which will be useful in setting
up a home.
He needs lots of money to
set up his own business.
appropriate
adj.
suitable or correct
It is appropriate for
sb./smth.
… and rightly so, since some
of the pleasures of the evening
may not be appropriate for a
proper woman’s taste.
concerning
prep.
related to / about
There are other rituals and
traditions concerning marriage
in America.
It is not appropriate to ask
women’s age.
Her clothes were not
appropriate for a job
interview.
I’ve had a letter from the tax
authorities concerning my
tax payments.
prosperity
n. (U)
prosperous
(adj.)
the state of being successful and
having a lot of money
…popular tradition because
rice is an ancient symbol of
prosperity.
There was a long period of
peace and prosperity after
the war.
v. (I)
1- to be related to something or
form part of it
belong to
somewhere
They did not think they owned
the land, but they taught their
children that they belonged to
the land.
Cars that belong to a
different era
2- owning sth.
belong to sb.
The book belongs to Dan.
to arrive in/at
somewhere
He belongs to the golf
club.
We arrived in Prague later
that day.
It was dark by the time we
arrived at the station.
appropriately
(adv.)
TEXT 32
belong
It is appropriate to
do smth.
3-being a member of a club,etc.
arrive
v. (I)
arrival (n.)
to reach a place, especially at
the end of a journey
There were 300,000 Aborigines
when white people arrived in
Australia.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to establish
Antonym:
inappropriate
Synonym: regarding
29
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
isolated
adj.
isolate (v.)
not near to other places
to live in isolated
places
Today, most Aborigines live in
cities and towns or in isolated
places.
an isolated farm/village
n. (C)
the feeling of being certain that
something exists or is true
….. came to America looking
for a place to freely practice
their religious belief.
His belief in God gave him
hope during difficult times.
to believe (v)
(T/I)
to think that something exists or
is true
religious / political
beliefs
belief in smth.
to have/to share
beliefs
to believe (in) sb./
smth.
to believe that +
sentence
community
n. (C)
a group of people who have the
same interests, religion, race etc.
local/ black / white/
Jewish community
The Shakers were a peaceful
community that welcomed
people of all races.
There's a large Jewish
community living in this
area.
race
n. (C)
a group of people with similar
skin color and physical features
different races
The Shakers were a peaceful
community that welcomed
people of all races.
The school welcomes
children of different races.
against
prep.
in opposition to
to be against smt.
They were against war and lived
in their own village separate
from the rest of the society.
Fifty people voted against
the new proposal.
Antonym: to be for
smth.
for
prep.
in support of
to be for sth.
Antonym: to be against
smth.
to admire
v. (T)
to respect and like someone or
something
admire sb. for.
smth.
I'm for sexual equality, but
I don't want my wife to
earn more than I do.
Everybody admired her for
her beauty.
TEXT 33
belief
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Strangely, no one believed
us when we told them we'd
been visited by a creature
from Mars.
The qualities they admired were
kindness, generosity, modesty,
purity, cleanliness …
30
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
generosity
n. (UC)
kindness especially in giving to
people
to show generosity
The qualities they admired were
kindness, generosity…
generous (adj)
giving people more of your time
or money than expected
to be generous to
sb.
n. (UC)
a modest way of behaving or
talking
in/ with modesty
modest (adj)
a modest person does not like to
talk about themselves, their
achievements, or their abilities,
even if they are successful
to be modest about
smth.
I shall never forget the
generosity he showed to
my family.
They expressed thanks to
everyone for their
generous gifts
“There are better
candidates than me” he
said with modesty.
Peter is very modest about
his achievements.
adj.
different
separate from
modesty
separate
separately (adv.)
extremely
to take smth.
seriously
adv.
extreme (adj.)
v. (T)
to a very great degree
…generosity, modesty, purity,
cleanliness and love for
humanity.
Married couples who joined the
Shaker community had to live in
separate houses.
to consider sb. or smth. to be
important
to take sb./ smth,
seriously
It was extremely unusual to see
these celibate people wearing
bright or attractive clothing.
The Shakers took this seriously
and worked very hard.
self-sufficient
adj.
able to provide things you need
without help
to be self-sufficient
in smth.
In order to be self-sufficient, the
Shakers grew their own food.
industrious
adj.
hardworking and productive
industrious person/
worker
Not only were the Shakers
industrious, but they were
creative and inventive as well.
industriously
(adv)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: mean, stingy
Antonym: pride
My wife and I have
separate bank accounts.
He tries to keep his
professional life
completely separate from
his private life.
Earthquakes are extremely
difficult to predict.
The police have to take
any terrorist threat
seriously.
Our country is selfsufficient in food
production .
She's extremely competent
and industrious.
Synonym: hardworking
Antonym: lazy
31
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
labour saving devices
n. (C)
tools that save a lot of effort and
time
labour saving
devices/ methods
The Shakers liked technology
and labour saving devices.
We need labour saving
methods to work more
efficiently.
to include
v. (T)
to have or contain
to include smth.
The bill includes tax and
service.
eventually
adv.
In the end/ finally
Their long list of inventions and
improvements includes such
items as the first garden seeds.
Eventually, the Shakers paid the
price for their celibacy.
TEXT 35
oriental
(adj)
relating to or from the eastern
part of the world
to be oriental
oriental rug/ art
We bought a beautiful
oriental rug.
damage
(n) (UC)
(v)(T)
to damage smth.
physical harm that is done to
something or to a part of
someone's body, so that it is
broken or injured
to protect from
damage damage
to damage buildings
to lay
(v) (T)
to put someone or something
down carefully into a place
to lay mattress on
the floor/ lay
flowers on the
ground
Although Japan looks quite
western, it is still oriental in
many ways.
You should always take off your
slippers and step on tatami mats
only in socks or barefoot in
order to protect them from
damage.
In traditional homes, people
sleep on the floor on a futon
mattress which is laid on the
floor
to function
(v)(I)
to function as
something
…the bedroom can also
function as a living or dining
room.
The library functioned as a
temporary hospital during
the war.
numerous
(adj)
if something functions as a
particular thing, it does what
that type of thing normally does,
or is used as that thing
many
numerous
duties/jobs
Numerous attempts have
been made to hide the
truth.
relatively
(adv)
compared to other things
relatively + adj
…rice remains one of the most
important ingredients in Japan
today, and can be found in
numerous dishes
Nowadays, the tea ceremony is
a relatively popular kind of
hobby.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: to exclude
smth.
It might take him ages but
he'll do it eventually.
Antonym: western
Many buildings were badly
damaged during the war.
They laid flowers on
the ground where so many
people died.
The system is relatively
easy to use.
32
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to hold
Part of
Speech
(v) (T)
to have a meeting, party,
election etc in a particular
place or at a particular time
to hold a
ceremony/meeting
to tie
(v) (T)
to fasten things together or
hold them in a particular
position using a piece of
string, rope .
to tie the belt/ hair
Tea ceremonies are held in
traditional Japanese rooms in
cultural community centers or
private houses.
Especially tying the belt (obi)
alone is difficult, so many
people require assistance.
TEXT 36
site
n (C)
a place where something
important or interesting
happened
ancient/ historical/
archeological /
important site
at a site
modification
to reveal
n (C)
v (T)
a small change made in
something such as a
design, plan, or system
a major/minor/
important/ necessary
modification
to make something known
to somebody
to make / undergo
modifications
to reveal something to
someone
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
They held a meeting when they
noticed that the company was
in the middle of a financial
crisis.
I tie my hair back when it's hot.
During this time, silver
caravans and trailers arrive at
the site- one of the world’s
very few remaining displays of
gypsy culture.
The hotel is in a main site
overlooking the sea.
Gypsy is a modification of the
word Egyptian.
The original plan had
undergone fairly extensive
modifications.
Many do not reveal their
gypsy roots to avoid the
trouble it can bring them.
The doctors did not reveal the
truth to him.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Antonym: to conceal
33
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to conceal
Part of
Speech
v (T)
to hide your real feelings
or the truth
to conceal something
They conceal their
language too.
She was unable to conceal her
surprise.
to despise
v (T)
to dislike and have a low
opinion of someone or
something
to despise someone
for something
Most people despise
gypsies for their lifestyle.
She despised her neighbours.
She thoroughly despised him for his
weakness.
TEXT 37
miner
n (C)
someone who works under
the ground in a mine to
remove coal, gold etc
a coal/goal miner
The miners brought many
diseases like hepatitis and
tuberculosis, which killed
many of the Yanomami
people.
Her father is a casual miner and on
the days he can't work her income is
all they have.
v (T/I)
mined
mined
mining
to dig large holes in the
ground in order to remove
coal, gold etc
to mine (something)
for something
In 1991, Brazil and
Venezuela made the
Yanomami land into a park,
so that no one could mine
for gold or cut trees on this
land any more.
Copper has been mined here since
the sixteenth century.
The company first started mining
for salt in 1851.
TEXT 40
to attach
(v)
to fasten or join one thing to
another
to attach sth to sth
to float
(v)
to move slowly on water or
in the air
to float on water
to float in air
They live in houses that are
attached to each other by
ropes to form floating
villages.
They live in houses that are
attached to each other by
ropes to form floating
villages.
Attach the coupon to the front of
your letter.
* I attach a copy of my notes for
your information.
The boats were floating gently
down the river.
* The smell of new bread floated
up from the kitchen. * Beautiful
music came floating out of the
window.
to mine
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Don’t use this verb in
progressive tenses.
Synonym: drift
34
Word
unpredictable
Part of
Speech
(adj)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The result is entirely
unpredictable.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
that cannot be
predicted because it
changes a lot or
depends on too
many different
things
to make it possible
for smo to do sth
unpredictable weather
unpredictable person
The climate is unpredictable and
travelling down the river is
dangerous.
a new programme to
enable older people to
study at college
These enable them to detect fish
below the surface of the water.
The software enables you to
access the Internet in seconds.
Antonym:
to prevent smo. from doing sth
to enable smo. to do
sth.
(v)
to detect
(v)
to discover or notice
sth, especially sth
that is not easy to
see, hear, etc
detect an error
These enable them to detect fish
below the surface of the water.
The tests are designed to detect
the disease early.
* an instrument that can detect
small amounts of radiation.
(in) captivity
(n)
the state of being
kept as a prisoner or
in an enclosed space
in captivity
escape from captivity
The Mohana have never kept
herons in captivity.
Antonym:
freedom
region
(n)
a large area of land,
usually without
exact limits or
borders
the Arctic / tropical /
desert regions
There are so many herons in the
region that it is not necessary.
He was held in captivity for
three years.
* Wild animals do not always
breed well in captivity.
* The bird had escaped from
captivity.
This place is one of the most
densely populated regions of
North America.
wealth
(n)
a large amount of
money, property,
etc. that a person or
country owns
the distribution of
wealth
They are the smallest caste but
own most of the community’s
wealth.
Synonym:
richness
to make contribution
to sth.
(v)
to give a sum of
money to a person
or an organization in
order to help pay for
sth
to make contribution
to a charity event
They make no contribution to the
country’s economy.
a person of wealth and
influence
* His personal wealth is
estimated at around $100
million.
to make a major / substantial
contribution to charity
* All contributions will be
gratefully received.
Synonym:
area
35
Word
to approve of sth.
Part of
Speech
(v)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to think that sb/sth
is good, acceptable
or suitable
approve of a behavior
The rest of the population,
most of whom are Muslim, do
not approve of the Mohana’s
religious beliefs.
TEXT 41
to prize
v (T)
to value something
highly
to prize a quality / to be
highly prized
The qualities we prize in our
children (the title)
contradictory
adj.
contradictory
beliefs are
different and
cannot both be true
or correct
contradictory results /
messages
completely / totally
contradictory
priority
n (C/U)
priorities
(plural)
something that you
think is more
important than
other
to have priority / first /
top priority
A recent international study
has shown some surprising and
apparently contradictory
results on the questions of the
priorities parents around the
world have …
… the questions of the
priorities parents around the
world have when raising their
children.
Virtue
n (C)
a particular good
quality in
someone's
character
a negative/positive virtue
While the survey shows that
some virtues are universally
prized …
to emerge
v (I)
If facts emerge,
they become
known.
it emerges that +
SV
… interesting regional and
national trends emerge when
parents are asked to rate the
importance of various
qualities.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
I told my mother I wanted to
marry Jan but she didn't
approve.
* Do you approve of my idea?
* He doesn't approve of me
leaving school this year.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Antonym:
Disapprove
He is someone who prizes truth
above all things.
The company's shoes are
highly prized by fashion
conscious youngsters.
The public is given
contradictory messages about
the economy.
The evidence is completely
contradictory.
usually passive
Education is a top priority.
Our first priority is to improve
standards.
When hospital funds are
collected children have
priority.
Among her many virtues are
loyalty, courage, and
truthfulness.
The brochure makes a positive
virtue of the island's isolated
position.
Later it emerged that the judge
employed an illegal immigrant.
Formal use
36
Word
to rate
Part of
Speech
v (T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
It is rated as one of the city's
best hotels.
to think that
someone or
something has a
particular quality,
value, or standard.
polite ways of
behaving in social
situations
to rate the importance of
smth / to be rated as
smth
… when parents are asked to
rate the importance of various
qualities they wish to instill in
their children.
to have good/bad
manners
it is good/bad manners to
do smth
Parents around the world seem
to agree that good manners, a
sense of responsibility and are
respect for others are important
qualities to teach their children.
Her children all had good
manners.
It's bad manners to talk with
your mouth full.
manner
n (C)
manners
(plural)
sense
n (C)
an understanding
about something
a sense of responsibility
to have / lose a sense of
smth
Parents around the world seem
to agree that good manners, a
sense of responsibility and are
respect for others are important
qualities to teach their children.
He seems to have lost his sense
of reality.
I like Pam - she has a really
good sense of humor.
to rank
v (I/T)
to have a particular
position in a list of
people or things or
to decide the
position of sb or
smth on a list
to rank as/among
to rank high/low
Interestingly, a sense of
imagination ranks the lowest
priority worldwide…
We rank among the safest
countries in the world.
He ranked high among the
pioneers of 20th century
chemical technology.
flexible
adj
that can change or
be changed easily
flexible thinking
extremely / highly
flexible
… West Europeans give the
quality of flexible thinking
twice the importance any other
group does.
The government needs a more
flexible approach to education.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
37
Word
to confront
Part of
Speech
v (T)
to regard
conscientiousness
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
I was suddenly confronted with
the task of rewriting the entire
book.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
not used in continuous tenses
If a problem,
difficulty etc
confronts you, it
appears and needs
to be dealt with.
to be confronted with
smth
The newly-capitalist Eastern
Bloc countries also rate good
manners as relatively
important, perhaps because
they are being confronted, or
be faced with, commercial
competition for the first time.
v (T)
to think about
someone or
something in a
particular way
to be highly regarded
to regard smth/sb as
smth/sb
The virtues of tolerance and
respect for others are most
highly regarded in
Scandinavia, France …
Edith was widely regarded
as eccentric.
n (U)
the quality of
being careful to do
everything that it
is your job to do
-
… the industrious French hold
the quality of
conscientiousness at work,
that is, doing their work
carefully and properly, …
His conscientiousness and
loyalty to the company should
be respected.
adj.
careful to do
everything that it
is your job to do
-
-
A conscientious teacher takes
work home.
preposition
about
-
As for the qualities concerning
obedience and religious beliefs,
the results are also interesting.
The police received calls from
young children concerning lost
pets.
conscientious
concerning
Meaning
38
Word
obedience
Part of
Speech
n (U)
v (T)
to obey
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
He lived in obedience to the
church's teachings.
With blind obedience, I
allowed my father to organize
my life.
He refused to obey their
orders.
Failure to obey the law can
lead to a large fine.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Synonym: to raise
when someone
does what they are
told to do, or what
a law, rule etc says
they must do
to do what
someone in
authority tells you
to do, or what a
law or rule says
you must do
to look after a
person or animal
until they are fully
grown
obedience to smth
in obedience to smth
blind/complete
obedience
As for the qualities concerning
obedience and religious
beliefs, the results are also
interesting.
to obey the law/rules
-
to rear sb/smth
When rearing their children,
the Greeks, Turks and Irish are
alone in their emphasis on
instilling strong religious
beliefs.
She reared a family of five on
her own.
to rear
v (T)
emphasis
n (C/U)
special attention or
importance
emphasis on smth
to put emphasis on smth
When rearing their children,
the Greeks, Turks and Irish are
alone in their emphasis on
instilling strong religious
beliefs.
In Japan there is a lot of
emphasis on politeness.
The course places emphasis on
practical work.
primary
adj
most important
primary difficulties
primary purpose/aim
One of the primary difficulties
the researchers faced was
translating the questions.
Many of the villagers rely on
fishing as their primary source
of income.
Their primary objective is to
make money.
Synonym: main
to distort
v (T)
to report
something in a
way that is not
completely true or
correct
to distort results
… as perfectly as possible in
order not to distort, or
misinterpret, the results.
Newspapers distort the truth.
Synonym: misinterpret
39
Part of Speech
Meaning
Word
to take it for granted
(that)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
verb phrase
to believe that something is
true without making sure
to conduct
v (T)
to do a particular activity or
process, especially in order to
get information
to conduct an
experiment/a test
to conduct a survey
TEXT 42
to assume
v (T)
to think that something is
true, although you do not
have definite proof
to assume smth
to assume that + SV
The most popular mistake
is to assume that a comet
moves quickly across the
sky, disappearing in a few
seconds.
In this example we
have assumed a unit
price of $10.
Let us assume for a
moment that the plan
succeeds.
visibly
adv
in a way that is easy to see or
notice
to move visibly
If you see an object
moving visibly, it most
probably is not a comet …
He was visibly
shocked.
adj
that can be seen
to be/remain visible
visible to the naked eye
-
The researchers also
discovered that some
qualities are so ingrained
in certain cultures that
they are taken for
granted – in other words,
they are believed to be
true without being
questioned – while others
are given great emphasis
…
The research was difficult
mainly because it was
conducted in many
languages.
Extra Examples
from dictionaries
He just took it for
granted that he
would pass the exam.
Is it really necessary
to conduct
experiments on
animals?
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Synonym: to carry out
visible
-
The scars remained
visible all her life.
Tiny spiders are
hardly visible to the
naked eye.
Antonym: invisible
40
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
immense
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Adj
extremely large
to be immense
collision
n (C/U)
an accident in which two
vehicles or people crash into
each other
collision between … and
…
Though comets may be
immense – the head of the
Great Comet of 1843 was
larger than the Sun – they
are very flimsy.
Even a direct collision
between the Earth and a
comet would cause no
more than a local damage.
to collide
v (I
to hit something or someone
that is moving in a different
direction from you
to collide with smth
-
exception
n (C/U)
Something or someone that is
not included in a general
statement or does not follow a
rule or pattern
important/
significant exception
with the exception of
smth/sb
to predict
v (T)
to say that something will
happen, before it happens
to predict smth
to predict that + SV
Comets move around the
Sun, and with one
exception – Halley’s – all
the really bright comets
take hundreds, or even
millions of years to
complete one orbit.
This means that we cannot
predict them, and they are
always liable to take us by
surprise.
liable
adj
likely to do or say something
or to behave in a particular
way
to be liable to do smth
This means that we cannot
predict them, and they are
always liable to take us by
surprise.
Extra Examples
from dictionaries
People who travel by
rail still read an
immense amount.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: enormous
The collision between
two trains caused a
lot of damage.
I ran around the
corner, and almost
collided with Mrs
Laurence.
A car and a van
collided on the
motorway.
It's been cold, but
today's an exception.
We all laughed, with
the exception of
Maggie.
Newspapers
predicted that Davis
would be re-elected.
It is difficult to
predict what the longterm effects of the
accident will be.
He was liable to just
show up without
warning.
Synonym: likely
41
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
attract
v (T)
to make someone interested in
something, or make them
want to take part in something
to attract attention
The story has attracted a lot
of attention from the media.
to arouse
v (T)
to make you become
interested, expect something
etc
to arouse public interest
Comets usually arouse
public interest when they
are large and bright
enough to attract
attention and receive
mention in the newspapers
…
Comets usually arouse
public interest when they
are large and bright
enough to attract attention
and receive mention in the
newspapers …
Rare
adj
rarer
rarest
not seen or found very often,
or not happening very often
to be / become rare
This species of plant is
becoming increasingly rare.
misconception
n (C/U)
an idea which is wrong or
untrue, but which people
believe because they do not
understand the subject
properly
a popular/common
misconception
… but objects of this type
do not appear frequently
and have been particularly
rare during the present
century.
What is the most common
misconception about
comets?
(Part B / Q1)
TEXT 44
origin
(n)
the starting point of sth starts;
the cause of sth.
the origins of life on earth
They can finally answer
some questions about the
origin of the moon.
to wonder
(v)
to think about sth and try to
decide what is true, what will
happen, what you should do,
etc
wonder about / at sth
People wondered what
the moon was made of.
Most coughs are viral in
origin (= caused by a virus).
* The origin of the word
remains obscure.
* This particular custom has
its origins in Wales.
I wonder who she is.
* I wonder why he left his
job. * I was just beginning
to wonder where you were.
* 'What should I do now?'
she wondered.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Matt's behavior was
arousing the interest of the
neighbors.
Antonym: common
There is a popular
misconception that too much
exercise is bad for you.
42
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to prove
(v)
to use facts, evidence, etc. to
show that sth is true
to prove sth to smo
to prove a point
…but scientists could not
prove any of these
theories.
sample
(n)
a blood sample
They studied the moon
and returned to the Earth
with rock samples.
impact
(n)
a small amount of a substance
taken from a larger amount and
tested in order to obtain
information about the substance
the powerful effect that sth has
on smo/sth
They hope this new evidence
will prove her innocence.
* 'I know you're lying.'
'Prove it!'
* Just give me a chance and
I'll prove it to you.
* He felt he needed to prove
his point (= show other
people that he was right).
* Are you just doing this to
prove a point?
Samples of the water
contained pesticide.
the environmental impact
of tourism
the impact of the crush
When the object hit the
Earth, huge pieces of the
Earth broke off because
of this great impact.
Businesses are beginning to
feel the full impact of the
recession.
easy to notice or understand
to be / look /seem
obvious
The most obvious is the
tides.
For obvious reasons the
police cannot give any more
details about the case.
TEXT 45
obvious
adj
obviously(adv)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym:
Disprove
Synonym: clear
43
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
effect
n(C)
affect (v)
effective(adj)
effectively(adv)
affected(adj)
the way in which an event,
action, or person changes
someone or something
The effect is much
stronger in the ocean
water than in the solid
crust.
My parents' divorce had a
big effect on me.
majority
n(C/UC)
major(adj)
most of the people or
things in a group
have an effect (on sb/sth)
big/major/profound/significant/dra
matic effect
bad/harmful/negative/damaging/det
rimental/adverse effect
beneficial/positive effect long-term
effect feel the effect (of sth)
majority of smth
great/vast majority of smth
The majority of the far
side was completely
unknown….
The majority of students find
it quite hard to live on the
amount of money they get.
fine
adj
in small grains, pieces, or
drops
a mixture of fine and coarse
breadcrumbs
provide
v(T)
provided(conj)
to provide smth for sb
to provide sb with smth
claim
v (T)
claim (n)
to give something to
someone or make it
available to them, because
they need it or want it
to state that something is
true, even though it has not
been proved
… a mixture of fine dust
and small rocks
produced by the meteor
crashes
These provide most of
our knowledge of the
Moon.
claim to do/be something
.. fiction, which claimed
that the Moon was
formerly a part of the
Earth.
The product claims 'to make
you thin without dieting'.
I don't claim to be a feminist,
but I'd like to see more
women in top jobs.
Antonym: disclaim
(deny)
to turn with a circular
movement around a central
point, or to make
something do this
to rotate from a place to place
…Venus rotates from
East to West.
The Earth rotates on its axis
once every 24 hours.
Rotating the tyres every few
months helps them last
longer.
Synonym: to revolve;
spin
TEXT 46
to rotate
(v) (I/T)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: minority
The hotel provides a shoecleaning service for guests.
44
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
visible
adj.
something that is visible
can be seen
visible to
It is visible to the naked eye for
several moths.
The sign was clearly visible
to passing motorists.
The comet is visible to the
naked eye (=can be seen
without using special
equipment).
to consist
v (T)
to be formed from two or
more things or people:
to consist of something
to consist mainly/
largely/primarily of
somebody/something
It consists mainly of carbon
dioxide.
substance
(n) (C)
a particular type of solid,
liquid, or gas:
to obscure
(v) (T)
to prevent something from
being seen or heard
clearly:
dangerous/toxic/
hazardous/poisonous etc
substance
to obscure the view
…they are made of sulfuric acid,
which is an extremely dangerous
substance.
These clouds obscure our view of
the surface of Venus.
The buffet consisted of
several different Indian
dishes.
The audience consisted
mainly of teenagers.
The leaves were covered with
a strange sticky substance.
density
(n) (UC)
the density of the
atmosphere/ population/
crowd
to melt
(v) (I/T)
the degree to which an area
is filled with people or
things
if something solid melts or
if heat melts it, it becomes
liquid
The density of the atmosphere of
Venus leads to an increase in the
surface temperature.
The temperature on Venus reaches
450 Centigrade, which is very hot
and can melt most metals.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: invisible
Synonym: material
The view was obscured by
mist.
We were unable to move
because of the density of the
crowd.
It was warmer now, and the
snow was beginning to melt.
Melt the butter in a saucepan.
Synonym: denseness
Synonym: to thaw
Antonym: to freeze
45
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
an amount or piece of a
material or substance
that covers a surface or
that is between two
other things
layers of clouds/ dust
There are also several
layers of clouds that
cover the plant.
(v)
[intransitive not in
progressive]
to happen or be present
in a particular situation
or place
-
existence (n) U
the state of existing
Assume
(v)
evidence
(n) U
Layer
TEXT 47
Exist
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(n) (C)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
A thick layer of dust lay
on the furniture.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Most people don’t
believe life on other
planets exists.
Opportunities exist for
_
existence of
-
The very existence of the
museum is threatened by
to think that something
is true, although you do
not have definite proof
*assume( that)
*it is/seems reasonable
to assume (that)
facts or signs that show
clearly that something
exists or is true
*evidence of/for/that
* clear/strong/good
evidence
to think that something
will happen because it
seems likely or has been
planned
* expect to do
something
*expect that
* expect
somebody/somethi
ng to do something
to look at something
carefully and
thoroughly because you
want to find out more
about it
* examine
how/whether/what
etc
* examine something
for something
However, NASA
assumes there is a good
chance that we are not
alone in the universe.
The purpose of HRMS is
to find evidence of life
in one of the billions of
galaxies in the universe.
However, as the
constellation is 25.000
light years away, a
return message won’t
reach Earth for 50.000
years, so don’t expect
an answer for now.
Powerful computers in
the telescopes carefully
examine every signal.
students to gain
sponsorship.
-
lack of funding.
Expect
examine
( verb) Transitive
( verb) Transitive
I didn't see your car, so I
assumed you'd gone out.
Synonym:
Presume
Do you have evidence
_
that this treatment
works?
She expects to graduate
next spring with a degree
Synonym:
hope
in psychology.
Her new book examines
_
the causes of social
discontent.
46
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
recognize
(v) Transitive
(not in progressive)
to know who someone is or
what something is, because
you have seen, heard,
experienced, or learned
about them in the past
recognize something as
something
They try to match the
signals to the ones that
scientists already
recognize, such as human
made signals.
The World Health
to put two people or things
together that are similar to
or somehow connected
with each other
match something to/with
something
GMI tries to match students
to show that something is
true by providing facts,
information etc
-
They try to match the
signals to the ones that
scientists already
recognize, such as human
made signals.
It could prove there is
radio technology
elsewhere in the universe.
if land can support people
or animals, it is of good
enough quality to grow
enough food for them to
live
something that is likely
will probably happen or is
probably true
-
This land can't support
to cause something to
develop or become possible
at a later time
-
It’s very likely that some
of those planets support
life as Earth does and she
believes that some of that
life could be intelligent.
It’s very likely that some
of those planets support
life as Earth does and she
believes that some of that
life could be intelligent.
That leads right to the
next big question.
careful to avoid danger or
risks
cautious about (doing)
something
However, we have to be
cautious when revealing
our research findings as
any misunderstanding
may create a panicky
situation.
I've always been cautious
match
prove
support
to be likely
to+v1/that+svo
lead to
cautious
(v)
(v)
(v)
(adj)
(v)
(adj)
-
Organization has
recognized alcoholism as a
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonyms:
realize
notice
disease since 1951.
_
with companies that will
hire them.
He claims the police
_
destroyed records that could
prove the officer's guilt.
_
many cattle
Children who live in the
country's rural areas are
Antonym:
unlikely
very likely to be poor.
Alan Turing's work led to
the development of modern
computers
Synonyms:
Cause
Bring about
Result in
Result from
about giving people my
phone number.-
47
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
reveal
(v) Transitive
to make known something
that was previously secret
or unknown
*reveal (that)
*reveal yourself (as/to be
something)
the information that
someone has discovered as
a result of their study, work
etc
-
to provide people with
something that they need or
want, especially regularly
over a long period of time
to supply oxygen
finding
TEXT 50
Supply
(n) C
v. (T)
supply sth to sb
Use in MTR I
However, we have to be
cautious when revealing our
research findings as any
misunderstanding may create
a panicky situation.
However, we have to be
cautious when revealing our
research findings as any
misunderstanding may create
a panicky situation.
v. (T)
to make someone do
something they do not want
to do
to force sb to do sth
Unable
adj.
not able to do something
to be unable to do sth
Serve
v. (T)
to be useful or helpful for a
particular purpose or reason
to serve many functions
to serve as sth
He may be prosecuted for
revealing secrets about the
security agency.
Surveys conducted in other
countries reported similar
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Antonym:
conceal
-
findings.
There is no atmosphere to
supply the pressure and
oxygen necessary to support
life in space.
Plants supply oxygen for the
rest of us.
This forces humans to take
their environment with them
to be able to explore and
work there.
Without enough atmospheric
pressure, body fluids will start
to heat up and boil, and
without oxygen, we will be
unable to breathe.
Government troops have
forced the rebels to
surrender.
Spacesuits serve many
functions.
The reforms served as a
model for the rest of the
Communist world.
supply sb with sth
Force
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
An informer supplied the
police with the names of
those involved in the crime.
Lucy was unable to find out
what had happened.
antonym: able
This room serves many
functions as it’s right in the
middle of the house.
48
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
protect
v. (T)
to keep someone or
something safe from harm,
damage, or illness
to protect sb from sth
Today’s spacesuits are
pressurized, have an oxygen
supply, protect the astronaut
from micrometeoroid
bombardment while
spacewalking…
The cover protects the
machine from dust.
to protect sb against sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Physical exercise can
protect you against heart
disease.
protection
n. (C)
when someone or
something is protected
a protection for sth
This law provides protection
for threatened animals and
plants.
insulate
v. (T)
to cover or protect
something with a material
that stops electricity, sound,
heat etc from getting in or
out
to insulate sb/sth
Today’s spacesuits are
pressurized, have an oxygen
supply, protect the astronaut
from micrometeoroid
bombardment while
spacewalking, and insulate
the astronaut from the severe
temperature changes
experienced in space.
We’ve saved a lot on our
heating bills by insulating
the attic.
determine
v. (T)
to control or influence
directly; to decide
to determine sth
What they wear on a mission
is determined by the job they
are doing.
Eye color is genetically
determined.
accumulate
v. (IT)
to gradually increase in
number or amount
to accumulate somewhere
A thick layer of dust had
accumulated in the room.
consciousness
n. (UC)
the state of being awake,
aware of what is around
you, and able to think
to lose consciousness
At low pressure, the blood
will accumulate in the lower
body causing the astronaut to
lose consciousness.
At low pressure, the blood
will accumulate in the lower
body causing the astronaut to
lose consciousness.
He lost consciousness on the
way to the hospital, and
regained consciousness the
next day.
49
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
duty
n. (C)
something that you have to
do because it is morally or
legally right
to fulfill a duty
In addition, before each duty,
the flight crew is provided
with lined jackets, sleep
shorts, slippers, and
underwear.
He said he wanted to serve
in the army because he
wanted to fulfill his duty to
his country.
interchangeable
adj.
things that are
interchangeable can be used
instead of each other
interchangeable parts
This suit has interchangeable
parts so it can be assembled
to fit different astronauts.
Devices with
interchangeable parts are
always better for those who
want to change certain
components later.
assemble
v. (T)
to put all the parts of
something together
to assemble parts
This suit has interchangeable
parts so it can be assembled
to fit different astronauts.
The aircraft will continue to
be assembled in France.
fit
v. (T/IT)
if a piece of clothing fits
you, it is the right size for
your body
to fit sb
This suit has interchangeable
parts so it can be assembled
to fit different astronauts.
His clothes did not fit him
very well.
deprive
v. (T)
to prevent someone from
having something,
especially something that
they need or should have
to deprive sb of sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
A lot of these children have
been deprived of a normal
home life.
No one has the right to
deprive anyone of their
basic rights.
deprivation
n. (UC)
an absence or too little of
something important
oxygen deprivation
All of these are necessary to
protect the astronaut from
micrometeoroids, solar
radiation, infrared radiation,
temperature changes, and
oxygen deprivation.
He suffered from oxygen
deprivation when he was
down in the depths of water
and had a really hard time
coming back up to the
surface.
50
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
attach
v. (T)
to fasten or fix something in
position, esp. in relation to
something else
to attach sth to sth
The MMU has a 35mm
camera attached to it so that
the astronaut can take pictures
while in flight.
You attach this device to
your windshield, and it
sends a signal that opens the
garage door.
TEXT 51
based (on something)
(adj)
if one thing is based on
another, it uses it or is
developed from it
_
predict
(v)
to say that something will
happen in the future
_
eventual
(adj)
[only before noun]
happening at the end of a
period of time or of a
process
_
precise
(adj)
exact, clear, and correct
observe
(v) (T)
to watch
somebody/something
carefully, especially to learn
more about them
the act of watching
somebody/something
carefully for a period of
time, especially to learn
something
precise
details/instructions/
measurements etc.
_
observation (n)
invention
(n) (count.)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Thales asked questions
about the Universe that were
not based on the actions of
gods or demons.
He used the astronomical
records of the Babylonians
and Egyptians to correctly
predict a solar eclipse in the
sixth century BC.
The two events most
responsible for the eventual
acceptance of Copernicus’
views were Tycho Brahe’s
precise observations of the
sky and Galileo’s use of the
telescope.
… Copernicus’s views were
Tyco Brahe precise
observations of the sky ….
-
The movie is based on a
real-life incident.
_
Nobody could predict the
outcome.
Synonym: forecast
It is impossible to predict
what the eventual outcome
will be.
_
Can you give a more precise
definition of the word?
Synonym: exact
The patients were observed
over a period of several
months.
Synonym: monitor
_
… Copernicus’s views were
Tyco Brahe precise
observations of the sky ….
Most information was
collected by direct
observation of the animals'
behavior.
_
_
In 1609, Italian scientist
Galileo Galilei heard about
the invention of a
“spyglass”.
Fax machines were a
wonderful invention at the
time.
_
51
Word
discovery
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
invent (v) (T)
to produce or design
something that has not
existed before
an act or the process of
finding
somebody/something, or
learning about something
that was not known about
before
to be the first person to
become aware that a
particular place or thing
exists
to believe or say that a
situation or event is caused
by something
(n) (count.)
Plural: discoveries
discover (v)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
-
I wish mobile phones had
never been invented!
These discoveries caused
scientists to seriously
question Ptolemy’s theory
that the outer sphere or the
Universe contained all the
stars.
_
The discovery of a child's
body in the river has
shocked the community.
_
Scientists around the world
are working to discover a
cure for AIDS.
_
_
The beginnings of modern
astronomy can be attributed
to Galileo and the British
genius Isaac Newton.
The fall in the number of
deaths from heart disease is
generally attributed to
improvements in diet.
_
discovery of something
_
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
_
attribute something
to somebody/
something
Phrasal Verb
constantly
(adv)
all the time; repeatedly
_
He reasoned that everything
in space is constantly
moving, with no limits on
space and time.
We are constantly on the
lookout for new ideas.
_
Propose
(V) (T)
to suggest a plan, an idea,
etc. for people to think
about and decide on
_
In 1917, Albert Einstein
proposed a description of
the Universe based on his
Theory of General
Relativity.
The government proposed
changes to the voting
system.
Synonym:
moot,
put forward
evolution
(n) (uncount.)
the gradual development of
something
_
Einstein’s theory inspired
many other scientists such
as Friedmann, who built on
the General Relativity
equations to develop models
that helped explain the
evolution of the Universe.
In politics Britain has
preferred evolution to
revolution.
_
TEXT 52
52
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
brilliant
adj.
achievement
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
extremely clever and skilful;
very successful
brilliant men
The theory of space flight
was studied by many
brilliant men.
n.(C)
smth. important that you
succeed in doing by your
own efforts
intellectual achievement
Isaac Newton wrote what is
probably the single greatest
intellectual achievement of
all time.
to establish
v.(T)
to make smth. start to exist
or start to happen
to establish laws
Isaac Newton established the
basic laws of force, motion,
and gravitation.
basic
adj.
forming the most important
or necessary part of smth.
basic laws
gravitation
n. (U)
the force that causes two
objects to move towards
each other
gravity
n.(U)
the force that causes smth. to
fall to the ground or to be
attracted to another
v.(T)
to send a weapon or
spacecraft into sky or into
space
to launch a rocket
extensive
adj.
containing or dealing with a
lot of information and details
extensive reading/
knowledge/research
to anticipate
v.(T)
to expect that smth. will
happen or be ready for it
to draw
v.(I/T)
to produce a picture of smth.
Isaac Newton established the
basic laws of force, motion,
and gravitation.
Isaac Newton established the
basic laws of . . . gravitation
and this enabled him to
invent a new branch of
mathematics.
He did all this to show how
the force of gravity is the
reason that the planets’
orbits follow Kepler’s
equations.
…..figure out all the basic
equations for rocketry in
1903, without ever launching
a single rocket himself.
From his extensive reading,
he concluded that the space
travel was a possibility.
He anticipated and solved
many of the problems that
were going to come up for
rocket-powered flight.
He drew up several rocket
These young musicians are
brilliant men.
He had a long and brilliant
career.
The test measures
children’s intellectual
achievements in reading,
We are celebrating the
achievement of our kids.
Our aim is to establish laws
for the government.
Our goal is to establish a
new research centre.
We had an exam on basic
laws of chemistry.
to launch
Meaning
to to anticipate a problem
to draw up a design
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: clever
Synonym:
accomplishment
Antonym: failure
Synonym: to form,
to start
Synonym:
fundamental
Newton’s basic laws of
gravitation are very
important.
Things float in space
because there is no gravity.
A test rocket was launched
from Cape Canaveral.
She has extensive
knowledge of literature.
Synonym:
comprehensive
He could not anticipate any
problems.
Synonym: to
predict
Kate was able to draw up a
53
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
to determine
v.(T)
to conclude
v.(T)
to decide that smth. is true
after considering all the
information you have
to conclude that + sentence
to prove
v.(T)
to show that smth is true by
providing facts, information,
or etc.
to suggest smth. as a plan or
course of action
to prove that + sentence
v.(T)
to propose
to criticize
v.(I/T)
criticism
n.(C/U)
Meaning
using a pencil, pen etc.
to decide on smth.
to express your disapproval
of sb. or smth., or to talk
about their faults.
remarks that say what you
think is bad about sb. or
smth.
used for emphasizing that a
statement is almost
completely true
Collocation
to determine that + sentence
to propose that + sentence
strong criticism
Adv.
component
n.(C)
one of several parts that
together make up a whole
system, machine etc.
main component
determined
adj.
having a strong desire to do
smth.
to be determined to do smth.
v(T/IT)
spreading(adj)
spreaded(adj)
something spreads or is
spread, it becomes larger or
moves so that it affects
more people or a larger area
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
designs.
He determined that liquid
fuel rockets would be needed
to get to space.
He concluded that oxygen
and hydrogen would be the
most powerful fuels for these
rockets to use.
Goddard proved that the
theory was true.
complicated design.
Doctors determined that
extra tests would be needed
for the patient.
They concluded that the
school should be closed
immediately.
He proposed that it could be
possible to use rockets.
He proposed that the UN
should set up an emergency
centre for the environment.
We looked at each other’s
work and criticized it.
In fact, the criticism was so
strong that he said little
about his work after that.
He virtually developed
rocket technology.
Despite strong criticism, the
new system is still in place.
Vaccines have virtually
eliminated many childhood
diseases.
Synonym. almost
He developed the same
components and designs that
took Germans …millions of
dollars to develop.
He was determined to find a
way to travel to space.
Exercise is a component for
a healthy lifestyle.
Synonym: part
Columbus took corn to
Europe, and from there it
spread to other continents.
Revolution quickly spread
from France to Italy.
to criticize smth.
severely/sharply/strongly/ope
nly
virtually
TEXT 53
spread
Use in MTR I
spread to/through/over etc
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Tests have proved that the
system works.
She was determined to win
the match.
54
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
plentiful
Adj
more than enough
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Today, corn is the second
most plentiful grain.
Coal was plentiful, and
therefore cheap, in that
region.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Plentifully(adv)
Plenty(n,adj)
contain
v(T)
container(n)
to be low/ rich in sth.
make up
Coll.
Phr verb(IT)
if something such as a bag,
box, or place contains
something, that thing is
inside it
be contained in/within
something
It contains 354 calories…
The museum contains a
number of original
artworks.
containing a lot of
something
to be low/rich in fat/starch
Corn is low in fat and
calories.
Food that is low in calories
to combine together to form
something
(to) be made up of sth
to make up a large
proportion
.. if corn makes up a large
proportion of a diet , it might
lead to pellagra…
Women make up only a
small proportion of the
should be preferred.
Synonym:
constitute
prison population.
lead to
v(T)
cause something to happen
or cause someone to do
something
lead sb to believe/
expect/understand /do
something
to lead to a disease
.. it might lead to pellagra…
A degree in English could
lead to a career in
journalism.
Synonym: cause
reduce
v(T)
to make something smaller
or less in size, amount, or
price
to reduce the chance/risk of
a disease
reduce something by
something
reduce something (from
something) to something
.. it greatly reduces the risk
of a heart disease or cancer.
The new bridge should
reduce travelling time from
50 minutes to 15 minutes.
Synonym: lower
reduction(n)
reduced(adj)
55
Word
TEXT 54
to survive
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
(v) (T) (I)
If a person or a living thing
survives in a dangerous
situation such as an
accident or an illness, they
do not die.
nutritious food contains
substances which help your
body to be healthy.
someone or something that
is immature is not yet
completely grown or fully
developed.
to survive heart attacks
It can only survive if people
plant this crop in their fields.
nutritious
adj.
immature
adj
nutritious food
immature corn/ child
range
(n) (UC)
A range of things is a
number of different things
of the same general kind.
range of colors/ issues
various
adj.
Several different things of
the type mentioned.
various food
A white or brown powder
that is made by grinding
grain. It is used to make
bread, cake and pastry.
flour
to produce
(v) (T)
to grow something or make
it naturally.
to produce plants
The Indians discovered that
corn was good to eat and
very nutritious.
They ate immature corn as a
fresh vegetable.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Only 12 of the 140
passengers survived.
Some drugs can help people
survive heart attacks.
Some ready made meals are
surprisingly nutritious and
very easy to prepare.
While the fruits are still
immature, they do no taste
good.
Antonym: mature
She’s just being childish and
immature.
Flint corn has a hard outer
A wide range of colors and Usually with ‘of’.
shell and kernels with a range patterns are available.
of colors from white to red.
It’s also the main kind of corn
used when making industrial
products and various food.
The school has received
various grants from the
education department.
It is not used for feeding
animals or to make flour.
Add a bit more flour to the
dough.
Each kernel can produce a
plant which one or more ears.
To produce those plants,
you need more seeds.
56
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
TEXT 54
to cultivate
(v) (T)
if you cultivate land or
crops, you prepare land and
grow crops on it.
Cultivate corn/ land/ crops/
a garden
It can be said that today corn
still exists because it has been
cultivated by farmers.
TEXT 56
indicate
v(T)
to indicate that + SV
.. there studies which
indicate that lowering salt
intake reduces blood
pressure.
indication(n)
indicator(n)
to show that a particular
situation exists, or that
something is likely to be
true
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
She cultivated a small
garden of her own.
Research indicates that over
81% of teachers are
Synonym: show
dissatisfied with their
salary.
be concerned
adj.
to be worried about
something
to be concerned about/for
sth/sb
Some scientists are also
concerned that excessive use
of salt may cause asthma.
She is concerned about how
little food I eat.
adj
excessively(adv)
much more than is necessary
excessive use of salt
Some scientists are also
concerned that excessive use
of salt may cause asthma
His excessive drinking
adj
reluctantly(adv)
slow and unwilling
Many food manufacturers are
reluctant to reduce the
amount of salt.
Maddox was reluctant to
talk about it.
concern(n,v)
concerning(prep)
excessive
reluctant
to be reluctant to do
something
Synonym: worried
resulted in health problems.
Synonym:
unwilling
Antonym:
enthusiastic
57
Word
TEXT 54
essential
maintain
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
adj
essential(n)
essentially(adv)
extremely important and
necessary
to be essential to/for sb
it is essential to do smth
…salt is an essential
nutrient…
A good diet is essential for
everyone.
It is essential to book in
advance.
v(T)
to make something continue
in the same way
to maintain bodily
functions
---regular intake is required
to maintain bodily functions.
Britain wants to maintain its
position as a world power
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
maintenance(n)
affect
v (T)
effect(n)
effective(adj)
effectively(adv)
affected(adj)
to do something that
produces an effect or change
in something or in someone's
situation
to affect the taste
to have an effect on the
taste
… it will not necessarily
affect the taste of the
product.
Trading has been adversely
affected by the downturn in
consumer spending.
conduct
v(T)
conduct(n)
to carry out a particular
activity or process, especially
in order to get information or
prove facts
conduct a survey/
investigation/review/
experiment/a test/ a
campaign/ an interview
….Bruce Neal conducted a
study to examine the
difference in taste between
bread with the standard and
reduced salt content.
Is it really necessary to
conduct experiments on
animals?
Synonym: do, carry
out
diminish
v(T/IT)
to become or make
something become smaller
These drugs diminish blood
flow to the brain
Synonym: reduce,
decrease
result in
v(IT)
to make something happen
If the manufacturers decide
to diminish the amount of
salt in food, the blood
pressure of the entire
population will shift
downwards.
…, which may result in
considerable health benefits.
The accident resulted in the
death of two passengers.
Synonym: cause
to result in sth
TEXT 57
58
Word
TEXT 54
aware
Part of Speech/
Different forms
adj.
awareness (n)
Meaning
Having the knowledge,
perception or realization of a
fact
suspicion
n
A feeling or belief that
sb. is guilty of an illegal,
dishonest or unpleasant
situation.
conscious
adj.
Aware of and responding
to one’s surroundings
treat
v(T)
similar
adj.
consume
v(T)
Collocation
Mentally not dull, not
sleeping or fainted
To behave towards or
deal with sth. or sb. in a
certain way
Having characteristics in
common; sharing some
features; look alike
To eat, drink, use or buy
too much
to be aware of sth.
to have a suspicion
treat sb. with sth.
treat sth. as sth.
treat like sth.
similar to sth.
consume sth.
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Even today, although many
Most people are aware of
people are aware of the
the dangers of sunbathing.
importance of a healthy diet,
a vegetarian is often met
with suspicion, or at least
with surprise.
Even today, although
She had a suspicion that
Countable noun
many people are aware he was laughing at her.
of the importance of a
Suspicious (adj)
healthy diet, a
There has been a
vegetarian is often met suspicion that the painting
with suspicion, or at
was a fake.
least with surprise.
Vegetarianism, as a
He was fully conscious
Prefix: selfconscious ideology or
when we found him.
way of life, was
relatively new then…
We have the capacity of
conscious thought.
Not surprisingly,
My parents still treat me
members of the older
like a child.
generation, still treat
the vegetarians of the
Young people should
2000s with a similar
always treat the elders
sort of suspicion or
with respect.
intolerance.
Not surprisingly,
members of the older
generation, still treat
the vegetarians of the
2000s with a similar
sort of suspicion or
intolerance
Logically, chemicals
introduced into animal
flesh are later
consumed further up
the food chain.
His words are quite
similar to yours.
I am talking about India
and similar areas.
The new lights consume
less energy.
59
Word
Meaning
include
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v(T)
Collocation
react
v(I)
Act in response to sth.
react to sth.
react with adj.
TEXT 58
confused
adj.
unable to think clearly or
to understand something
to be confused about sth.
Sometimes, people are
confused about what
type of food is healthy.
Grandfather gets quite
confused sometimes, and
doesn't even know what day
it is.
Because of their diet,
Americans have high
rates of cancer and
heart disease.
...food, their children
will also develop good
eating habits.
Doctors advise parents
to give their children
healthier snacks …..
Although she's recovering
from her illness, her rate of
progress is quite slow.
Make a part of a whole
or set.
to confuse
smth.(v)(T)
rate
n. (C)
the amount or number of
times smth. happens or
changes
high/ low rate of smth.
to develop
v. (T)
development
(n)(UC)
v. (T)
to start to have or grow
sth.
to develop habits / a sense
of smth.
to give opinion about the
best thing to do
to advise sb. to do smth.
to advise (sb.) that +
sentence
advice (n) (UC)
opinion sb. gives you
about the best thing to do
to give sb. advice about
/on smth.
to take sb’s advice
to advise
Use in MTR I
These methods include
keeping cows in very
small places with lack
light and where they
cannot move a lot…
These facts are
available to everybody,
and there are some who
choose to react.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The price includes dinner,
bed and breakfast.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
When I told her what
happened, she reacted with
anger.
The children are beginning to
develop a sense of
responsibility.
I advised him to leave the
company.
Synonym: to recommend
I took his advise and left.
60
TEXT 59
to spend
v.(T)
to use time doing a
particular thing or pass
time in a particular place
to spend time doing sth
spend money
Doubt
n.(C/UC)
a feeling of being not
sure whether something
is true or right
no doubt
to have doubts about
smth.
to doubt
v.(T)
to doubt that + sentence
to lack
v.(T)
to think that something
may not be true or that it
is unlikely
to not have something
that you need, or not
have enough of it
when there is not enough
of something, or none of
it
lack of
concentration/time/mone
y/information/exercise
lack
n.(UC)
to lack (in) sth
In today’s fast-moving
world, people have less
and less time to spend
eating.
…junk food has
become so popular and
there’s no doubt that
it’s here to stay.
Basically, junk food is
anything that is high in
calories but lacking in
nutrition.
Children should spend less
time watching TV.
I spend most of my time
reading academic articles on
language acquisition.
There’s no doubt that the
doctors will find a cure one
day.
She says she will be here on
time, but I have doubts about
that.
The detectives doubt that the
suspect may be lying about the
murder.
Alex is a smart boy, but he
lacks (in) confidence.
The main reason for him to be
in bed is lack of exercise.
obviously
adv.
used to mean that a fact
can easily be noticed or
understood
Obviously + sentence
Obviously, a diet of
junk food is not the
best thing for your
health.
Obviously, this is going to
take some time.
We're obviously going to need
more help.
to associate
v.(T)
to make a connection in
your mind between one
thing or person and
another
to associate sb/sth with
sth
Shoppers tend to associate
certain brand names with high
quality.
harm
n.(UC)
damage, injury, or
trouble caused by
someone's actions or by
an event
to do no/considerable/
serious harm
In 1993, the National
Cancer Institute
reported saturated fat to
be associated with a
greater risk of cancer.
Eating junk food now
and then will probably
do no harm.
Synonym: clearly,
apparently
Modern farming methods have
done considerable harm to the
countryside.
Quitting your job now may do
serious harm to your future
career.
61
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
to harm
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
dictionaries
The government must do
synonym: damage
something about the chemicals
that harm the environment.
to damage something
to harm sb/sth
to describe someone or
something in a particular
way, especially in a way
that is not true
to represent sb/sth
The style of life that is
represented on TV,
especially in music
videos, is fast.
Celebrities usually represent a
colorful and enjoyable life;
however, the reality is a lot
different from that.
an advantage,
improvement, or help
that you get from
something
visible
significant benefits
economic/financial/
great/mutual
benefits
One doesn’t have to
exercise much to gain
visible benefits.
There will be visible benefits
of our hard work in the near
future.
The airport’s economic benefit
to the region is undeniable.
if you benefit from
something or it benefits
you, it gives you an
advantage, improves
your life, or helps you in
some way
if you are aware that a
situation exists, you
realize or know that it
exists
to benefit sb.
to be aware of sth
to be aware that
to become aware
…people nowadays are
actually far more
aware of the
importance of exercise
and a healthy diet.
The children are aware of the
danger of taking drugs.
Were you aware that Joe had
this problem with his knee?
The citizens slowly became
aware of the changes in the
society
very important
significant benefits
significant for smth.
it is significant that +
sentence
…a balanced diet and
regular exercise bring
significant health
benefits.
The new project is highly
significant for our future.
It is significant that all the
students obey the rules during
exams.
v.(T)
to represent
v.(T)
benefit
n.(C/UC)
to benefit
v.(T/IT)
Aware
adj.
significant
adj.
synonym: to describe, to
portray
They are working together to
benefit the whole community.
Thousand of people have
benefited from the new
treatment.
to benefit from sth
synonyms: important, large
antonym: insignificant
62
Word
to threaten
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v.(T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to be likely to harm or
destroy something
to threaten the existence
of sth.
…globalization
threatens the existence
of all traditions.
be threatened with
something
TEXT 60
to generate
v.(T)
to produce
to generate energy
to generate electricity
to generate power
insufficient
adj.
not enough
insufficient
production of
smth.
to give up
Phrasal verb (T)
to stop doing smth. you
regularly do
to give up smth.
to give smth. up
to give up doing smth.
to recommend
v.(T)
to advise sb. that they
should do smth.
to recommend that +
sentence
to recommend doing smth.
to recommend sb. to do
smth.
to assist
v.(T/I)
assistance
(n)(UC)
assistant (n)
(C)
To help sb. or smth.
to assist sb.
to assist in / with
to reduce
v.(T)
to make smth. smaller or
to reduce fat
Insulin, a hormone
produced by the
pancreas, controls the
sugar in the blood
which is used by the
body to generate
energy.
The insufficient
production of insulin
leads to a common
disorder called
diabetes.
Having diabetes does
not mean giving up all
your favourite foods
and eating differently
from family and
friends.
Nowadays, doctors
recommend that people
with diabetes should
continue their lives as
usual, but should
follow a well-balanced
healthy diet.
The British Diabetic
Association has
published guidelines to
assist people who need
to follow a special diet.
The British Diabetic
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Severe droughts are
threatening the existence of
some animal species.
Some of the jungle are now
threatened with destruction.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The wind farm may be able to
generate enough electricity /
power for 200 homes.
Insufficient production of
growth hormone results in
pituitary dwarfism.
Antonym: sufficient
Have you ever tried to give
alcohol up?
His wife finally persuaded
him to give up working late.
Synonym: to quit
Everybody recommended that
she should continue her
education for 3 more years.
Students are recommended to
read the following books.
She wanted to assist people in
reaching their health care
goals without the use of drugs.
I assist the editor with the
selection of illustrations for
the book.
Why is it important to reduce
Synonym: to cut down on
63
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
reduction(UC/C)
consumption
n. (UC)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
less in size, amount,
importance etc.
consumption
to greatly / significantly
reduce smth.
Association
recommends
controlling bodyweight
and reducing fat
consumption.
the amount that sb. eats,
drinks, or smokes
to increase/reduce
cigarette/meat/fat
consumption
happening in a smooth,
gradual and regular way,
not suddenly or
unexpectedly
a steady weight loss
The British Diabetic
Association
recommends
controlling bodyweight
and reducing fat
consumption.
Aiming for a slow but
steady weight loss of
one kilogram per week
is ideal until the desired
weight is achieved.
when you no longer have
smth. or have less of
smth.
blood/hair/hearing/weight
loss
to consume
(v)(T)
steady
loss
adj.
n.(C/U)
to lose (v)(T)
a steady increase / rise
great/serious/major loss of
smth.
to achieve a goal/an aim
/an objective
to achieve
v.(T)
achievement
(n) (UC/C)
to succeed in finishing
something or reaching an
aim, especially after a lot
of work or effort
to cut down (on)
Phrasal verb (T/I)
to reduce an amount of
smth., or the number or
size of smth.
to cut down on
to cut down smth.
artificial
adj.
made by people and used
instead of something
natural.
artificial sweetener
artificial flavors /
preservatives
Aiming for a slow but
steady weight loss of
one kilogram per week
is ideal until the desired
weight is achieved.
Aiming for a slow but
steady weight loss of
one kilogram per week
is ideal until the desired
weight is achieved.
Cutting down on the
amount of butter and
cheese by using the
low-fat versions is
recommended.
Using an artificial
sweetener instead of
sugar also helps a great
deal.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
fat consumption?
The new systems should
greatly / significantly reduce
the amount of paper we use.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
(phrasal verb)
Most people need to increase
their daily consumption of
fruits and vegetables.
In order to maintain a steady
weight loss, you will need to
reduce your caloric intake
further.
The company hopes to see a
steady increase / rise in car
sales this year.
Doctors recommend that a
slow, steady weight loss is
healthier.
She suffered a serious loss of
hearing after the operation.
You should be patient to
achieve your goals.
These improvements should
help cut down on traffic noise.
How can you cut down the
risk of cancer.
Synonym: to reduce
Antonym: to increase
Is it safe to consume artificial
sweeteners?
The product contains no
artificial colors, favors, or
preservatives.
Antonym: natural
64
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
v (T)
modified
modifies
modifying
to make small changes to
something in order to improve
it and make it more suitable
or effective
to modify smth
to modify smth to do
smth
If you want to start a
heated discussion at a
dinner party, bring up the
topic of genetically
modified foods.
The feedback will be used to
modify the course for next
year.
The seats can be modified to
fit other types of vehicle.
to alter
v (T/I)
to change, or to make
someone or something change
to alter food genetically
For many people, the idea
of genetically altered,
high-tech crop production
raises all kinds of
environmental, health and
safety questions.
Her face hadn't altered
much over the years.
The city centre has altered
beyond
recognition (=changed very
much).
to raise
v (T)
to begin to talk or write about
a subject that you want to be
considered or a question that
you think should be
answered
to raise a question
For many people, the idea
of genetically altered,
high-tech crop production
raises all kinds of
environmental, health and
safety questions.
Betty raised the important
question of who will be in
charge.
Urgent
adj.
very important and needing to
be dealt with immediately
an urgent problem
In developing countries,
however, to feed fastgrowing and underfed
populations, the problem
is much more urgent: …
The report called for urgent
action to reduce lead in
petrol.
Can you come to the phone?
It sounds urgent.
TEXT 61
to modify
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to bring
up
65
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to meet
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v (T)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The company says it is
unable to meet the
workers' demands for
higher wages.
The service is tailored to
meet your needs.
to do something that
someone wants, needs,
or expects you to do or
be as good as they need,
expect etc
to meet the needs of
population
to meet a condition/
requirement
In rich countries, there
is a wide range of
foods to choose from
and a supply that
easily meets the needs
of the population.
underfed
adj
not given enough food to
eat
Underfed populations
He's so underfed, his
weight is below normal.
to outnumber
v (T)
to be more in number
than another group
to outnumber smth
to outnumber sb/smth
by smth
In developing
countries, however, to
feed fast-growing and
underfed populations,
the problem is much
more urgent: …
Do benefits of biotech
outnumber the risks?
to decline
v (I)
to decrease in quantity
or importance
to decline
At the same time, the
world’s available
farming land is
declining.
After the war, the city
declined in importance.
to estimate
v (T)
to try to judge the value,
size, speed, cost etc of
something, without
calculating it exactly
to estimate that + SV
to estimate how
many/what
And by 2050, the
United Nations
estimates, it will
probably be about 9
billion.
Scientists estimate that
smoking reduces life
expectancy by around 12
years on average.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Flats outnumber houses
in this area.
In nursing, women still
outnumber men by four to
one.
66
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
undernourished
Part of Speech/
Different forms
adj
unhealthy and weak
because you have not
had enough food or the
right type of food
Undernourished
people
deficient
adj
not containing or having
enough of something
iron deficient
be deficient in smth
deficiency
n (C/U)
deficiencies
a lack of something that
is necessary
iron/vitamin
deficiency
Major
adj
having very serious or
worrying results
a major illness
The United Nations
estimates that
nearly 800 million
people around the
world are
undernourished
and the effects are
deadly.
About 400 million
young women are
iron deficient,
which means they
don’t have enough
iron in their bodies.
As many as 100
million children
suffer from vitamin
A deficiency, a
major cause of
blindness.
Millions of people
suffer from other
major illnesses and
nutritional
deficiencies as a
result of not having
enough food.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
In ten years time, more
than 600 million people
are expected to be
severely undernourished.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: malnourished
He had many patients
who were deficient in
vitamin C.
Some elderly people
suffer from iron
deficiency in their diet.
There is a major problem
with parking in London.
Antonym: minor
67
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
crop
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n (C)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Most of the farmers grow
arable crops.
a plant such as wheat,
rice, or fruit that is
grown by farmers and
used as food
to produce/grow crops
In an effort to produce
nutritionally improved crops,
biotechnologists have
developed genetically modified
rice that is strengthened with
beta-carotene and
additional minerals.
strengthen
v (T)
to make
somebody/something
stronger
to strengthen smth
Repairs are necessary to
strengthen the bridge.
The exercises are designed to
strengthen your stomach
muscles.
to improve
v (T/I)
to make something
better, or to become
better
to improve
productivity
to improve smth
In an effort to produce
nutritionally improved crops,
biotechnologists have
developed genetically modified
rice that is strengthened with
beta-carotene and additional
minerals.
Biotech can also improve
farming productivity in places
where food shortages are
caused by crop damage due to
pests …
Shortage
n (U/C)
a situation in which
there is not enough of
something that
people need
food/water/housing
shortage
shortage of smth
Biotech can also improve
farming productivity in places
where food shortages are
caused by crop damage due to
pests …
There is going to be a serious
shortage of food all over the
world during the next year.
to destroy
v (T)
to damage something
so badly that it no
longer exists or
cannot be used or
repaired
to destroy crops
to completely/totally
destroy smth
The European corn borer, for
example, destroys 40 million
tons of the world’s corn crop
annually, about 7 % of the
total.
The school was completely
destroyed by fire.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
You could use the money for
improving your home.
68
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
adv
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
in an important way
or to an important
degree
to increase significantly
In Africa, for example, crop
production has increased
significantly by using pestresistant cotton.
to identify
v (T)
identifies
identified
identifying
to recognize
something or
discover exactly what
it is, what its nature
or origin is etc
to identify a gene
to identify smth
A gene that helps neutralize
aluminum toxicity in rice has
been identified recently.
Scientists have identified the
gene that causes abnormal
growth.
to raise
v (T)
to increase an
amount, number, or
level
to raise productivity
Many scientists believe biotech
could raise overall crop
productivity in developing
countries as much as 25 % …
The university is working to
raise the number of students
from state schools.
poverty
n (U)
the situation or
experience of being
poor
to live in poverty
Poverty plays the largest role.
Most of the population lives in
grinding poverty.
distribution
n (U/C)
the way that
something is shared
or exists over a
particular area or
among a particular
group of people
to give things to a
large number of
people
food distribution
fair/unfair/equal
distribution
Another difficulty is the
problem of food distribution.
It is the government’s job to
ensure a fair distribution of
wealth.
significantly
to distribute
v (T)
to distribute smth to
someone
-
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Health problems can be
significantly reduced by careful
diet.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The organization distributed food
to the earthquake victims.
69
Word
to restrict
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v (T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to limit or control the
size, amount, or
range of something
to restrict the
availability of smth
Especially in countries with
undeveloped means of
transport, geography restricts
food availability and many
biotech products won’t even
reach the regions where they
are most needed.
To overcome this problem,
there is a need for better
collaboration between
governments and private
biotech firms.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The new law restricts the sale of
hand guns.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
to overcome
v (T)
to succeed in dealing
with or controlling a
problem that has been
preventing you from
achieving something
to overcome a problem
The two parties managed to
overcome their differences on
the issue.
He finally managed to overcome
his fear of flying
to fulfill
v (T)
fulfilled
fulfilling
if you fulfill a hope,
wish, or aim, you
achieve the thing that
you hoped for,
wished for etc
to fulfill a goal/an
aim/an objective/ a
promise/a hope
If that promise is not fulfilled,
the real losers will be their
people, who could suffer for
years.
It was then that the organization
finally began to fulfill the hopes
of its founders.
TEXT 62
raw
Adj.
Not cooked
raw horse meat
Cabbage can be eaten raw.
Antonym: cooked
familiar
Adj.
familiar with
Are you familiar with this type of
food?
I'm not familiar with her poetry.
Antonym: unfamiliar
common
adj.
to have a good
knowledge or
understanding of
something.
existing in large
numbers.
The Japanese enjoy eating raw
horse meat
They like eating food that they
are familiar with.
common drink
Milk is a very common drink
in the United States for all
people, young and old.
Daisies are very common
flowers.
Antonym: rare
sacred
adj.
relating to a god or
religion.
sacred cows /animals
Hindus do not eat beef because
they believe cows are sacred.
Certain animals were
considered sacred.
70
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(n) (C)
Meaning
unusual
adj.
different from what is
usual or normal.
TEXT 65
convenience
n(C/UC)
food that is partly or
completely prepared
already and that is
sold frozen or in
cans, packages etc, so
that it can be
prepared quickly and
easily
community
food
food/
nutritional
value
TEXT 67
intention
Collocation
the people who live
in the same area,
town etc.
a plan or desire to do
something
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The new arts centre will serve
the whole community.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Slowly, our tastes change and
we begin to enjoy eating the
food that once seemed unusual
to us.
It's unusual to have adult
conversation like that with such
a young child.
Antonym: usual
Unusual is neither approving
nor disapproving.
.. Canadians also eat a lot of
convenience food…
We eat too little fresh food,
relying instead on convenience
foods.
Canadians also eat a lot of …
and other things without much
food value.
Cooking vegetables for too long
lessens their nutritional value.
Mr. Rustam Mamedov, for
example, is 142 years old, but
he has no intentions of retiring
from his life as a farmer.
I have no intention of retiring
As a cultural group, we learn to
like and eat the things that we
can find in our community.
unusual to
n(UC)
n (C)
Use in MTR I
to have no/every
intention of doing smth
just yet.
71
Word
Isolation
to separate
inherited
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n (U)
v
Adj
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
when one group,
person, or thing is
separate from others
diplomatic/political
isolation
It is clear that isolation from
urban pressures and pollution,
clean mountain air, daily hard
work, moderate diets, good
genes, and a youthful approach
to life contribute to the health
and remarkable long life of all
these people.
Because of its geographical
To a great degree, they are
separated from the pressures
and worries of an industrial
society.
Inherited factors also play
some role.
It impossible to separate belief
to keep things or
people apart from
each other
to be separated from
smth
having the same
character or
appearance as your
parents
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
isolation, the area developed its
own unique culture.
The country's continuing
political isolation has been
causing some problems.
from emotion.
Although addictive disease, like
short-sight, is probably
genetically inherited this does
not mean that all parents or all
children of sufferers from
addictive disease will have
addictive disease themselves.
v (T)
to inherit
To contribute
v (I)
to receive money,
property etc from
someone after they
have died
to inherit
money/characteristics
to help to make
something happen
to contribute to smth
-
He inherited a fortune from his
grandmother.
Another factor that may
contribute to the good health
of these people is their
isolation.
Alcohol contributes to 100,000
deaths a year in the US.
72
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
the growth or
development of
something so that it
affects a larger area or
a larger number of
people
to gradually affect or
cover a large area
spread of products
In the modern world,
transportation and the spread of
products have made almost any
foods and drinks available all
over the world.
The spread of certain products
have made our lives easier and
comfortable.
to spread
Tomatoes and potatoes were
first taken to Spain and spread
from there to the rest of
Europe.
v.(I)
to come from a
particular place, time,
situation etc.
to originate in a place
to originate from smth.
It is not clear where pasta
originated.
originally
adv.
at first, first of all
origin n.(C)
the place or moment
where smth. begins to
exist
origins of food
origin(s) of smth.
Many of the foods that we eat
today originally were eaten or
grown in only one part of the
world.
The origins of various foods
are interesting.
The fire spread very rapidly
because of the strong wind.
The AIDS virus is spread
through contact with blood and
other body fluids.
Although the technology is
originated in the UK, it has been
developed in the US.
There are many music forms
which originated from jazz.
His novels were originally
published in serial form in a
magazine.
eventually
adv.
in the end, after a long
time or a lot of effort,
problems etc.
common
adj.
happening frequently a common occurrence
or existing in large
amounts or numbers
variation
n.(C)
smth. that is done in a
way that is different
from the way it is
usually done
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
TEXT 72
n.(UC)
spread
to spread
v.(T/I)
to originate
spread of smth.
variation(s) on
Tomatoes and potatoes spread
from …. to the rest of Europe
and eventually the rest of the
world.
Today they are so common all
over the world that it is
difficult to imagine they were
unknown outside of the
Americas…
The hamburger has many
variations.
In modern fast-food shops,
hamburgers are sold in
…hundreds of variations.
Her unhappy childhood was the
origin of her problems later in
life.
Although she has been ill for a
long time, it still came as a
shock when she eventually died.
Synonym: in the end
Today air pollution is a common
occurrence in many major cities.
Antonym: uncommon
The dessert is a variation on a
classic recipe.
Most of his poems are variation
on the theme of love.
73
Word
custom
to carry
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n.(C/U)
customary adj.
Collocation
Use in MTR I
a way of behaving or a
belief which has been
established for a long
time
the custom of
Many centuries later, Russian
Tartars carried the custom of
eating chopped meat to
Germany.
v.(T/I)
to take smth. from one
place to another
to carry smth. to
somewhere
n.(U)
the substances you
take into your body as
food and the way they
affect health
human nutrition
existing every where
or involving everyone
to become universal
nutrition
Meaning
local / ancient custom
good/poor/proper
(in)adequate nutrition
universal
adj.
TEXT 73
decade
(n) (C)
a period of ten years,
especially a period
such as 1860 to 1869,
or 1990 to 1999
to enable
(v) (T)
to make someone
able to do something,
or to make something
possible
enable somebody to do
something
to rely on
(v) (T)
to trust someone or
something or to
expect them to
behave in a particular
way
to rely on reports
We really do not know if pasta
was carried to Italy or if it was
invented in both places.
Carbohydrates are now thought
to be a very important
ingredient in human nutrition.
One simple sauce which has
become universal on dinner
tables all over the world is
ketchup.
It has only been in recent
decades that modern
technology has enabled
scientists to start exploring the
ocean floor.
It has only been in recent
decades that modern
technology has enabled
scientists to start exploring the
ocean floor
However, they had to rely on
irregular reports from ships
that were on the surface of the
water.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Where does the custom of
celebrating birthdays come
from?
In my city, it is a local / an
ancient custom for women to get
married in white.
She carried her tired child
upstairs to bed.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: tradition
Dietitians specialize in human
nutrition.
Good nutrition is essential to
recover quickly.
Many children at the school
were suffering from inadequate
nutrition.
Tattoo has become universal.
The last decade of the nineteenth
century was full of social events.
Computerization should enable
us to cut production costs by
half.
+ to infinitive
I'm relying on the garage to fix
the car by tomorrow.
Phrasal verb
74
Word
to explore
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(v) (T)
to prevent
(v) (T)
to erupt
(v) (I)
eruption
(n) (U) (C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to search and
discover (about
something)
to stop something
from happening or
someone from doing
something
to explore areas
They were interested in
exploring areas containing rich
mineral deposits.
The first step was to make
maps of the ocean floor, which
enabled scientists to guide
submarines and prevent them
from having accidents.
When a volcano
erupts, it explodes
and flames and rocks
come out of it
eruption of volcanoes
to prevent somebody/
something from doing
something
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The best way to explore the
countryside is on foot.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
His disability prevents him from
driving.
Detailed knowledge of the
floor of the seas and oceans
was also needed to better
understand the constant
movements of the earth’s
surface, such as the creation of
new mountain ranges as a
result of the eruption of
volcanoes.
Since the volcano last erupted,
many houses have been built in
a dangerous position on its
slopes.
Since the last volcanic eruption,
many houses have been built in
a dangerous position on its
slopes.
disaster
(n) (U) (C)
(an event which
results in) great harm,
damage or death, or
serious difficulty
Instead, they saw a scene of
disaster.
This is one of the worst natural
disasters ever to hit the area.
spring
(n) (C)
a place where water
comes up naturally
from the ground
There had also been an
increase in active hot springs.
There are several hot springs in
the area.
giant
adj
extremely big, and
much bigger than
other things of the
same type.
a giant size
For example, tube worms had
reached a giant size.
A giant oak table in the middle
of the garden was attracting all
the attention.
to witness
(v) (T)
to see something
happen
to witness a
development
They also witnessed the
development of an underwater
‘plumbing’ system.
She witnessed that tragic event.
75
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
TEXT 75
explore
v. (T)
to travel to a new
place to learn about it
or become familiar
with it
to explore sth
He has visited the bottom of
oceans in a mini-submarine
and explored such things as
the Titanic and the German
battleship the Bismark.
They set out to explore the city.
develop
v. (T)
to design or make a
new idea, product,
system etc over a
period of time
to develop a
robot/program/technol
ogy/drugs
Because of these problems,
Ballard has developed two
robot submarines which send
him information 24 hours a
day.
Researchers are developing
technology for the US military.
to be attached to sth
For instance, although it was
still attached to the surface
ship, it actually went inside the
Titanic.
Either way, it is small enough
to get within a centimeter of its
target.
A tripod was attached to the
main body of the device, which
helped it stand upright.
enable sb to do sth
New technology, however, has
enabled Jason to send back
clear, full color television
pictures to the surface ship.
The loan enabled Jan to buy the
house.
Saving enough money now will
enable you to retire comfortably.
to be surrounded by sth.
An operator can sit in the ship,
surrounded by television
screens, and see everything
Jason is filming.
Snow-capped mountains
surround the city.
The house was surrounded by
dense woods.
attached
adj.
to be fastened or
fixed to something,
Target
n.(C)
an object aimed and
fired at during
shooting practice,
often a circle with a
pattern of rings, or
any object or place at
which arrows, bullets,
bombs, and other
missiles are aimed
to make it possible
for someone to do
something, or for
something to happen
Enable
v. (T)
surround
v. (T)
to be around
something on all
sides
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Scientists are developing new
drugs to treat arthritis.
I missed the target.
Railway stations are common
targets for bombs.
76
Word
feature
shortage
overcrowded
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
n. (C/UC)
adj.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
a noticeable or
important
characteristic or part
geographical feature
For example, the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, a huge underwater
mountain range, is the Earth’s
largest geographical feature
yet it was discovered under the
ocean after man had already
walked on the moon.
a situation in which
there is not enough of
something that people
need
filled with too many
people or things
standard/main/
important/
significant etc. feature
energy/water etc
shortage
shortage of sth
According to him, problems
such as energy shortage and
overcrowding can be solved
by man making use of parts of
the ocean.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
What makes Turkey very
desirable is its geographical
features.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Air bags are a standard feature
in most new cars.
Resident have been suffering
from the energy shortage in the
area.
antonym: abundance
There is no shortage of
funds.
Staff had to work in
overcrowded conditions.
an overcrowded place
The party was a little
overcrowded so we decided to
leave early.
TEXT 76
to preserve
v. (T)
to save something or
someone from being
harmed or destroyed
to preserve the
environment
A Marine Protected Area
(MPA) is an area of the ocean
that is protected by law in
order to preserve areas of
high biological importance.
We must encourage the planting
of new trees and preserve our
existing woodlands.
Synonym: to conserve
to conserve
v. (T)
to protect something
and prevent it from
changing or being
damaged
to conserve the
environment /wildlife /
energy
It is similar to a national park;
an MPG tries to conserve the
life and habitat within.
We need new laws to conserve
wildlife in the area.
Help to conserve energy by
insulating your home.
Synonym: to preserve
77
Word
habitat
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (U / C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
the natural home of a
plant or animal
natural/native habitat of
animals/plants
MPAs can also function to
save endangered species by
protecting their habitat.
to provide/damage
destroy a habitat
to include smth
to include
v. (T)
if one thing includes
another, the second
thing is part of the
first
to endanger
v. (T)
to put someone or
something in danger
of being hurt,
damaged, or
destroyed
to endanger a species
a group of animals or
plants whose
members are similar
a species of
animals/plants
Species
n. (C)
species
(plural)
to endanger smth
seriously
This can include the sea floor
and all the life above it in the
water.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The forest provides a habitat for
hundreds of species of plants
and animals.
Development is destroying the
animal's native habitat.
His job includes looking after
under-21 teams.
Human activities that destroy
the habitat or endanger a
species by removing too many
individuals are banned in an
MPA.
Smoking during pregnancy
endangers your baby's life.
Taking these drugs could
seriously endanger your health.
MPAs can also function to
save endangered species by
protecting their habitat.
Seven species of birds of prey
have been observed.
The area is rich in different
plant species.
Red kites are one of the most
protected and endangered
species in Britain.
Scientists have identified the
gene that causes abnormal
growth.
Did you identify all the pictures
correctly?
endangered species
to identify
v. (T)
(identifies,
identifying,
identified,
identified)
to discover exactly
what it is, what its
nature or origin is etc
*to identify smth
*to identify smth
accurately / correctly
* to identify sb/smth as
sb/smth
Marine biologists have
identified mining, oil
exploration and aquaculture,
as some activities that may be
destructive.
destructive
adj.
causing damage to
people or things
destructive activities
Marine biologists have
identified mining, oil
exploration and aquaculture,
as some activities that may be
destructive.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
This word is not used in
progressive tenses.
Opencast coal mining is among
the most environmentally
destructive activities carried out
in Wales.
78
Word
Goal
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
something that you
hope to achieve in the
future
to have a goal
Different MPAs may have
different goals; therefore in
some, fishing may be allowed,
whereas others may be no-go
zones for anyone.
an immediate/ shortterm/long-term goal
to reach/achieve a goal
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
It is important to have explicit
goals.
Our immediate goal is to earn
enough money to keep the
business going.
They achieved their goal of
increasing sales by 5 %.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: aim
to function
v. (I)
to work in the correct
way
to function
normally/correctly/
properly
MPAs can also function to
save endangered species by
protecting their habitat.
Flights in and out of Taipei are
functioning normally again.
Synonym: operate
beneficial
adj.
having a helpful or
useful effect
to be beneficial to/for
smth / sb
Protected areas are beneficial
for conservation, but they are
also god for improving
fisheries …..
Cycling is highly beneficial to
health and the environment.
Antonym: detrimental
to enforce
v. (T)
to make sure that
people obey a
particular law or rule
to enforce a law
to enforce smth strictly
When they are properly
managed and enforced,
Marine Protected Areas have
been effective in protecting
and rebuilding many marine
species.
Governments make laws and the
police enforce them.
The rules were strictly
enforced.
TEXT 77
to envy
(v) (T)
to wish that you had
someone else's
possessions, abilities
etc:
to try to do
something, especially
something difficult
to envy sb.
Man saw birds, envied them
and tried to imitate them.
He envied her youth and
strength.
to make an attempt to do
smth.
Over the ages, countless
attempts were made in order
to fly.
The protesters made no attempt
to resist the arrest.
attempt
(n) (C)
(v)(T)
to attempt to
do smth.
79
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
countless
(adj)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
countless attempts/ times
Over the ages, countless
attempts were made.
This famous film clip has
been shown countless times
to fasten wings to arms
to fasten the edges with
pins
to realize that + sentence
Men constructed wings,
fastened them to their
arms and legs.
What was not realized in
those early years was that
birds have muscles very
much stronger than …
…birds have muscles very
much stronger than man’s,
in proportion to their size,
than men..
Human limbs cannot
provide sufficient strength
to lift the body off the
ground.
The designers could not
find an engine strong
enough yet light enough to
drive the aircraft.
…as a means of passenger
transport, it turned out to
be neither practical nor
safe
Fasten the edges of the cloth
together with pins.
Antonym: to unfasten
As he was watching the TV
drama, he suddenly realized
(that) he'd seen it before.
UK: to realise
too many to be counted
to fasten to
(v) (T)
to fix one thing to another
to realize
(v) (T)
to understand a situation,
sometimes suddenly
proportion
(n)(C)
to lift
(v) (T)
in proportion to the size/
effort
the relationship between two
things in size, amount etc.
to move something or
someone upwards into the air:
to lift the body off the
ground
to lift the cigarette up
light
(adj)
not heavy
light engine
to turn out to be
(v)(I)
to be known or discovered
finally and surprisingly
to turn out to be safe/
strange
The rewards you get in this
job are in direct proportion
to the effort you put in.
She lifted the cigarette (up)
to her lips.
He has a very light (=
gentle) touch, which is what
is important in massage.
The truth turned out to be
stranger than we had
expected
[+ to infinitive]
80
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym)
capable of
(adj)
having the ability, power
or qualities to be able to do
something
capable of carrying/
saying smth
…a true flying machine which
was heavier than air and
capable of carrying people
was still to be invented.
When she's drunk she's
capable of saying (= likely to
say) awful, rude things.
Antonym: incapable
to carry out
phrasal
verb(T)
to do or complete
something,
to carry out
experiments/research/
attack
Experiments were carried out
in many countries, sometimes
with models driven by steam
engines.
Nigel is carrying out research
on early Christian art.
Our soldiers carried out a
successful attack last night.
Synonym: to conduct
to fit into
phrasal verb(I)
to add a piece of
equipment to something
else
to fit smth into an
airplane/ the library
I couldn’t fit these books into
the library.
to encourage
(v) (T)
to give someone the
courage or confidence to
do something
to encourage designs
to encourage smb to do
smth
....a powerful, yet
comparatively light engine,
driven by petrol and capable
of being fitted into an
airplane.
Their success encouraged
designs everywhere.
Cooder was encouraged to
begin playing the guitar by his
father.
Antonym: to discourage
sb. from doing smth.
Rapid
(adj)
happening or done very
quickly, in a short time
rapid progress/
growth/expansion/
development/increase /
The company made a rapid
progress.
The patient made a rapid
recovery.
Synonym: fast, quick
intense
(adj)
extreme and forceful or
very strong
intense pain
These were exciting days and
interest was intense..
to gather
(v)(I)
to come together and form
a group, or to make people
do this:
somewhere /around/
together
At Reims, in 1909. A crowd
of a quarter of a million
gathered at the first Air
Display.
He had an intense interest in
music.
He suddenly felt an intense
pain in his back.
Could the bride's family all
gather together for a photo?
Synonym: to come
together
81
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
TEXT 78
to direct
(v)(T)
to direct smth.
The wind directs the balloon.
to raise
(v)(T)
to raise smth
to lower
(v)(T)
to aim something in a
particular direction
to move or lift something
to a higher position, place,
or level.
to move something down
from higher up
to attach
(v)(T)
be fastened or connected to
somewhere
to attach smth to smth
unexpectedly
(adv)
in a sudden, surprising
way because you were not
expecting it
surprising because you
were not expecting it
the tools, machines,
clothes etc that you need to
do a job
He or she can raise or lower
the balloon to find the right
wind direction.
He or she can raise or lower
the balloon to find the right
wind direction.
Two other Frencmen went
up in a basket attached under
a balloon.
After about an hour, their
balloon unexpectedly lost
gas and began to go down.
to lower smth.
unexpected news/
death etc.
to transport equipment
equipment
unexpected
(adj)
(n)(UC)
TEXT 79
to depart
(v)(I)
to leave, especially when
you are starting a journey
to depart from
somewhere
to head
(v)(I)
to head south/ north
to accomplish
(v)(T)
to go or travel towards a
particular place
to succeed in doing
something
to obtain
(v)(T)
to get something that you
want
to obtain smth from
someone or something
to accomplish smth.
Use in MTR I
Balloons were also used by
armies in wars to transport
equipment.
They departed on March 1,
1999, from Chateau d’Oex,
Switzerland.
They headed south into
Africa.
Piccard and jones tried to
accomplish something never
done before.
Their big, silver balloon
helped them obtain the onemillion dollar prize.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The water current directs the
boats here.
Raise your hand if you know
the right answer.
The flags were lowered to halfmast.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym)
Antonym: to lower
Antonym: to raise
Attach a recent photograph to
your application form.
His pet fish died unexpectedly.
The experiment produced some
unexpected results.
They carried the climbing
equipment on horses.
The ship is departing from the
island soon.
We headed north towards the
capital.
We have accomplished all we
wanted to do.
You will need to obtain
permission from the principal.
Antonym: to arrive
Synonym: to achieve /
succeed in
Synonym: to get
82
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to avoid
Part of
Speech
(v)(T)
to stay away from
someone or something, or
not use something
to avoid (doing) smth.
attempt
(n)(C)
an attempt to do smth.
to attempt
(v)(T)
an act of trying to do
something, especially
something difficult
to try to do something,
something difficult
Although they had their share of
problems, they were able to
avoid the kinds of problems
such as lack of fuel.
.. able to avoid the kinds of
things that caused their two
previous attempts to fail.
numerous
(adj)
many
numerous attempts
spacious
(adj)
large and with plenty of
space
a spacious house/ car/ cabin
to ensure
(v)(T)
to make certain that
something will happen
properly
to ensure that+ sentence
favorable
(adj)
suitable and likely to
make something happen
or succeed
favorable conditions
to minimize
(v)(
T)
to reduce something that
is difficult, dangerous, or
unpleasant
to minimize the effects of
smth.
to enlarge
(v)(T)
to make smth bigger
to enlarge a room/a cell/ a
building
to attempt to do smth.
They were able to avoid the
kinds of things that caused
numerous attempts to fail.
Their cabin was actually quite
spacious, measuring 5.4 meters
long and 2.9 meters high.
The Orbiter 3 crew employed a
team … ensure that Piccard and
Jones would know where the
most favorable winds were to be
found.
The Orbiter 3 crew employed a
team of meteorologists to ensure
that Piccard and Jones would
know where the most favorable
winds were to be found.
Some companies are trying to
minimize the effects of global
warming on the world.
The helium cell was enlarged so
that it was capable of holding
more helium.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The cat ran to avoid the car.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
All attempts to control inflation
have failed.
We have attempted to change
to change procedure, but we
failed.
Numerous attempts have been
made to reduce inflation.
The house had 5 rooms and it
was quite spacious.
Antonym: cramped
The hospital tries to ensure that
people are seen quickly
Synonym: make sure
The disease spreads quickly
under favorable conditions.
Antonym: unfavorable
The shape was slightly changed
to minimize the effects of both
heat and cold on the helium
gas.
They are enlarging the building
to make room for now offices.
Antonym: to maximize
83
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
(v)(T)
to use all or most of
your time, effort etc
in order to do
something or help
someone
giving someone or
something a lot of
love and attention
to devote to sb/sth
From then on, he devoted himself
to the study of aeronautics.
The actress now dedicates
herself to children's charity
work.
Synonym: dedicate
Isabella was devoted to her
brother.
Synonym:
dedicated (adj)
(adj)
different
varying weather/
sizes/degrees/ levels
vary (v)(I)
To be different
to vary from …….to
to vary in….
(v)(T)
to help something to
develop or increase
to promote smth.
Andree’s first ballon was Svea,
which the publisher of an evening
newspaper had bought for him “to
promote science”.
They have arranged a meeting
to promote trade between
Taiwan and the U.K
significant
(adj)
important
significant change
In the Svea, he had made many
significant weather observations.
Synonym: important
accomplish
-ment
(n)(C)
something successful
or impressive
great accomplishment
His greatest accomplishments in the
early 1890s were several flights
across the Baltic Sea.
Please inform us if there are
any significant changes in
your plans
Climbing Mount Everest was
his greatest accomplishment.
We have accomplished all we
set out to do.
Synonym: to achieve
The machine’s speed should
remain the constant.
Synonym: steady
TEXT 80
to devote
devoted (adj)
Varying
to promote
to accomplish
(v)(T)
constant
(adj)
devoted to sth/sb
Experienced balloonists were
surprised that he could go up into
the air in varying weather
conditions.
staying the same
to remain/stay constant
Students at varying levels
applied for this course.
Test scores vary from school
to school.
Flowers vary in color and size.
to succeed in smth.
Therefore, the gas will remain
constant.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to differ
Synonym: achievement
84
Word
Part of
Speech
(n)(UC)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
the feeling of being
annoyed or upset
to do smth. in/with
frustration
The right wind and the weather
never came, so on August 17,
Andree gave up in frustration.
frustrated
(adj)
annoyed or upset
to be/become frustrated
Brave
(adj)
courageous
brave flights/ actions/
people
determined
(adj)
having a strong desire to
do something
To
accompany
(v)(T)
to postpone
(v)(T)
courage
(n)(UC)
frustration
(v)(T)
To
demonstrate
meticulously
(adv)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
I was practically screaming
with frustration.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
She had become increasingly
frustrated with her life.
Synonym: annoyed
He had been labeled a national
hero because of his brave
flights.
They were brave soldiers.
Synonym: courageous
to be determined to do
smth.
This time, he was determined to
get his new balloon to fly in the
air.
She was determined to win.
to go somewhere with
someone
to accompany somebody
Accompanying Andree on the
flight would be Knut Fraenkel
and Nils Strindberg.
Wherever her husband went,
she would accompany him.
to change the date or time
of a planned event or
action to a later one
the quality of being brave
when you are in danger,
in pain, in a difficult
situation
to show or prove
something clearly
to postpone smth. to a later
date
The advice of everyone was that
the expedition should be
postponed to a later date.
“I don’t have the courage to
postpone the flight again.”
The match had to be postponed
until next week.
Synonym: to put off
He did not have the courage to
tell Nicola that he was ending
their affair.
Synonym: bravery
to demonstrate that+
sentence
He was supported by both
Strindberg and Fraenkel even
though it had been demonstrated
that the Eagle was losing a lift
…
Hitchcock's films demonstrate
that a British filmmaker could
learn from Hollywood.
Synonym: to show
carefully and correctly
with even the small
details
to act/to do smth.
meticulously
Even in his dying hours, Andree
had acted meticulously.
The attack was meticulously
planned and executed.
to have the courage to do
smth.
85
Word
Part of
Speech
(adv)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
without care
to do smth.recklessly
page 173
recklessly
TEXT 81
pioneer
(n) (C )
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
He put his life in danger by
driving recklessly.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Synonym: carelessly
Antonym: carefully
someone who is important
in the early development of
something, and whose work
or ideas are later developed
by other people
used to say that something is
true even though people
believe the opposite
_
Soon after the end of the First
World War, pioneers began to
show that, contrary to …
John Whitney was a pioneer of
computer animation.
_
_
pioneers began to show that,
contrary to popular opinion,
long-distance flight …
Contrary to popular belief, a
desert can be very cold.
_
contrary to
common/
popular
belief/
opinion
to meet the
demand
(adj)
(v) (I)
to do something that
someone wants, needs, or
expects you to do
_
As more and more people
wanted to travel by air,
passenger aero planes were
developed to meet the demand.
The company says it is unable to
meet the workers' demands for
higher wages.
_
reliable
(adj)
someone or something that
is reliable can be trusted or
depended on
_
… and later the DC-3 proved to
be faster, more reliable and
more economical to operate …
Miller was a quiet and reliable
man.
Synonym:
dependable (adj)
86
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
economical
Part of
Speech
(adj)
using money, time, goods
etc carefully and without
wasting any
economical prices
… and later the DC-3 proved to
be faster, more reliable and
more economical to operate …
economic
(adj)
relating to trade, industry,
and the management of
money
economic growth
economic policy
efficiency
(n) (U)
the quality of doing
something well and
effectively, without
wasting time, money, or
energy
efficient
(adj)
(adj)
advanced
consume
(v) (T)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
A small car is more
economical to run.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
_
?
Because of the recent recession
the country’s economic growth
is slow.
_
_
In addition, the engines and
wings can operate at the highest
efficiency.
considerable advancements in
energy efficiency
Synonym:
effectiveness (n)
if someone or something
is efficient, they work
well without wasting
time, money, or energy
_
_
*a very efficient secretary
*an efficient use of land
Synonym:
competent (adj)
Antonym:
inefficient (adj)
↓
Prefix
very modern
_
It has advanced engines that
consume less fuel and the
aircraft can fly about 13,000 km
without refueling.
advanced weapon systems
It has advanced engines that
consume less fuel and the
aircraft can fly about 13,000 km
without refueling.
*Only 27% of the paper we
consume is recycled.
*A smaller vehicle will
consume less fuel.
to use time, energy,
goods etc
_
advanced technology
Synonym:
use
87
Word
to be
equipped
with
TEXT 82
privilege
to purchase
unreliable
Part of
Speech
(v) (T)
Meaning
Collocation
to be provided with the
things that are needed for
a particular kind of
activity or work
_
n.(C/UC)
a situation in which people
who are rich or of a high
social class have many
more advantages than
other people
to give sb. / have a
privilege
to buy sth.
to purchase sth.
v.(T)
adj.
unable to be trusted or
depended on
unreliability of planes
unreliabili
ty
n.(UC)
aviation
n.(UC)
unreliable engines
the science or practice of
flying in aircraft
aviation history/industry
Use in MTR I
Smaller airliners, such as the
Boeing 757, are also equipped
with digital cockpits.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The rooms are equipped with
video cameras.
Alfred Otis was one for the
leading citizens of Atchison.
Therefore, Amelia and her sister
Muriel had privilege and
wealth.
I had the great privilege to work
for Oriflame!
Shortly afterwards, she began
lessons with pioneer aviatrix
Anita “Neta” snook and
purchased a prototype of the
Kinner airplane and named it
“The Canary”.
Foreign investors are not
permitted to purchase land.
….some were due to unreliable
engines and slowness of the
planes.
She had several accidents
during this period, but
considering the unreliability of
planes in the early days of ….
…unreliability of planes in the
early days of aviation,…
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
_
Why should famous people be
given special privileges?
If this product does not give
complete satisfaction, please
return it to the store where it
was purchased.
The car's becoming very
unreliable.
The unreliability of the
company’s planes caused a
huge disappointment.
synonym: to buy
antonym: reliable
antonym: reliability
Boeing is now a huge name in
the aviation industry.
88
Word
to participate
Part of
Speech
v.(IT)
Record
n.(C)
altitude
n.(C)
Meaning
Collocation
to take part in an activity
or event
to participate in sth
the fastest speed, longest
distance, highest or lowest
level etc that has ever been
achieved or reached
to set/break a record
the height of an object or
place above the sea
to fly at an altitude of …
Use in MTR I
In 1922, Amelia began
participating in record
breaking attempts and set a
women’s altitude record of
14,000 feet.
…a women’s altitude record of
14,000 feet.
a world record
…a women’s altitude record of
14,000 feet.
high/low altitudes
to appoint sb. to sth.
to appoint sb. to do sth.
to appoint sb. as sth.
Soon, Amelia was appointed
assistant to the General Traffic
Manager.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Everyone in the class is
expected to participate actively
in these discussions.
As a student, he broke the
Scottish record for the 100
metres.
Husain Bolt broke the world
record for 100 metres last year.
We're flying at an altitude of
40,000 feet.
The planes flew at high
altitudes, so that we had no
warning.
He's been appointed to the State
Supreme Court.
A committee was appointed to
consider changes to the Prison
Service.
O'Connell was appointed as
chairman.
Jim went to answer the phone.
Meanwhile, Pete started to
prepare lunch.
synonym: height
synonym: achievement
to appoint
v.(T)
to choose someone for a
position or a job
meanwhile
adv.
while something else is
happening
Accomplishm
ent
n.(C)
something successful or
impressive that is achieved
after a lot of effort and
hard work
to make an
accomplishment
impressive/
significant/great etc
accomplishment
George played a very important
role in many of the
accomplishments Amelia
made.
Cutting the budget was an
impressive accomplishment.
The great accomplishments she
made brought her the fame that
she has right now.
to form
v.(T)
to establish an
organization, committee,
government etc
to form an organization
The “Ninety-Nines” was
formed by Amelia Earhart with
the help of George Putnam.
The winning party will form the
government.
Metallica was formed in the
80s.
Meanwhile, she met George
Pulmer Putnam, the publisher of
her book.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
89
Word
striking
Part of
Speech
adj.
Limited
adj.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
unusual or interesting
enough to be easily noticed
striking similarity
In 1932, Amelia thought she
needed to do something
striking and started planning a
solo flight across the Atlantic.
not very great in amount,
number, ability etc
to be limited to sb./sth.
The President sent his
congratulations and said that
she had shown that aviation was
a science which could not be
limited to men only.
limited number/amount/
time etc
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Celia had striking brown eyes
like some Russian icon.
There are several striking
similarities between the two, as
Table 6.2 shows.
Soccer is not limited to men
only, thanks to the first women
who started playing it couple of
decades ago.
There are only a limited number
of tickets available.
Tawney formulated Labour
Party education policy in 1922.
to formulate
v.(T)
to develop something such
as a plan or a set of rules,
and decide all the details of
how it will be done
to formulate a plan
policy/strategy etc
In 1937, Amelia began to
formulate plans for a roundthe-round-world flight…
to seek
v.(T)
to ask for smth, or try to
get smth.
to seek help/advice/
permission
George continued to seek help
in the search….
Please seek medical advice if
symptoms last more than a
week.
to abandon
v.(T)
to leave someone,
especially someone you
are responsible for or to
stop having a particular
idea, belief, or attitude
to abandon sth./sb.
…he abandoned all hope of
finding them alive.
How could she abandon her
own child?
Rescuers had abandoned all
hope of finding any more
survivors.
abandon … hope/idea
on purpose
n.(C)
deliberately
to do sth. on purpose
…she dove her plane into the
Pacific on purpose.
They think that the fire was
started on purpose.
TEXT 83
close
adj.
not far from someone or
something
to be close to sb/sth
As technology, science and
business bring different nations
closer to each other, cultural
differences lose their
importance.
Susan sat on a chair close to the
window.
I'm still very close to my
parents.
John is a close friend of mine.
close friend/relative
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
synonym: to leave
synonym: near
90
Word
distinct
Part of
Speech
adj.
attitude
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The region’s linguistic and
cultural identity is quite distinct
from that of the rest of the
country.
The two concepst are quite
distinct from each other.
separate and different
distinct from
People have two distinct
attitudes about traditions, i.e.,
there are two different opinions
about whether traditions should
be kept.
n.(C/UC)
the opinions and feelings
that you usually have
about something
to have attitudes about
smth.
attitude to/towards sb/sth
People have two distinct
attitudes about traditions, i.e.,
there are two different opinions
about whether traditions should
be kept.
Mom and I usually have
arguments since we have
distinct attitudes about almost
everything.
Pete's attitude towards women
really scares me.
His attitude to his new job
seemed to be very negative.
Worth
prep.
used to say that something
is interesting, useful, or
helpful
to be worth doing
something
it is worth doing sth
Some people believe that no
tradition is worth saving.
gradually
adv.
slowly, over a long period
of time
gradually become
They believe that every place on
earth will gradually become the
same…
A lot of the small towns in the
area are definitely worth
visiting.
It's worth checking the details
of the contract before you sign
it.
The climate is gradually
becoming drier and warmer.
to emerge
v.(I)
to appear or come out from
somewhere
to emerge from
…and a global culture will
emerge.
The sun emerged from behind
the clouds.
The local government has
emerged as a major issue.
to emerge as
to preserve
v.(T)
to save something or
someone from being
harmed or destroyed
to preserve
traditions/peace
Others think differently and
want to preserve all traditions.
As a family, we want to
preserve the traditions of
Muslim culture and religion.
tolerant
adj.
allowing people to do, say,
or believe what they want
without criticizing or
punishing them.
to be tolerant of sth
to be tolerant towards
sb/sth
……, we must be tolerant of
each other’s traditions.
Luckily, my parents were
tolerant of my choice of music.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
antonym: suddenly
antonym: intolerant
91
Word
Part of
Speech
n.(C/UC)
Meaning
Collocation
a belief that some objects
or actions are lucky or
unlucky, or that they cause
events to happen, based on
old ideas of magic
superstition about
to come from a particular
place or start in a particular
situation
the quality or state of being
pure
to originate from sth
pure
adj.
a pure substance or
material is not mixed with
anything
pure silk/cotton/wool etc
TEXT 84
to establish
v.(T)
to make smth. start to exist
or start to happen
to establish smth.
to practice
v.(T)
to do smth. regularly, as a
habit, custom, or tradition
to practice smth.
practice
a way of doing smth.,
especially as a result of
habit, custom, or tradition
the practice of arranged
marriages
to ban/prevent/stop the
practice of smth.
the process of taking part
in smth.
participation in smth.
superstition
to originate
v.(I)
Purity
n.(I)
n.(C/U)
participation
n.(U)
to
participate
(v)(I)
superstition that +
sentence
a symbol of purity
Use in MTR I
We can get a better
understanding of traditions if
we classify them into three
groups: religious traditions,
social traditions, and
supersititons.
…the English word for holiday
originates from “holy days”.
Have you ever thought about
why white is a symbol of purity
in the West but of death in
the…
The system of arranged
marriage in India was well
established during the Vedic
period.
The system of arranged
marriage in India ….. has been
practiced very commonly by the
vast majority of the population.
The practice of arranged
marriage cuts across all caste
lines, regional borders, and
language barriers in India.
…..the unmarried person is
considered incomplete and not
suitable for participation in
certain social and religious
activities.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Old people tend to have
superstitions about religious
things.
There is a superstition that
walking under a ladder will
bring you bad luck.
A lot of our medicines originate
from tropical plants.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
In literature, the swan has been
a symbol of purity.
antonym: impurity
Our burgers are 100% pure.
antonym: impure
We should establish the rules
first.
It seems that the earliest
colonists of the Amazon
practiced farming.
The practice of arranged
marriages was quite common in
Europe in the 18th century.
The practice of acupuncture
has been banned in some
clinics.
The Prime Minister’s
participation in the conference
attracted the attention of the
press.
92
Word
to evaluate
to view /
regard as
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
evaluation
(n)(UC)
v.(T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The study will evaluate the
long-term effects of radiation.
to think carefully about
smth. before making a
judgment about its value,
importance, or quality
to think of smth. or sb. in a
particular way.
to evaluate sb.
to evaluate smth.
….the possible bride is
evaluated on her suitability as
part of the family environment.
to view / regard smth. as
smth.
Love is not viewed as an
important element in mate
selection.
In fact, romantic love is
regarded as an uncontrollable
emotion …
Gupta has estimated that Indian
marriages based on love occur
among less than one percent of
the population.
In the late 1700s, women were
viewed as untrustworthy.
Critics regard him as one of the
most influential post-war film
directors.
to estimate
v.(T)
estimate
(n)(C)
to guess an amount or
value
to estimate that + sentence
to reflect
v.(T)
to show the existence or
nature of smth.
to reflect smth.
They reflect the cultural
emphasis on family life as
opposed to freedom of the
individual.
He said that the statement did
not reflect his own views.
emphasis
n.(C/U)
special importance or
attention that is given to
one thing in particular
to put/place (heavy/great)
emphasis on smth.
They reflect the cultural
emphasis on family life as
opposed to freedom of the
individual.
Some schools put a heavy
emphasis on sporting
achievement.
to
emphasize
v.(T)
to give particular
importance or attention to
smth.
to emphasize qualities
In women, the following
qualities are emphasized: moral
character, beauty, ability . . .
convenient
adj.
convenien
ce (n)(U)
easy to use or suitable for a
particular purpose.
During the interview, you
should emphasize personal
qualities such as cooperative
attitude.
Traveling by underground is
fast, convenient and cheap.
acceptable
Adj.
considered by most people
as reasonable or as being
smth. that can be allowed
In urban areas of India,
newspaper advertisements have
become a convenient . . .
method of finding a suitable
spouse.
socially / morally
acceptable
In urban areas of India,
newspaper advertisements have
become . . . an acceptable
method of finding a suitable
spouse
We estimate that 20 per cent of
the harvest has been lost.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
Synonym: to predict/to
guess
Antonym: inconvenient
Pollution on this level is no
longer acceptable.
Gambling isn’t considered
morally acceptable.
93
Word
to value
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
Meaning
to consider sb. or smth. to
be important
Collocation
to value sb. /smth.
to value smth. for smth.
to forbid
v.(T)
(forbade,
forbidden)
to state that smth. is not
allowed according to a
rule, law, or custom
to forbid sb. from doing
smth
to forbid sb. to do smth.
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
She highly values her family
and friends.
Vitamins and minerals are
valued for their protective and
energy-giving qualities.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
… Cormack .. stated that the
custom of forbidding a
prospective couple from seeing
each other until their wedding
day is becoming out of date.
Army policy forbids soldiers in
uniform from talking to the
news media.
The school forbids its teachers
from giving private lesson to the
students.
Synonym: to prohibit
/ban sb. from doing
smth.
Antonym: to
allow/permit sb. to do
smth.
Synonym: outdated, oldfashioned
In Indian culture, a male is
highly valued for the social and
economic status of his family,
his educational level and
potential earning power.
out of date
Adj.
old and no longer suitable
for modern purposes,
methods, or situations
out of date technologies
Cormack stated that the custom
of forbidding a prospective
couple from see each other until
their wedding day is becoming
out of date.
The office computer system is
hopelessly out of date.
TEXT 85
compensation
n.(C/U)
money that sb. receives for
smth. bad that happened to
them
to give money as
compensation for smth.
2000 dollars was given as
compensation for her injuries.
to
compensat
e v.(I)
to change or remove the
bad result of smth.
to compensate the loss of
smth.
In India, dowry was given as
compensation to the groom’s
parents for the amount they
spent…..
…the property given by the
groom’s family to the bride’s
family to compensate the loss of
their daughter’s services.
to compensate for smth.
wealthy
Adj.
a wealthy person,
organization, or country
has a large amount of
money, land, and other
valuable things
a wealthy person/ country
In China, wealthy parents gave .
. . a couple of servant girls to
the husband to guarantee their
child a pleasant . .. life.
What do you think I should to
compensate the loss of our
friendship?
The payment compensates for
what we have lost.
Wealthy parents appear to be
about as hesitant to discuss
money issues with their
children.
Synonym: to make up
for (phrasal verb)
94
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
real state
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
n.(U)
property in the form of
land and buildings
a piece of real estate
In China, wealthy parents gave
some real estate . . . to the
husband to guarantee their child
a pleasant . .. life.
We are going to buy a piece of
real estate
Synonym: property
to decline
v.(I)
to gradually become less,
worse, or lower
to decline sharply/
gradually /dramatically
to demand
v. (T)
to say in a very firm way
that you want smth.
to demand smth.
Forms of dowry ...declined and
eventually disappeared with
modernization.
In some cultures, dowries and
bride prices are still demanded.
transaction
n.(C)
the action or process of
buying or selling smth.
financial / commercial /
business transaction
In both cases, financial
transaction takes place between
the groom or his family…
The number of people buying
their own homes has declined
sharply.
He has always demanded the
highest standards of behaviour
from his children.
The sale of goods is the most
common form of commercial
transaction.
TEXT 86
gender
n. (C/UC)
the fact of being male or
female
gender differences
n. (C/UC)
someone's identity is their
name or who they are
a person’s identity
identity of smb.
Their sex at birth, female and
male, is now becoming a
gender - a way of thinking,
speaking, and acting that is
considered feminine or
masculine.
…and very early in life gender
becomes a basic part of a
person's identity.
v.(T)
to try to get something
that other people also
want to have
to compete with smb. (in
smth.)
to compete with smb. for
smth.
identity
to compete
Boys like. to play with a large
group of boys, and they
compete with one another for
leadership.
There may be gender
differences in attitudes to paid
work.
The identity of the killer is still
unknown.
He maintained he did not know
the identity of the woman.
As a stepmother, don't even try
to compete with the children's
mother for their love.
95
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to reflect
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
to show or be a sign of a
particular situation or
feeling
to reflect differences/
different ways of
attitude/thinking
command
n. (C)
an order that should be
obeyed
to use/give commands
Tanned has found that these
differences are also reflected in
tiny ways that children use
language while they play.
Boys often use commands when
they talk to each other.
to
command
v.(T)
to tell someone to do
something, especially if
you are a military leader,
a king etc
to tell someone what they
should do
to command smb. to do
smth.
to direct
v.(T)
to direct smb.
to gain
v.(T)
to obtain or achieve
something you want or
need
to gain status/control/
independence
to face
v.(T)
to face
difficulties/problems
annoyed
adj.
if you face or are faced
with a difficult situation,
it is going to affect you
slightly angry
to identify
v.(T)
to recognize and correctly
name someone or
something
to identify sb/smth. as
sb./smth.
to be annoyed with smth
This is how she tries to direct the
other girls without sounding like a
boss
Tommy gains status through his
own ability to play sports well or
earn high grades.
...men and women sometimes
face difficulties in their
communication with each other
She may be annoyed when he
simply tells her how to solve the
problem.
American women, on the other
hand usually identify their best
friend as someone with whom
they talk frequently.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The drop in consumer
spending reflects concern
about the economy.
Do not use commands. It’s
not polite here.
Shoot when I give the
command.
The General commanded that
the army attack.
The judge directed the jury to
find Mr Baggs not guilty.
Radical left-wing leader
gained status in the region.
After gaining independence in
1957, tha country was
renamed as 'Ghana'.
Emergency services are facing
additional difficulties this
winter.
He was annoyed with Sam for
forgetting to phone.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: be a sign of smth
Synonym: order
Synonym: order (formal)
Synonym: irritated; angry
Eye witnesses identified the
gunman.
96
Word
EXT 87
immigrant
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
n (C)
someone who enters
another country to
live there
permanently
to come into a
country in order to
live there
permanently
a person's
descendants
are their children,
their children's
children, and all the
people after them
not controlled or
limited in any way
a land of immigrants /
illegal immigrants
America has always been a
land of immigrants.
to immigrate v (I)
descendant
n (C)
unrestricted
adj.
unpredictable
adj.
Frontier
n (C)
immigrate (from…)
to…
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
There has been a rise in the
number of illegal immigrants
coming from Eastern Europe.
About 6.6 million people
immigrated to the United States
in the 1970s.
descendants of
immigrants / direct
descendant
There is no United States
citizen who is not an
immigrant or a descendant of
an immigrant.
He claims to be a direct
descendant of the last king.
unrestricted
immigration /
unrestricted access
Immigration…started in the
1600s and continued nonstop
and unrestricted until the
late 1800s.
We have unrestricted access to all
the facilities.
Synonym: unlimited
Antonym: restricted , limited
impossible to know
what will happen
unpredictable
economies /
unpredictable weather
...were often tyrannical,
economies unpredictable
and food frequently
insufficient, the “new world”
offered promise…
The weather here is really
unpredictable.
Antonym: predictable
a line that separates
two countries, etc;
the land near this line
massive frontier /
frontier between A and
B
Since the United States was a
new nation with a massive
frontier and very people to
shape it, ...
Lille is close to the frontier
between France and Belgium.
97
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
vast
Part of
Speech
adj
Vast amounts of land
were available.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Our dog eats a vast amount of
food each day.
Miscellaneous (antonym,
synonym etc)
synonym: huge
extremely large in
area, size, amount,
etc.
vast amounts of land /
a vast amount / number
/ quantity of smth.
limitless
adj
without a limit or
end
limitless opportunities /
possibilities
Opportunities were
limitless in the country.
The possibilities were almost
limitless.
synonym: infinite
law
n (U)
also the law
the whole system of
rules that people in
a particular country
or area must obey
to pass/enforce strict
laws
to break the law
Passing restrictive
immigration laws was
their way of closing the
“golden door” on the …
The new law will be passed by
Parliament in the spring.
Should people do what they think
is right even when it means
breaking the law?
restrictive
adj
preventing people
from doing what
they want
restrictive laws / rules
Many members thought the rules
were too restrictive.
Synonym: limiting
to result
v (I)
to happen because
of something else
that happened first
to result from smth
Passing restrictive
immigration laws was
their way of closing the
...
A rather predictable
problem has resulted
from the strict quota
system.
We are still dealing with
problems resulting from errors
made in the past.
COMPARE
result in something: cause smth
to happen
The accident resulted in the
death of two passengers.
to impose
v (T)
if someone in
authority imposes a
rule, punishment,
tax etc, they force
people to accept it
to impose a quota /
restrictions
to impose smth on smth
/sb
People’s desires and
needs to emigrate do not
decrease just because a
quota is imposed.
This system imposes additional
restrictions on many people.
The government imposed a ban
on the sale of ivory.
98
Word
persistent
estimate
Part of
Speech
adj
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
determined to do
something
be persistent in smth
…, once it is made,
people are often
persistent in their efforts
to reach their destination.
to persist
v (I / T)
to continue to do
something, although
this is difficult
to persist in (doing) smt
n (C)
a calculation of the
value, size, amount
etc of something
an estimate of smth
to estimate
to try to judge the
value, size, speed,
cost etc of
something, without
calculating it
exactly
to vary between two
particular amounts
and include others
between them
to estimate a number
how many, large, etc…
to estimate smth at smth
to range from … to …
Estimates of the illegal
population range from
two million to ten
million.
Estimates of the damage range
between $1 million and $5
million.
to become worse or
make something
worse
to worsen economy to
worsen considerably/
dramatically
The economy is further
worsened by illegal
immigrants’ use of false
identification papers.
A lot of teachers expect the
situation to worsen over the next
few years.
The problem has worsened
considerably in recent months.
v (T)
to range
v (I)
to worsen
v (T / I)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Although she told him she know
nothing, he was persistent in
getting an answer.
Miscellaneous (antonym,
synonym etc)
He persisted in his refusal to
admit responsibility.
Estimates of the illegal
population range from
two million to ten
million.
Some estimates put the number of
deaths at several hundred.
It is hard to estimate how many
children suffer from dyslexia.
Police estimate the crowd at
30000.
Antonym: to improve
Synonym: to deteriorate
99
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
alarming
Part of
Speech
adj
worrying or
frightening
at an alarming rate
extremely alarming
Illegals are using false
IDs at an alarming rate
to benefit from services
paid by American
taxpayers.
to benefit from
v (I)
to be in a better
position because of
something
to benefit from smth
Illegals are using false
IDs at an alarming rate to
benefit from services
paid by American
taxpayers.
v (T)
to be useful to
somebody or
improve their life in
some way
to benefit sb
adj
having more work
or problems than
you can deal with
over-burdened economy
to be over-burdened
with smth
burden
n (C)
something difficult
or worrying that you
are responsible for
be burden on sb/smth
n (U)
bad or dishonest
behavior by
someone
misconduct of illegals
professional misconduct
to benefit sb
over-burdened
misconduct
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The rainforests are
disappearing at an alarming rate.
I find the prospect of being
without work extremely alarming.
Miscellaneous (antonym,
synonym etc)
Many thousands have benefited
from the new treatment.
We should spend the money on
something that will benefit
everyone.
In short, illegals are
adding extreme pressure
on an already overburdened economy.
Health services have been
overburdened and are unable to
care for many older people.
The manager is overburdened
with work.
I don't like being a burden on
other people.
…who are most seriously
ridiculed because of the
misconduct of illegals.
He was fired for serious
misconduct.
100
Word
Meaning
Collocation
precaution
Part of
Speech
n (C)
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
According to one
You must take all necessary
congressman, “If
precautions to protect yourself
necessary precautions
and your family.
are not taken, America
Save your work often as a
may have to shut its
precaution against computer
doors altogether.”
failure.
Solutions to such
The existing law is not entirely
complex problems are not satisfactory.
easy to find, and none are
totally satisfactory.
something that is
done in order to
prevent problems or
to avoid danger
to take necessary
precautions / precaution
against smth.
satisfactory
adj
good enough for
you, or good
enough for a
particular situation
or purpose
satisfactory solutions
entirely satisfactory
Intense
adj
serious and often
involving a lot of
action in a short
period of time
intense controls
More intense controls at
borders would certainly
limit the influx of
illegals.
It was a period of intense activity.
partially
adv.
not completely
to partially help smth
to be partially
responsible/successful
More sophisticated night
cameras and newer and
greater numbers of
vehicles would help, but
only partially.
Remember that you are partially
responsible for their unhappiness.
The operation was only partially
successful.
virtually
adv.
almost or very
nearly
virtually impossible /
virtually all
The United States shares
such extensive borders
with Canada and Mexico
that it is virtually
impossible to maintain
control over then all.
This year's results are virtually
the same as last year's.
Virtually all students will be
exempt from the tax.
Miscellaneous (antonym,
synonym etc)
Synonym: acceptable
Antonym: unsatisfactory
Synonym: partly
101
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to maintain
Part of
Speech
v (T)
to make something
continue in the
same way or at the
same standard as
before
to maintain control over
smth
..borders with Canada
and Mexico that it is
virtually impossible to
maintain control over
then all.
prejudiced
adj.
having an
unreasonable
dislike of sb or
smth
an unreasonable
dislike of sb or
smth
to be prejudiced against
sb/smth
page 192
prejudice
n (U / C)
to have prejudice
against smth /
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
How can we maintain control of
spending?
Britain wants to maintain its
position as a world power.
Miscellaneous (antonym,
synonym etc)
Synonym: to preserve
The early Christian church was
prejudiced against the Jews.
We all have prejudices of some
kind against something.
Asian students complained of
racial prejudice at the school.
racial/sexual prejudice
conservative
adj.
not liking changes
or new ideas
to be conservative
page 192
Her style of dress was never
conservative.
drawback
n (C)
a disadvantage or
problem that makes
something a less
attractive idea
main/major drawback
of smth
page 192
The main drawback of it is the
cost.
Synonym: disadvantage
This is the one major drawback
of the new system.
TEXT 88
remarkable
adj.
unusual and
surprising
remarkable features
One of the most
remarkable features of
the theory of multiple
intelligences is how it
provides eight different
potential pathways to
learning.
The new cameras in our store
have remarkable features.
multiple
adj.
consisting of or
involving many
things or types of
things
multiple intelligences
One of the most
remarkable features of
the theory of multiple
intelligences is how it
provides eight different
potential pathways to
learning.
Gardner is known for his theory
on multiple intelligences.
Make multiple copies of the
report.
102
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
logical
Part of Speech/
Different forms
adj.
reasonable and based
on good judgment
logical ways
facilitate
v. (T)
to make something
possible or easier
to facilitate learning
basic
adj.
most important or
central to something
basic guidelines
examine
v. (T)
to look at or consider
a person or thing
carefully in order to
discover something
about the person or
thing
to examine sth
observe
v. (T)
to watch something
or someone carefully
to observe sth
If a teacher is having
difficulty reaching a
student in the more
traditional linguistic
or logical ways of
instruction, the
theory of multiple
intelligences suggests
several other ways…
…the theory of
multiple intelligences
suggests several
other ways in which
the material might be
presented to
facilitate effective
learning.
Whether you are a
kindergarten teacher,
a graduate school
instructor, or an adult
learner, the same
basic guidelines
apply.
…observe the law in
the natural world or
in the human world
of commerce, or
examine the law in
terms of your own
body.
…observe the law in
the natural world or
in the human world
of commerce, or
examine the law in
terms of your own
body.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
We should look for more logical
ways to resolve the issue.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
antonym: illogical
The well-known scholars
gathered together to discuss new
ways to facilitate learning in
higher education.
You should first read the basic
guidelines to have a general
understanding of the device.
Investigators examined the
wreckage for clues about the
cause of the explosion.
She spent her career observing
animal behavior.
103
Word
Meaning
commerce
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (UC)
Collocation
supply
v. (T)
to supply sb/sth with sth
demonstrate
v. (T)
to provide something
that is needed or
wanted, or to provide
someone with what
the person needs or
wants
to show how to do
something; explain
intriguing
adj.
to interest someone,
often because of an
unusual or
unexpected quality
an intriguing theory
expand
v. (T)
to increase
something in size,
number, or
importance
to expand sth
label
v. (T)
to attach a label onto
something or write
information on
something
to label sth
the buying and
selling of goods and
services, esp. in large
amounts
to demonstrate sth
Use in MTR I
…observe the law in
the natural world or
in the human world
of commerce, or
examine the law in
terms of your own
body.
For example, when
you supply your
body with lots of
food, the hunger
demand goes down…
…write a song or
find an existing song
that demonstrates
the law such as
Dylan’s ‘Too Much
of Nothing’.
The theory of
multiple intelligences
is intriguing because
not only is it
fascinating but it also
expands our horizon
of available
teaching…
… but it also
expands our horizon
of available
teaching/learning
tools beyond the
conventional
linguistic and logical
methods…
Label each line with
a different
intelligence.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Congress has the power to
regulate commerce between the
states.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The dam supplies San Francisco
with water and power.
The surgeon demonstrated the
use of lasers for certain
operations.
I was really impressed by his
intriguing theory on midgets.
They expanded their number of
stores significantly in the 1990s.
Each bag of seeds is labeled with
the grower's name.
104
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
TEXT 89
alien
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
very different from
what you are used to,
especially in a way
that is difficult to
understand or accept
to be alien to sb
The concept of
cooperative learning
is alien to all of us…
Her way of life is totally alien to
us.
…but it offers our
children the
adventure of finding
their own answers.
His adventure stories are the best
to listen to.
n. (C)
an exciting
experience in which
dangerous or unusual
things happen
adventurous
adj.
not afraid of taking
risks or trying new
things
an adventurous person
carry on
ph. v. (T)
to continue doing
something
to carry on doing sth
concentrate
v. (IT)
to think very
carefully about
something that you
are doing
to concentrate on doing sth
destroy
v. (T)
to damage something
so badly that it no
longer exists or
cannot be used or
repaired
to destroy motivation
adventure
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Andy isn't a very adventurous
cook.
…he would be able
to carry on teaching
without pausing.
Encouraging
children to
concentrate on
getting the best
marks destroys
motivation and the
fun of learning.
Encouraging
children to
concentrate on
getting the best
marks destroys
motivation and the
fun of learning.
You'll have an accident if you
carry on driving like that
My brother spend his time in his
room concentrating on his musical
studies.
Stop popping into my room! You’re
destroying my motivation!
105
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
go on
Part of Speech/
Different forms
ph. v. (IT)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
After graduation, she went on to
become a successful surgeon.
to do something after
you have finished
doing something else
to go on to do sth
She goes on to say
that the teacher’s
role is no longer …
abandon
v. (T)
to leave someone,
especially someone
you are responsible
for
to abandon sb/sth
In cooperative
learning classes, the
traditional classroom
physical layout is
abandoned.
How could she abandon her own
child?
This place was abandoned years
ago.
participate
v. (IT)
to take part in an
activity or event
to participate in (doing) sth
Everyone in the class is expected to
participate actively in these
discussions.
assumption
n. (C)
something that you
think is true although
you have no definite
proof
the assumption that + sentence
benefit
v. (IT)
if you benefit from
something or it
benefits you, it gives
you an advantage,
improves your life,
or helps you in some
way
to benefit from sth
Students are required
to participate
actively in discussing
and shipping their
own knowledge.
The incorrect
assumption that
many people make
about cooperative
learning is that it is
just group work.
Brett Melville says
that students benefit
from cooperative
learning.
anxious
adj.
worried about
something
to feel anxious
anxious about/for
anxious that
I was feeling
anxious, but there
was nothing to worry
about.
He was a bit anxious about the
safety of the machinery.
She was anxious that it might be
cancer.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
A lot of people make the
assumption that poverty only exists
in the Third World.
Many thousands have benefited
from the new treatment.
106
Word
response
endlessly
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
adv.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
His amazing response will never
be forgotten.
something that is
done as a reaction to
something that has
happened or been
said
an amazing response
The students’
response was
amazing.
something that is
endless seems to
continue forever
to help endlessly
The strong students
helped the weak ones
endlessly so that
they could
participate in class
activities too.
The mayor help endlessly to the
social work throughout the city.
This city is endlessly fascinating.
100 children a month
are leaving the
classroom because of
their parents’
dissatisfaction with
the education system.
30% of customers expressed
dissatisfaction
with the service.
TEXT 90
dissatisfaction
n. (UC)
a feeling of not being
satisfied
dissatisfaction with sth
rigid
adj.
rigid methods,
systems etc are very
strict and difficult to
change
a rigid system
rigidity
n. (UC)
the quality or
characteristic of not
permitting any
change
rigidity of a system
The popularity of
home schooling is
mainly due to the
rigidity of the
examination system,
parents being unable
to get their children
into the school of
their choice…
The rigidity of our system is
making everything worse for us.
n. (UC)
the feeling that
something which
you thought was true
or good is not really
true or good
disillusionment with sth
… get their children
into the school of
their choice, and
disillusionment with
the teaching
methods.
He just had a disillusionment with
his job and the company and he’s
taking it really hard.
disillusionment
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Our rigid and system of education
should change at once.
107
Word
bully
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v. (T)
Meaning
Collocation
to threaten to hurt
someone, often
frightening that
person into doing
something
to bully sb
bullying
n. (UC)
obsolete
adj.
no longer useful,
because something
newer and better has
been invented
to become obsolete
regarding
=concerning
=about
prep.
a word used
especially in letters
or speeches to
introduce the subject
you are writing or
talking about
regarding + noun
bring up
ph. v. (T)
to mention a subject
or start to talk about
it
to bring up an issue
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
He managed to bully her into
giving him her car.
Some parents also
prefer to keep their
children at home
because of bullying
and a lack of
discipline in schools.
Academics believe
that schools could
become obsolete
within 20 years…
Bullying in schools is an important
issue that has to be dealt with
immediately.
Regarding these
possible changes in
the education system,
Sir Ball, brings up
the issue of
institutionalized
schooling.
Regarding these
possible changes in
the education system,
Sir Ball, brings up
the issue of
institutionalized
schooling.
Regarding your recent inquiry, I
have enclosed a copy of our new
brochure.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Some computer hardware that
quickly becomes obsolete should
be avoided.
Why did you have to bring up the
subject of money?
synonym: raise
108
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
predict
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v. (T)
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Newspapers predicted that Davis
would be re-elected.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
to say that something
will happen, before it
happens
to predict that + sentence
He predicts that the
education system of
the future will
include a global
curriculum and a
worldwide
qualifications system.
found
v. (T)
to start something
such as an
organization,
company, school, or
city, often by
providing the
necessary money
to found a club/school/
organization etc.
Ms. Leslie Barson
founded the
Otherwise Club,
which now comprises
of 35 families around
north London.
Eton College was founded by
Henry VI in 1440
synonym: establish
comprise
v. (IT)
to consist of
particular parts,
groups etc
to comprise of sth
Ms. Leslie Barson
founded the
Otherwise Club,
which now
comprises of 35
families around north
London.
…home schooling
could worsen
children’s
relationships with
others of long periods
spent with their
parents.
The committee is comprised of
well-known mountaineers.
worsen
v. (T)
to become worse or
make something
worse
to worsen sth
fear
v. (T)
to feel afraid or
worried that
something bad may
happen
to fear that + sentence
Most academics who
are of this opinion
fear that children
could also become
shy as they have
limited contact with
people other than
their parents.
Police fear that there may be
further terrorist attacks.
Interfering now could worsen the
problem.
antonym: improve
109
Word
shy
Part of Speech/
Different forms
adj.
compromise
v. (IT)
to reach an agreement
in which everyone
involved accepts less
that what they wanted
at first
compromise with sb.
compromise
n. (C)
an agreement that is
achieved after
everyone involved
accepts less than what
they wanted at first,
or the act of making
this agreement
to completely get rid
of something that is
unnecessary or
unwanted
a compromise
Professor Michael
Barber has worked
out a compromise to
eliminate the possible
negative aspects of
home schooling.
To stop the argument they decided
on a compromise.
to eliminate sth
Professor Michael
Barber has worked
out a compromise to
eliminate the
possible negative
aspects of home
schooling.
The credit card eliminates the need
for cash or cheques.
eliminate
v. (T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
nervous and
embarrassed about
meeting and speaking
to other people,
especially people you
do not know
to become shy
Most academics who
are of this opinion
fear that children
could also become
shy as they have
limited contact with
people other than
their parents.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
He became a quiet, shy ma after
college.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
She admitted that she was unable to
compromise.
His work-mates demanded that he
never compromise with the bosses.
110
Word
aspect
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
one part of a
situation, idea, plan
etc. that has many
parts
negative aspects of sth
Professor Michael
Barber has worked
out a compromise to
eliminate the possible
negative aspects of
home schooling.
…they need to learn
the rules of work in a
democratic society
and learn to deal
with relationships
with adults other than
their parents…
deal with
ph. v. (T)
to take the necessary
action, especially in
order to solve a
problem
to deal with sth
TEXT 91
compulsory
adj.
something that is
compulsory must be
done because it is the
law or because
someone in authority
orders you to
to ask someone for a
particular amount of
money for something
you are selling
compulsory education
charge
v. (T)
to charge sb money
trained
adj.
having been taught
the skills of a
particular job or
activity
trained people
maintain
v. (T)
to make something
continue in the same
way or at the same
standard as before
to maintain the society
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Dealing with people is the most
important aspect of my work.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The negative aspects of our current
policy ought to be eliminated.
The council has failed to deal with
the problem of homelessness in the
city.
synonym: handle
In the United States,
education is both free
and compulsory.
Car insurance is compulsory.
synonym: mandatory
Compulsory military service should
be abandoned.
antonym: voluntary
That is, the
government must
provide education for
children without
charging them
money…
Modern society has
become more
complex, and so
more trained people
are needed to build
and maintain that
society.
…become more
complex, and so more
trained people are
needed to build and
maintain that society.
The hotel charges its customers
$125 a night.
Trained staff will be available to
deal with your queries.
A lot depends on building and
maintaining a good relationship
with your customers.
111
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
Meaning
to use a particular
situation to do or get
what you want
to take advantage of sth
tuition
n. (UC)
the money you pay
for being taught
to pay tuition
enroll
v. (IT)
to officially arrange
to join a school,
university, or course,
or to arrange for
someone else to do
this
to enroll in a school
admit
v. (T)
to allow someone to
join an organization,
club etc.
to admit a student
bachelors’
n. (UC)
a first degree at a
college or university;
B.A. or B.S.
to get a bachelor’s degree
Take
advantage
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
It provides
postsecondary
educational
opportunities for
people who have not
been able to take
advantage of them
before.
Generally, tuition is
about two to four
times cheaper than it
is at larger schools.
These facts,
combined with the
fact that the total
enrollment is usually
smaller, mean that
the two-year college
is often a more
comfortable
environment for
study than a large
university with big
classes and
professors with
research.
I took advantage of the good
weather to paint the shed.
Many of these
schools admit
anyone who has a
high school diploma
of a GED.
…they provide
opportunities to
students who might
not otherwise be able
to get bachelors’ and
even graduate
degrees.
Harvard admits only the brightest
students of the planet.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
When I started college, I paid $350
tuition each semester.
Californians are rushing to enroll
in special aerobics classes.
My mom had her bachelors’ in
Maths.
112
Word
Meaning
arrangement
Part of Speech/
Different forms
n. (C)
Collocation
something that has
been organized or
agreed on
to have an arrangement with sb
achieve
v. (T)
to successfully
complete something
or get a good result,
especially by working
hard
to achieve a goal
TEXT 92
to result in
Phrasal (v) (I)
to cause a particular
situation to happen
to result in something
improved
adj.
better than before
improved performance,
improved service
reduction
(n) (C)
when you make or
when something
becomes smaller in
size, amount, degree,
importance, etc.
reduction in something, make
reduction
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
near synonym: agreement
Many colleges also
have arrangements
with businesses and
industries in their
area to provide
training and even
employment for their
students.
One of the basic
social beliefs in the
US is that as many of
the country’s people
as possible should
have opportunities to
achieve their goals.
The school has an arrangement
with local businesses.
For example, twenty
minutes of aerobic
exercise will
immediately result in
improved
performance in IQ
tests, a reduction in
stress, and better
concentration.
For example, twenty
minutes of aerobic
exercise will
immediately result in
improved
performance in IQ
tests, a reduction in
stress, and..
…. aerobic exercise
will immediately
result in improved
performance in IQ
tests, a reduction in
stress, and better
concentration.
The fire resulted in damage to their
property. Icy road conditions in
Afyon resulted in two roads being
closed.
Synonym: cause, bring about,
lead
Our washing powder now has a
new improved formula.
Synonym: advanced,
developed
They made too much reduction in
the number of hospital beds last
year. With the construction of new
highways, there has been a sharp
reduction in the number of
accidents
Synonym: decline, cut,
curtailment
Antonym: enlargement,
increase
She eventually achieved her goal of
becoming a professor.
113
Word
Meaning
peak
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(n) (C)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
the highest, strongest
or best point, value or
level of skill
to reach a peak,
to be at the peak of something,
in peak condition
alert
adj.
quick to see,
understand and act in
a particular situation
to be alert to something,
to be on full alert
to operate
(v) (I)
to (cause to) work, be
in action or have an
effect
to operate according to
something,
to operate as something
to disrupt
(v) (T)
to disrupt something
to suffer
(v) (I)
to prevent something,
especially a system,
process or event,
from continuing as
usual
to
experience physical
or mental pain
TEXT 93
cultivate
(v)
to prepare and use
land for growing
crops and plants
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Antonym: base, bottom
For example,
concentration,
memory and the
ability to work with
our hands, all reach a
peak in the afternoon,
but fall to a low level
in the middle of the
night.
Confusing your body
clock will make you
less alert and less
effective.
She is at the peak of her
popularity. You want your hair to
look in peak condition. Holiday
flights reach a peak during August.
The security forces are now on full
alert. I'm not feeling very alert
today - not enough sleep last night!
Synonym: attentive, lively
Antonym: asleep, drowsy,
inattentive
Lack of sleep will not
stop a doctor from
operating
successfully or a pilot
from landing a jet.
Studying late at night
will disrupt your
body clock.
The government does not operate
according to fixed rules. We
operate as an advisory service for
schools.
Synonym: perform, function
The bad weather has disrupted
supplies of food. The meeting
was disrupted by a group of
protesters.
Synonym: upset, disorganize
Antonym: arrange, organize
to suffer from difficulties,
to be likely to suffer from
something
Study with a friend. It
helps you feel less
stressed because it
helps you feel you
aren’t suffering alone
Premature babies are likely to
suffer from breathing difficulties in
childhood. I think he suffered quite
a lot when his wife left him.
Synonym: ache, agonize
Antonym: aid, alleviate,
assist, comfort
to cultivate corn/beans etc
They began to
cultivate corn and
black beans on a
small piece of land in
the forest.
The land was too rocky to
cultivate.
-
114
Word
endangered
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(adj)
Meaning
threatened with
extiction
endanger (v)
Collocation
-
-
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Montes Azules
contains 31 percent
of Mexico’s bird
species and 28
percent of the
mammal species –
including an
endangered jaguar.
-
The lizards are classed as an
endangered species.
to put someone or
something in danger
of being hurt,
damaged, or
destroyed
threat
(v)
threaten
resist
(v)
intensive
(adj)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
-
Smoking during pregnancy
endangers your baby’s life.
a statement in which
you tell someone that
you will cause them
harm or trouble if
they do not do what
you want
to say that you will
cause someone harm
or trouble if they do
not do what you want
*make/issue a threat (against
somebody)
*carry out a threat
That meant Gomez
and his family were a
threat for the wild
life.
Nichols never carried out his
threat to resign.
* threaten to do something
* threaten somebody with
something
-
Doctors are sometimes threatened
with violence if they don't do what
patients want.
-
to stop yourself from
having something
that you like very
much or doing
something that you
want to do
involving a lot of
activity, effort, or
careful attention in a
short period of time
to resist change
to strongly/successfully resist
smth
to resist doing smth
However, these
farmers seem to resist
this kind of change as
they are not very
familiar with these
new ways.
In the last 14 years,
logging and intensive
farming have
stripped away 41
percent of the forest.
She can never resist buying new
shoes.
-
a one-week intensive course in
English
-
Intensive farming/agriculture
115
Word
Meaning
regardless
Part of Speech/
Different forms
(n)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
without being
affected or influenced
by something
Regardless of
Regardless of who is
to blame, when the
time comes it is
usually the farmers
who have to relocate.
The law requires equal treatment
for all, regardless of race, religion,
or sex.
TEXT 94
pressing
adj.
very important
a pressing problem / need
Poverty is a more pressing problem
than pollution.
There is a pressing need for more
specialist nurses.
v. (T / I)
if you face a
situation, or
it faces you, you have
to deal with it
to face a problem / to be faced
with smth
to accelerate
v. (I / T)
to begin to move
more quickly, get
faster
to accelerate smth
to predict
v. (T)
to say that something
will happen in the
future
to predict that
(+ sentence) / to predict smth
to complain
v. (I / T)
to say that you are
unhappy or not
satisfied about
somebody/smth
to complain to sb about/of
smth
to complain that
(+ sentence)
Many experts agree
that the most
pressing problem
facing all of us today
is the global warming
of the earth’s
atmosphere.
Many experts agree
that the most pressing
problem facing all of
us today is the global
warming of the
earth’s atmosphere.
Weather experts think
that the rate of
increase in the
warming process is
accelerating.
Some predict that,
by 2090, the
temperature in
southern Britain on a
typical summer’s day
could be 26-30 °C.
This might be
wonderful news for
the British, who
continually complain
about the bad
weather, but there
would be a price to…
to face
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
-
Synonym: urgent
Emergency services are facing
more problems this winter.
She is faced with a difficult
decision.
Exposure to the sun can accelerate
the ageing process.
Newspapers predicted that Davis
would be re-elected.
Nobody could predict earthquakes.
I'm going to complain to the
manager about this.
She complained that no one was at
the airport to meet her.
116
Word
to rise
Part of Speech/
Different forms
v. (I)
(rose,
risen)
Meaning
Collocation
to increase in
number, amount, or
value
to rise by … / to rise from … to
…
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Sea levels would rise
and Britain’s lowlying coastal regions
would be flooded if
sea defenses were not
built.
Hot countries which
are already suffering
from droughts could
get even hotter and
more arid.
Sales rose by 20% over the
Christmas period.
The research budget rose from
£175,000 in 1999 to £22.5 million
in 2001.
drought
n. (C / U)
a long period of time
when there is little or
no rain
to suffer from droughts
severe / terrible / worst drought
to have droughts
Arid
adj.
having little or no
rain, too dry
to be arid
Hot countries which
are already suffering
from droughts could
get even hotter and
more arid.
The Atacama Desert is one of the
most arid places on Earth.
Nothing grows in these arid
regions.
unprecedente
d
adj.
that has never
happened, been done
or been known before
unprecedented rate /
to be unprecedented in ...
Membership of the environment
organizations is increasing at an
unprecedented rate.
The situation is unprecedented in
modern times.
to retain
v. (T)
to keep something
to retain heat
However, since the
industrial revolution
– about 150 years ago
– that balance has
been upset because
more fossil fuels have
been burnt and
forests cut down at an
unprecedented rate.
Some carbon dioxide
is essential to life to
help plants grow and
to retain some heat
but the very large
amounts are
responsible…
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to go up
Antonym: to fall
It has been the worst drought in the
country's history.
England has had several summer
droughts in recent years.
Because it is made from aluminum,
it will retain heat and is suitable
for barbecues.
117
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to trap
v. (T)
to catch or keep
something in a
place and prevent it
from escaping,
especially so that
you can use it
to trap heat
…but the very large
amounts are
responsible for
trapping even “green
house” gases are CFC
especially the types
which have been....
Solar panels trap energy from the
sun.
They fit solar panels that trap the
sun's heat.
The Japanese are
better than the
Americans when it
comes to generating
and getting rid of
trash.
Since the tiny
country has even less
land-fill space to
dump rubbish than
the United States,
necessity has led to a
sophisticated system
for handling trash.
The program would generate a lot
of new jobs
Synonym: create
Britain dumps more of its waste
-
Since the tiny
country has even less
land-fill space to
dump rubbish than
the United States,
necessity has led to a
sophisticated system
for handling trash.
A car is an absolute necessity if
you live in the country.
(trapping
trapped)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
TEXT 95
generate
(v)
to produce or cause
something
generate revenue/profits/income
etc
dump
(v)
to get rid of waste
material by taking it
from people's
houses and burying
it under the soil
to dump rubbish/waste at sea
something that you
need to have in
order to live
the basic/bare necessities
necessity
( n)
than any other European country.
Antonym: luxury
118
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
tendency
( n)
if someone or
something has a
tendency to do or
become a particular
thing, they are
likely to do or
become it
if something tends
to happen, it
happens often and is
likely to happen
again
hard or firm, with a
fixed shape, and not
a liquid or gas
tendency to do sth
… the latest tendency
is garage sales and
flea markets, which
give….
Greg's tendency to be critical made
him unpopular with his co-workers
-
tend to do sth
-
People tend to need less sleep as
they get older.
-
About 40 percent of
solid waste is
recycled.
The lake was frozen solid.
Since the early
1970s, officials have
strictly enforced
compulsory
separation of
burnable from
noncombustible
trash.
Yet Japan has not
solved the problem of
garbage efficiently.
A child who lives in a state that
requires school attendance must
attend some acceptable school
during the years of compulsory
education.
Synonym: mandatory
Antonym: voluntary
The party was a very efficiently
organized event
Antonym: inefficient
efficient (adj)
The overall recycling
rate peaked at about
50 percent in 1970s.
The overall cost of the exhibition
was £400,000.
-
tend to do (v)
solid
(adj)
compulsory
(adj)
must be done
because it is the law
or because someone
in authority orders
you to
compulsory schooling/education
efficiently
(adv)
-
overall
(adj)
if someone or
something is
efficiently, they
work well without
wasting time,
money, or energy
including
everything
-
119
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
excess
(n)
a larger amount of
something than is
allowed or needed
in excess
an excess of smth
Tokyo and three
neighboring towns
will have an excess
of 3.43million tons of
garbage by 2010.
It was an excess of enthusiasm that
caused the problem
much more than is
reasonable or
necessary
to help something
to develop or
increase
-
-
$15 for two beers seems a little
excessive.
-
To avoid this, the
government will
probably promote
greater recycling …
Fertilizer promotes leaf growth.
(v) (T)
to use asupply of
smth, such as time,
fuel, or energy
to consume petroleum
/energy
Each year, the world
consumes 65% of the
petroleum for
transportation.
The new lights consume less
energy.
consumption (n)(C)
the action of
consuming smth.
petroleum/food/
fuel consumption
(v) (T)
to send out a beam,
noise, smell or gas
to emit sound/ laugh/ light/
emission (n)(C)
the act of emitting
smth.
to reduce emissions
excessive (adv)
promote
(v)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The drug can be harmful if taken in
excess.
Synonym: encourage
TEXT 97
to consume
to emit
The Government wants to reduce
tobacco consumption by 40%.
The machine emits a
high-pitched sound
when you press the
button
One way …..to
reduce emissions is to
make changes in the
composition of
petroleum-based
fuels.
Cars emit toxic gases.
The Green Party have decided to
reduce the emission of greenhouse
gases by the UK.
120
Word
Part of Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym)
efficiency
(n) (U)
the quality of doing
something well and
effectively, without
wasting time,
money, or energy
to increase efficiency
In addition, the engines and wings
can operate at the highest
efficiency
Synonym:
effectiveness (n)
efficient (adj)
if someone or
something is
efficient, they work
well without
wasting time,
money, or energy
to send out gas,
liquid, smoke etc,
or to allow it to
escape
economically efficient
In an effort to
increase fuel
efficiency and to
decrease air
pollution, researchers
are also making
improvements in …
Lighting is now more
economically
efficient in our
offices..
Sally is a very efficient secretary.
Synonym:
competent (adj)
Antonym:
inefficient (adj)
to discharge toxic substances/
materials
However, recent
advances are helping
reduce toxic
substances which
vehicles discharge
into the air.
Industrial plants discharge highly
toxic materials into rivers.
the amount of a
substance that is
contained in
something,
especially food or
drink
to completely put
an end; to get rid of
oxygen/ salt/ sugar content
Food with high sugar content is not
healthy.
the physical or
mental energy that
is needed to do
something:
in an effort to do smth./ to make
an effort
Such new types of
gasoline are
developed using
improved methods
...to increase the
oxygen content.
Researchers are
developing
alternative fuels….
which reduce or
entirely eliminate
harmful emissions.
In an effort to
increase fuel
efficiency and to
decrease airpollution,
researchers are also
making ….
to discharge
(v) (T)
content
(n) (U)
to eliminate
(v) (T)
effort
(n)(C)
to eliminate emissions
The credit card eliminates the need
for cash or cheques.
He made the effort to say
something pleasant.
121
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to alternate
(v)(I)
to alternate between
two things / with smth.
Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs),
which can alternate between two
fuels are now available.
Periods of depression alternate
with excited behavior.
to operate on
(v) (T)
if two things alternate,
or if you alternate
them, they happen one
after the other in a
repeated pattern
to (cause to) work, be
in action or have an
effect
to operate a machine
Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs),
which can either alternate between
two fuels or operate on a mixture of
two fuels are now available.
How do you operate the remote
control unit?
to double
(v)(T/I)
to become twice as big
or twice as much, or to
make something twice
as big or twice as much
to double number
The church has doubled its
membership in the last five years.
Within two years the company
had doubled in size.
To change the form ,
character, or function
of something
to keep something,
especially money, time,
or a particular area, for
a special purpose
to convert fuel into
water
Some of these new technologies …
produce electricity by converting a
fuel into water.
Governments in many developed
countries have set aside huge sums
of money … for research in these
areas.
In the process, the light energy
converts to heat energy.
Some governments have also
passed laws to encourage business
and individuals to purchase
AFVs…
He purchased a new suit for a
hundred dollars.
I need to purchase a new heavy
coat.
to convert
(v) (T)
to set aside
Phrasal verb
(T)
to purchase
(v) (T)
to acquire sth. by
paying for it; buy sth.
to set aside money/
time
to purchase a vehicle
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
Synonyms: to
alter, to change,
to modify
Remove the mushrooms and set
them aside.
Synonym: to buy
122
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
n.(C/UC)
unwanted matter or
material of any type,
esp. what is left after
use
human/animal waste
hazardous/toxic
wastes
People have been throwing out
trash ever since they were
cavemen.
Local factories stopped dumping
their waste into the river after a
series of complaints from the
public.
aware
adj.
if you are aware that a
situation exists, you
realize or know that it
exists
to be aware of sth
to be aware that +
sentence
We did not need to worry about
dumps: they were far away from
populated areas so most people
were never even aware of them.
v.(IT)
to live in a place
to reside in a place
The children are aware of the
danger of taking drugs.
My brother is fully aware that he
might lose his scholarship if he
doesn’t keep his grades high.
The family resides in Arkansas.
reside
residential
adj.
of or relating to houses
where people live rather
than to places where
they work
residential areas
…the dumps which we used in the
past are now found near residential
areas.
Glen Oaks is a residential
neighborhood.
This is a quiet residential area
where you can live peacefully with
your wife during your retirement.
threat
n.(C/UC)
someone or something
that is regarded as a
possible danger
to be a threat to sth
They have become a threat to our
health and to the environment.
The fighting is a major threat to
stability in the region.
apply
v.(T)
to use something such
as a method, idea, or
law in a particular
situation, activity, or
process
to apply methods
Thus, we have to apply more
modern methods to produce
disposal in big cities…
The latest methods are to be
applied in order for the school
management to be successful in
reaching our ultimate goals.
TEXT 98
waste
=trash
=garbage
Collocation
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
contextual
synonym: use
123
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
dispose
v.(T)
to get rid of something,
especially something
that is difficult to get rid
of
to dispose of sth
disposal
n.(UC)
when you get rid of
something
the disposal of sth
Thus, we have to apply more
modern methods to produce
disposal in big cities…
The safe disposal of radioactive
waste is of great importance.
v.(T)
to make something
happen, especially
something bad
to cause harm
These are not just an open hole in
the ground but are especially
designed to cause as little harm as
possible to the environment.
The toxic waste from the factory in
our neighborhood is causing great
harm to the environment.
cause
layer
leak
n.(C)
v.(IT)
Collocation
an amount or piece of a
material or substance
that covers a surface or
that is between two
other things
the bottom/top layer
if a container, pipe, roof
etc leaks, or if it leaks
gas, liquid etc, there is a
small hole or crack in it
that lets gas or liquid
flow through
to leak out of sth
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
Every month he must dispose of
the oil his restaurant uses to fry
potatoes.
They usually consist of several
different layers.
Heavy traffic is causing delays on
the freeway.
The top layer of the furniture was
a distinguished kind of wood.
The moon was shining through a
thin layer of cloud.
The bottom layer is made of clay
and plastic so that the chemicals
that leak out of the garbage do not
enter the ground and thus pollute
the ground water near landfills.
The oil leaking out of the back of
the trunk made the garage stink
badly.
The roof is leaking.
A tanker is leaking oil off the coast
of Scotland.
124
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
pollute
v.(T)
to pollute water/air
etc
treat
v.(T)
to make air, water, soil
etc dangerously dirty
and not suitable for
people to use
to put a special
substance on something
or use a chemical
process in order to
protect, clean, or
preserve it
a process by which
something is cleaned,
protected etc
to get rid of something
that you do not want
a treatment center
treatment
n.(UC)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
…chemicals that leak out of the
garbage do not enter the ground and
thus pollute the ground water near
landfills.
Beaches polluted by raw sewage
are to be cleaned as soon as
possible.
to treat trash
to dump sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
The trash was treated so that it
could be used as fertilizer.
This will take the resulting
chemical leakage to a treatment
center.
The trash is then dumped on this
prepared area…
The government is trying to draw
attention to the effective treatment
of polluted rivers.
The murderer dumped the victim’s
body into the sea.
dump
v.(T)
synonym: throw
away
decompose
v. (T/IT)
to divide into smaller
parts, or to make
something do this
Since garbage produces methane
gas as it decomposes, there are
usually pipes which run vertically
through the layer to collect it.
A partially decomposed body was
found near the river, which later
turned out to belong to the mass
murderer.
antonym:
compose
vertically
adv.
pointing up in a line that
forms an angle of 90°
with a flat surface
Since garbage produces methane
gas as it decomposes, there are
usually pipes which run vertically
through the layer to collect it.
The enemy troops were moving
vertically towards us while we
waited to counter-attack.
antonym:
horizontally
125
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
conduct
v. (T)
to take or lead
someone/something
somewhere
reclaim
v. (T)
determine
v. (T)
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to conduct sth
Unless the methane gas is safely
conducted away, it may explode.
On arrival, I was conducted to the
commandant's office.
to take back something
that was yours
to reclaim sth
In this way, we can reclaim the use
of the land without risking the
health of the people there.
Students whose averages drop can
reclaim their scholarships if they
raise their grades.
to control or influence
directly; to decide
to determine sth
The amount of waste that a society
produces seems to be determined
by the level of economic
development.
Eye color is genetically
determined.
…each person can generate 1.8
kilogram of garbage daily.
The power plant generates
electricity for the eastern part of
the state.
You learn a lot in school, but
eventually you forget most of it.
generate
v. (T)
to produce
eventually
adv.
finally, in the end;
happening later than the
time estimated
volume
n. (UC)
an amount of space
having length, height,
and width
Collocation
to generate garbage
Every year 220 million trees are cut
down to make U.S. newspapers,
70% of which eventually ends up
in landfills.
the volume of sth
For example, the Fresh Kills
Landfill in New York has 25 times
the volume of the Great Pyramid in
Egypt…
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
We should be allowed to determine
our own future.
synonym:
produce
synonym:
finally
About 8 percent of the total volume
of garbage is plastic packaging.
126
Word
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
separate
v. (T)
to remove one type of
thing or person from a
group
aware
adj.
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to separate sth from
sth
Another way would be to separate
old newspapers from our trash and
use them to make new paper instead
of cutting down so many trees for
that purpose.
Many older people may prefer not
to be separated out from the rest
of the adult population.
if you are aware that a
situation exists, you
realize or know that it
exists
to make sb aware of
sth
We need to make everyone aware
of the trash crisis.
Mr Braley has been made aware
of the need for absolute secrecy.
awareness
n. (UC)
knowledge or
understanding of a
particular subject or
situation
to raise awareness
v. (I /T)
to put used objects or
materials through a
special process so that
they can be used again.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
We should make the public aware
of the dangers of the bullying at
schools.
It is crucial to raise public
awareness
TEXT 99
to recycle
to recycle a material
65 percent of aluminum cans are
recycled in addition to 25 percent
of paper and 20 percent of glass.
Denmark recycles nearly 85% of
its paper.
127
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
durable = longlasting
adj.
staying in good
condition for a long
time
durable material
They are durable, i.e. log-lasting and
also fashionable.
Wood is a durable material.
Porcelain enamel is strong and
durable.
Synonym:
hardwearing
entirely
adv.
completely
When you look at them you can’t
realize that they are made entirely
of recycled materials.
Our situation is entirely different.
The mountain consists entirely of
volcanic rock.
Long-term
adj.
continuing for a long
period of time into the
future
a long-term dream /
long-term effects
Julie owns her own shoemaking
company and has achieved a longterm dream to turn waste into
something useful.
The scientists have been
analyzing the long-term effects of
using these chemicals.
Antonym: shortterm
Sort
n. (C)
a group or class of
people, things etc that
have similar qualities
or features
all sorts of materials /
smth
The shoes are made from all sorts of
used materials, which include textile
scraps (waste pieces of materials),
rubber from tires, and plastic bags.
They play all sorts of music, pop,
rock, jazz, soul, in there.
Synonym: kind /
type
to realize
v. (T)
to know and
understand something,
or suddenly begin to
understand it
to realize that
(+sentence)
to realize smth
When you look at them you can’t
realize that they are made entirely of
recycled materials.
I suddenly realized that the boy
was crying.
I hope you realize the seriousness
of this crime.
realization n.
(U)
when you understand
something that you
had not understood
before
the realization of smth
There is a growing realization
that we must manage the earth's
resources more carefully.
to sell goods to another
country
to export smth from
…. to ….
The interest in re-using materials has
come from the realization that
Americans produce far more waste
per person than most Europeans; a
total of 200 million tons a year.
America even exports its waste.
to export
v. (T)
realization that
(+ sentence)
The company exports tuna fish
from Turkey to the US.
Antonym: to
import
128
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to get rid of
phrasal verb
(T)
to get rid of waste
Getting rid of waste is a major
problem.
investment
n. (C / U)
to throw away
sell a possession that
you don’t
want or need
the use of money to
make a business
activity successful, or
the money that is used.
to attract investment /
to make an
investment in smth
Her company has already attracted
millions of dollars worth of
investment.
The problem is getting rid of
nuclear waste.
We are moving so we have to get
rid of a lot of our furniture.
Much of that public sector
support has been designed to
attract investment from private
organizations.
(v) (T/I)
to invest
to use money with the
aim of making profit
to invest (smth.) in
smth.
to operate
v. (I / T)
to work in a particular
way or to use or
control a machine
to manually operate
A hugely successful plan has been
operating in Palm Beach County
since 1988.
Kitchen waste is used to operate a
generator which supplies electricity
to 30.000 houses.
The doors can be manually
operated in the event of fire.
The machine can operate for 15
hours.
in spite of
prepositional
phrase
without being affected
or stopped by
something
in spite of smth
There are arguments against
recycling, in spite of the fact that it
is environmentally friendly.
In spite of his age, he still leads
an active life.
to run
v. (T)
to organize or control
an activity, business,
organization, or
country
to run a scheme /
program / business
Although many people show great
interest in recycling schemes, it can
be expensive to run them (schemes).
Sue has been running a mailorder business for ten years.
Cleveland police are offering to
run a scheme to train pub and
club doormen.
a person or company
that makes large
quantities of goods
a large / big
manufacturer
Manufacturers in Germany are
trying to solve the problem at the
production stage.
Faulty goods should be returned
to the manufacturers.
Apple is one of the world's largest
computer manufacturers.
(ran,
run)
manufacturer
n. (C)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
He invested all oh his money in
the stock market.
Synonym: despite
Synonym: maker
129
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to remind
v. (T)
to help somebody
remember something,
especially something
important that they
must do
to remind sb that
( + sentence)
In a time when newspapers and TV
news bulletins are filled with
depressing stories of environmental
disasters, it is important to remind
people, especially children, that they
can improve the situation.
Mrs Welland reminded her son
that they still had several people
to see.
Early tests show that jojoba-fuelled
engines release fewer pollutants, run
more quietly and for longer…
Oil was released into the sea.
to remind sb about/of
smth
TEXT 100
release
v. (T)
to let a substance flow
out
to release sth
pollute
v. (T)
to make air, water, soil
etc. dangerously dirty
and not suitable for
people to use
a substance that makes
air, water, soil etc
dangerously dirty, and
is caused by cars,
factories etc.
an attempt to find
someone or something
to pollute sth
pollutant
n. (C)
search
n. (C)
shrink
v. (IT)
to become or to make
something smaller in
amount, size, or value
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The girls had to be reminded
about their responsibilities.
The factory pollutes the air and
water.
to release pollutants
Early tests show that jojoba-fuelled
engines release fewer pollutants, run
more quietly and for longer…
New regulations will stop the
factories from releasing
hazardous pollutants into the
water.
a search for sth
The search for alternative fuels,
driven by shrinking oil reserves and
concerns over exhaust emissions, has
led to researchers to investigate more
enduring sources such as vegetable
oils.
The search for alternative fuels,
driven by shrinking oil reserves and
concerns over exhaust emissions, has
led to researchers to investigate more
enduring sources such as vegetable
oils.
Bad weather is hampering the
search for survivors.
The city continued to shrink.
The shrinking number of shopping
centers in the area made a lot of
people move out of town.
130
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
concern
n. (C)
a feeling of worry
about something
important
a concern over/about
sth
The search for alternative fuels,
driven by shrinking oil reserves and
concerns over exhaust emissions, has
led to researchers to investigate more
enduring sources such as vegetable
oils.
The President’s purpose was to
decrease concern about the
environment.
endure
v. (IT)
to remain alive or
continue to exist for a
long time
enduring
adj.
continuing for a very
long time
enduring resources
The search for alternative fuels,
driven by shrinking oil reserves and
concerns over exhaust emissions, has
led to researchers to investigate more
enduring sources such as vegetable
oils.
The enduring power of the
Ottoman Empire was one of great
admiration.
adj.
steady and not likely to
move or change
chemically stable
…and is chemically stable at high
temperatures and pressures in a
working engine.
Most of the substances in this
product are chemically stable,
which brings durability to it.
to monitor
performance/progre
ss
To test jojoba in engines, Mohamed
… connected sensors to a diesel
engine and monitored its
performance while burning regular
diesel fuel and jojoba respectively.
Patients who are given the new
drug will be asked to monitor
their progress.
stable
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Some substances endure for
thousands of years in the
environment.
antonym: unstable
technical: a stable
substance tends to stay
in the same chemical or
atomic state
monitor
v. (T)
to carefully watch and
check a situation in
order to see how it
changes over a period
of time
131
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
respectively
adv.
in the same order as the
things you have just
mentioned
pursue
v. (T)
to follow or search for
someone or something
cultivate
v. (T)
to prepare and use land
for growing crops and
plants
decade
n. (C)
a period of 10 years
TEXT 101
willing
X reluctant
adj.
not opposed to doing
something; ready or
eager to do something
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
To test jojoba in engines, Mohamed
… connected sensors to a diesel
engine and monitored its
performance while burning regular
diesel fuel and jojoba respectively.
The cups and saucers cost £5 and
£3 respectively.
to pursue sth
The results showed that jojoba is
worth pursuing as an alternative fuel
because it contains less carbon than
like diesel…
It is a good idea to always pursue
a better way of teaching to keep
up with the developing world.
to cultivate seeds
The use of jojoba as a fuel needs
huge quantities of seeds, so it needs
to be cultivated in huge amounts…
My family always asks for my
help to cultivate the seeds
whenever I’m around just because
I study agriculture.
The plant has been grown for
decades in south-western America
and north-western Mexico.
Turkey has been fighting
terrorism for decades.
People have always been willing to
pay for special things that taste good.
If you’re willing to fly on Thursday
you can get a cheaper ticket.
Maddox was reluctant to talk
about it.
willing X unwilling
to do sth
reluctant to do sth
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
antonym:
unwilling
132
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
demand
v. (T)
to ask for something
very firmly, especially
because you think you
have a right to do this
to demand sth.
demand
n. (C)
the need or desire that
people have for
particular goods and
services
demand for sth.
a way from one place to
another
to use a route
n. (C)
route
Collocation
n. (C)
A source is also
someone or something
from which you obtain
information
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
What people demand, business
people will supply.
Angry demonstrators demanded
the resignation of two senior
officials.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
There is a huge demand for new
cars.
huge/great/strong/
growing demand
to take/follow a
route
source
Use in MTR I
main source of
ideas
There is still evidence of a route that
spice merchants used for crossing
Asia in prehistoric times.
We weren't sure about which
route we should take.
Traders used to be the main source of
ideas and information from foreign
countries.
I've heard from reliable sources
that the company is in
trouble.
Teachers are main source of
ideas for the students.
v. (T)
trade
v. (T)
obtain
to buy and sell goods,
services etc as your job
or business
to trade products
to get something that
you want, especially
through your own effort,
skill, or work
to obtain sth
to trade with
The Arabs traded their own products
for the spices that the Chinese had
obtained.
India began trading products with
Europe in the 15th and 16th
centuries.
The Arabs traded their own products
for the spices that the Chinese had
obtained.
Further information can be
obtained from head office.
You will need to obtain
permission from the principal.
133
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
close
adj.
connected or involved in
relationship with
someone
Collocation
to become close
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
This early spice trade brought people
of different parts of the world closer
together.
Joyce and I used to be close, but
now we seldom see each other.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Thanks to the business, we
became closer and now we’re
very happy together.
n. (C)
monopoly
compete
v. (IT)
investment
n.(C/UC)
worthwhile
adj.
complete control of the
supply of particular
goods or services, or a
company or group that
has such control
to have a monopoly
on sth
Arab traders had a monopoly on the
spice trade for centuries because they
were the only people who supplied
spices to merchants.
For years, Bell Telephone had a
monopoly on telephone services
in the US.
if one company or
country competes with
another, it tries to get
people to buy its goods
or services rather than
those available from
another company or
country
when you spend a large
amount of time, energy,
emotion etc on
something
to compete with
The Europeans knew that the only
way they could compete with Middle
Eastern Mediterranean spice traders
was to find a short route to the source
of the spices…
They found themselves competing
with foreign companies for a
share of the market
The investment of time and money
was not worthwhile.
This project was a huge
investment of time and effort,
which turned out to be nothing
useful for our company.
if something is
worthwhile, it is
important or useful, or
you gain something
from it
to be worthwhile
The investment of time and money
was not worthwhile.
He wanted to do a worthwhile
job.
to compete
in/against
investment of time
and money
The Renault Clio competes
against such cars as the Peugeot
206..
worthwhile to do sth
I thought it was worthwhile to
clarify the matter.
134
Word
Part of
Speech
motive
n. (C)
encourage
Date back
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
the reason that makes
someone do something,
especially when this
reason is kept hidden
a motive for sth
The motive for the voyages of
Christopher Columbus in 1492 and of
John Cabot in 1497 was to find a
shorter route.
The police believe the motive for
this murder was jealousy.
v. (T)
to give someone the
courage or confidence to
do something
to encourage sb to
do sth
The spice trade made the world
smaller because it encouraged
people to communicate.
Cooder was encouraged to begin
playing the guitar by his father.
ph. v. (IT)
to belong to a particular
time or period in the
past
to date back to a
period/time
The beginning of the spice trade
dates back to prehistoric times.
(p. 224 – part B – Q1)
The invention of backgammon
dates back to prehistoric times.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
antonym:
discourage
TEXT 102
to do well
verb phrase
(I)
to be successful
to do well at school /
in society
At school, we are told that receiving
a proper education is all that we need
to do well in society.
Jack is doing very well at school.
entrepreneur
n. (C)
someone who uses
money to start
businesses
a good / business
entrepreneur
Millard Fuller, a business
entrepreneur, has a different
philosophy of life these days.
to inherit
v. (T/I)
to receive money,
property etc from
someone after they die
to inherit money / to
inherit smth from sb
Professor Cooper studied the lives of
successful entrepreneurs and
discovered that 60 percent left school
early.
In a survey of the richest 200 people
in Britain, more than 50 percent
inherited money.
corporation
n. (C)
a large company or bus
iness organization
a large / big /
international
corporation
Twenty-five per cent of those who
head large corporations were born
into wealthy families.
He works for a large American
corporation.
She inherited some money from
her mother.
135
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
wealthy
adj.
wealthier
wealthiest
having a lot of money
to be wealthy
If you are not born wealthy, you
may be able to take advantage of
your good looks.
Synonym: rich
efficient
adj.
more
efficient
most
efficient
adj.
if someone or
something is efficient,
they work well and
they don’t waste time,
money or energy.
if you
are determined to do
something, you make a
decision to do it and
nothing can stop you
if people get on, they
like each other and
have a friendly
relationship with each
other
very great and often
surprising
to be efficient
He then adds that people expect a
good-looking person to be kinder
and more efficient.
He left as a poor, working class
boy and returned as a wealthy
man.
If she marries Linton, she'll be
wealthy.
The new machine is
more efficient than the old one.
determined people
to be determined /
to be determined to do
smth.
However, in general, they are very
determined people.
to get on well with sb
They are good organizers and get
on well with people.
dramatic change/
shift/improvement
One dramatic difference between
Cooper’s two groups is that many of
the entrepreneurs felt that they had
been the victims of discrimination
early in their lives.
determined
to get on with
phrasal verb
(T)
dramatic
adj.
to have dramatic
effect/results
dramatic difference
Antonym:
inefficient
Buckingham University was
started by some determined
people.
He was determined to win.
I've always got on well with
Henry.
Computers have brought
dramatic changes to the
workplace.
Churchill had a dramatic effect
on Anglo-American relations.
The most dramatic difference in
the two pictures is in the nature of
radiation.
136
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
discrimination
n. (U)
unfair treatment of
someone because of
their religion, race etc.
sexual
discrimination
One dramatic difference between
Cooper’s two groups is that many
of the entrepreneurs felt that they
had been the victims of
discrimination early in their lives.
Ms Howell claims that she is the
victim of sexual discrimination.
The survey showed that there was
discrimination against women in
industry.
There is even a magazine called
Personal Success, filled with ads for
courses that will transform your
thinking and behavior.
Most of today’s courses on positive
thinking originated in the United
States.
The place was transformed from a
quiet farming village into a busy
port.
to transform
v. (T)
to originate
v. (I)
to emphasize
v. (T)
to lead
v. (T /I)
(led,
led)
to apply
v. (T / I)
(applied,
applies)
to completely change
the appearance, form,
or character of
something or someone
to come from a
particular place or
start in a particular
situation.
to give special
importance to
something
to take someone
somewhere by going
in front of them while
they follow
to be relevant to a
particular person or a
thing
victim of
discrimination
discrimination against
somebody
to transform smth / sb
from … into …
to originate in a place
/
to originate from
smth
to emphasize smth /
to strongly emphasize
smth
to lead to smth
to apply to sb/smth
Many start by emphasizing the
importance of self-belief and its role
in being successful.
All these methods are the result of
the fact that the old idea of a career
ladder leading to success in big
corporations no longer applies.
All these methods are the result of
the fact that the old idea of a career
ladder leading to success in big
corporations no longer applies.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
A lot of our medicines originate
from tropical plants.
Many Christmas traditions
originated in Germany.
His speech emphasized the
importance of attracting industry
to the town.
The new law strongly emphasizes
parental responsibility.
A nurse took her arm and led her
to a chair.
What I am saying applies only to
some of you.
Do the same rules apply to parttime workers?
137
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
emphasis
n. (C / U)
emphases
(Plural)
adj.
special attention or
importance
to put/place emphasis
on smth
There is much greater emphasis on
personal development.
The course places emphasis on
practical work.
causing damage to
people or things
to be destructive to
smth/
to have a destructive
effect on smth.
Twenty-five percent of top
executives are unhappy with the
long hours they have to work and
the destructive effects this has on
their family life.
Intensive farming has a
destructive effect on the
surrounding fauna and flora
(plants and animals).
the activities of buying
or selling goods or
services
the thing that will do
most to help you
achieve smth.
global/local/internation
al trade
There are benefits of global trade
for both rich and poor countries.
a key to smth.
An open economic system can be
key to improving the lives of
people in both poor and rich
countries.
An open economic system can
curtail poverty and improve living
conditions.
destructive
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
TEXT 103
n.(U)
trade
phrase
a key to smth.
n.(U)
poverty
adv.
apparently
v.(I)
to benefit
n.(C)
gap
adj.
startling
a situation in which sb.does not have enough
money to pay their
basic needs
based only on what
you have heard, not on
what you are certain is
true
to get help or an
advantage from smth.
a large difference
between things or
groups
surprising or very
unusual
Global trade in manufactured
goods has increased
dramatically.
Proper planning is a/the key to
success.
synonym:
commerce
There are many areas where the
problems of poverty and
unemployment still persist.
Antonym:
richness, wealth,
prosperity
This is apparently very good news.
Apparently, she resigned because
she had an argument with her
boss.
Synonym:
obviously, clearly
smth. benefit(s) sb.
sb. benefit(s) from
smth.
Poor countries benefit as much as
rich countries do.
the gap between the
rich and the poor
The gap between the poor and the
rich is wider than it was in the past.
startling contrast
The contrast can be startling.
Employers benefit as much as
students do.
Students benefited a lot from the
exercises on students page.
The gap between farm incomes
and land values is wider than
ever.
Two women provided a startling
contrast in appearance.
synonym:
surprising
138
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
n.(C/U)
money that sb. gets
from working or from
investing money
to have/receive/earn
/generate income
n.(C)
a difficulty or problem
an obstacle to smth.
adj.
an infectious disease is
one that can spread
from one person top
another
be one of the things
that help to make smth.
happen
relating to farming
infectious diseases
the work, business, or
study of farming
to pay some of the cost
of goods or services so
that they can be sold to
other people at a lower
price
an amount of money
that the government or
another organization
pays to help reduce the
cost of a product
-
income
obstacle
infectious
v.(I)
to contribute
adj.
to contribute to smth.
an agricultural
land/subsidy
Use in MTR I
The wealth of the world’s 200
richest people is greater than the
combined incomes of the poorest
41 percent of humanity.
Another obstacle for many
countries is the problem of
infectious diseases such as malaria
and dengue fever.
Another obstacle for many
countries is the problem of
infectious diseases such as malaria
and dengue fever.
People with disease cannot
contribute to the economy of the
country.
One example of protectionist
policy is an agricultural subsidy.
agricultural
agriculture
n.(U)
to subsidize
v.(T)
subsidy
n.(C)
Some people can move from
agriculture to manufacturing.
to subsidize farmers
agricultural subsidy
One example of protectionist
policy is an agricultural subsidy.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Household income is the
combined income of all members
of a household who jointly apply
for credit.
All major obstacles to peace have
now been removed.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
synonym: barrier,
hindrance
Infectious diseases are caused by
pathogenic microorganisms, such
as bacteria or viruses.
He contributed to the family
budget by working part-time.
An agricultural subsidy is paid to
farmers to supplement their
income.
Most of the population are
employed in agriculture
The government has said that it
will no longer subsidize the
farmers.
the government pays subsidies to
farmers to produce particular
crops.
139
Word
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
to protect
protectionist
adj.
v.(T)
to manufacture
entrepreneur
n.(C)
infrastructure
n.(C/U)
priority
n.(C/U)
to persuade
v.(T)
Meaning
Collocation
to keep sb. or smth.
safe from harm
protectionist laws or
methods are intended
to help a country's
trade or industry
to use machines to
make goods or
materials in large
numbers or amounts
sb. who starts a new
business or arranges
business deals in order
to make money
to protect sb.
the basic systems and
structures that a
country or organization
needs in order to work
properly, for example
roads railways, banks
the thing that you think
is most important and
that needs attention
before anything else.
to make sb. decide to
do smth, especially by
giving them reasons
why they should do it,
or asking them many
times to do it.
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Are you prepared to protect
yourself in case of attack?
Protectionist policies penalize
exporters in developing countries.
protectionist laws/
policies/method/
techniques
Another cause of the growing gap
between rich and poor countries is
protectionist policies
to manufacture smth.
Geography is not as terrible an
obstacle to manufacturing as it is to
farming.
It takes a lot of capital to
manufacture a product and put it
out in the market.
new entrepreneurs
To help new entrepreneurs, these
governments pay attention to areas
such as infrastructure harbors,
railroads
What are the most important
things that new entrepreneurs
should remember when starting a
new business?
To help new entrepreneurs, these
governments pay attention to areas
such as infrastructure (harbors,
railroads, and so on)
Some countries lack a suitable
economic infrastructure.
to give priority to
smth.
Education must be a priority.
Vehicles must give priority to
pedestrians.
to persuade sb. to do
smth.
Governments of developing
countries must work with
developed countries and persuade
them to drop protectionist policies.
I finally managed to persuade her
to go out for a drink with me.
Synonym: to
produce
Synonym: to
convince sb. to do
smth.
140
Word
TEXT 105
to dominate
Part of
Speech/
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
(v) (T) (I)
to control someone or
something or to have
more importance than
other people or things
more powerful,
important, or
noticeable than other
people or things
-
The first known economic system
was in medieval times, when the
system of feudalism dominated.
New Orleans dominated
throughout the game.
-
-
*The dominant male gorilla is the
largest in the group.
dominant
(adj)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym)
*Japan became dominant in the
mass market during the 1980s.
to consist of
(phrasal verb)
to be formed from two
or more things or
people
consist
mainly/largely/primarily
of somebody/something
In feudalism, there was a strict
class system consisting of nobles,
clergy and peasants.
The buffet consisted of several
different Indian dishes.
Synonym:
to be made up of/
to be made of
to be composed of
export x import
(n) (C)
export: the business of
selling and sending
goods to other
countries
-
…based on the idea that national
wealth and power were best served
by increasing exports.
a ban on the export of toxic waste
-
Manufacturing and commerce
became more important in this
system.
*the company that manufactured
the drug.
cheap imports from Asia
import: a product that
is brought from one
country into another
to manufacture
(v) (T)
to use machines to
make goods or
materials, usually in
large numbers or
amounts
-
*manufactured goods
141
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
the buying and selling
of goods and services
_
measures promoting local
commerce and industry
commercial
(adj)
related to business and
the buying and selling
of goods and services
-
Manufacturing and commerce
became more important in this
system.
-
(v) (I) (T)
advance (v): if
scientific or technical
knowledge advances,
or if something
advances it, it
develops and improves
technological/scientifi
c/medical etc advance
He felt that population would
always advance faster than the
science …
The group's research has done
much to advance our knowledge
of the HIV virus.
*hold/remain steady
*steady job/income
Formerly, items’ prices had
remained steady, but at this time the
value of an item came to be
determined by the number of people
wanting the item and the amount of
the item available.
In fact, this is still valid in today’s
economic systems.
Paul is making steady progress.
Synonym:
stable/fixed (adj)
Police officers must have a valid
reason for stopping motorists.
Synonym:
legitimate (adj)
Local schools are seeking to
reduce the dropout rate
Antonym:
invalid (adj)
Synonym:
try (v)
We reached broadly similar
conclusions.
Synonym:
generally
Commerce
n (U)
advance
advance (n)
(C)
steady
(adj)
valid
(adj)
to seek
broadly
v (T)
sought
sought
(adv)
advance (n): a
change, discovery, or
invention that brings
progress
continuing or
developing gradually
or without stopping
a valid ticket,
document, or
agreement is legally or
officially acceptable
-
to try to achieve or get
something
seek to do something
in a general way,
relating to the main
facts rather than
details
broadly
similar/comparable/eq
uivalent
His theories led to governments
seeking to put more controls on the
economy to prevent wild swings.
In recent years, economic theory has
been broadly separated into two
major fields…
Our top priorities must be profit
and commercial growth.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym:
trade (n)
-
142
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
influence
(n) (C )/
(UC)
someone or something
that has an influence
on other people or
things
have/exert/exercise
influence
Milton Friedman’s idea that the
money supply is the most important
influence on the economy.
*There is no doubt that Bohr's
influence was immense
influence
(v) (T)
TEXT 106
Honesty
(n)(UC)
(v)(I)
the quality of being
honest
someone who is honest
always tells the truth
and does not cheat or
steal
not to tell the truth
lie (n)(C)
obsessed
intention
honest (adj)
to lie
to fulfill
Does honesty always pay?
to be honest
He was a politician of rare honesty
and courage.
He was a hard-working, honest
man.
to lie to sb. about smth
People’s behaviors change
apparently when they lie.
I could tell from her face that she
was lying.
something not true
to tell a (white/serious)
lie
Researchers say that men are more
likely to tell more serious lies.
I always know when he's telling
lies.
(adj.)
considering sb.or smth.
so important that you
are always thinking
about them
to be obsessed with/ by
smth.
You know she is obsessed with her
weight and you don’t want to hurt
her feelings.
A lot of young girls are obsessed by
their appearance.
(n)(C)
a plan or desire to do
something
to have no intention of
doing smth.
Researchers say that men are more
likely to tell more serious lies, such
as making a promise when they
have no intention of fulfilling.
I have no intention of retiring just
yet.
to intend
(v)(T)
to plan
to intend to do smth.
(v)(T)
to do what you have
said you will do
to fulfil a promise
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: dishonest
Antonym: to tell the
truth
Synonym: plan /
desire
I intend to spend the night there.
Researchers say that men are more
likely to tell more serious lies, such
as making a promise when they
have no intention of fulfilling.
My father always failed to fulfill his
promises.
143
Word
to profit
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
(v)(I)
to get an advantage or
money from doing
smth.
to profit from smth.
...politicians and businessmen are
particularly skilled at: the lie from
which the liar hopes to profit or
gain in some way.
Some industries, such as
shipbuilding, clearly profited
from the war.
profit (n)
an advantage that you
gain from doing
something
to make a profit
small in degree
a slight increase/
decrease in smth.
One explanation of this may be
that lying causes a slight increase
in blood pressure.
There is a slight decrease in the
number of people who go to the
cinema.
slight
(adj)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
I see no profit in that line of
thinking.
Antonym: sharp
sensitive
(adj)
easily affected by
smth.
to be sensitive to smth.
The tip of the nose is very sensitive
to such changes, and the increased
pressure makes it itch.
A baby’s skin is very sensitive to
outside changes.
to interpret
(v)(T)
to believe or consider
that smth.has a
particular meaning
to interpret smth. as
smth.
Such a gesture can be interpreted
as an unconscious attempt.
His refusal to work late was
interpreted as a lack of
commitment to the company.
Synonym: to
understand/ to
consider/ to translate
unconscious
(adj)
if smth is unconscious,
you have or do it
without realizing
an unconscious
attempt
Such a gesture can be interpreted
as an unconscious attempt
Her unconscious actions make
people angry.
Antonym: deliberate
TEXT 108
aware
adj
knowing or realizing
something
to be aware of smth
A lucid dream is a special type of
dream in which the dreamer is
consciously aware of himself and
of the fact that he is dreaming.
He was not really aware of what
he was doing.
to facilitate
v (T)
to make it easier for a
process or activity to
happen
to facilitate problemsolving
It might also be helpful in
increasing self-confidence,
improving mental health, and
facilitating creative problem
solving.
Computers can be used to
facilitate language learning.
144
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
beneficial
adj
having a good effect
to be beneficial for/to
sb
Moreover, lucid dreaming could be
extremely beneficial to nightmare
sufferers, giving them the chance
to overcome their fears.
Cycling is highly beneficial to
health and the environment.
to overcome
v (T)
overcame
overcome
to successfully control
a feeling or problem
that prevents you from
achieving something
to overcome fears
Moreover, lucid dreaming could be
extremely beneficial to nightmare
sufferers, giving them the chance
to overcome their fears.
Her financial problems could no
longer be overcome.
handicapped
adj
if someone is
handicapped, a part of
their body or their
mind has been
permanently injured or
damaged.
*handicapped people
*to be born
handicapped
*mentally/visually/ph
ysically handicapped
Lucid dreaming could also provide
the handicapped and other
disadvantaged people with the
possibility of realizing their
impossible dreams.
We need more special schools for
mentally handicapped children.
breakthrough
n (C)
an important new
discovery in something
you are studying,
especially one made
after trying for a long
time
a breakthrough in
smth
Scientists have made a major
breakthrough in the treatment of
cancer.
to occur
to happen
to be likely to occur
abruptly
v (I)
occurred
occurring
adv
An early breakthrough in dream
studies came during the mid-50s
when two American scientists
noticed that, at certain times during
the night, a sleeper’s eyeballs
moved rapidly beneath eyelids as if
watching moving images.
… as lucid dreams are most likely
to occur just before we wake up.
suddenly and
unexpectedly
-
Using an alarm clock is not a good
idea – it will wake you up too
abruptly to remember your dream.
The interview ended abruptly.
to devote
v (T)
to use a particular area,
period of time, or
amount of space for a
specific purpose
to devote time to
doing smth
Next, devote five minutes to a
mentally stimulating task, such as
reading a book.
The meeting will be devoted to
health and safety issues.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
A third of accidental deaths occur
in the home.
145
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
a mentally/
intellectually/
visually stimulating
task
currently available
methods
Next, devote five minutes to a
mentally stimulating task, such as
reading a book.
The programme contains some
creative and visually stimulating
material.
Although lucid dreaming is a
learnable skill, currently available
methods, all of which involve
mental concentration, require a
considerable amount of time and
effort.
After all, when you consider that
even the liveliest and most
energetic of us spends around 20
years of life asleep, it seems a
dreadful waste not to make better
use of the time.
He is currently working on his
first novel.
I'm afraid there's been a dreadful
mistake.
Synonym: terrible
stimulating
Adj
making you feel more
active
currently
adv
at the present time
dreadful
adj
used to emphasize how
bad something or
someone is
a dreadful waste /
mistake
TEXT 109
aspect
(n) (C)
one part of a situation,
problem, subject, etc.
aspects of something,
all aspects of
something, (in) every
aspect (of something)
There are many theories on
hypnosis, but no single theory is
accepted as completely explaining
all aspects of hypnosis.
The service was excellent in every
aspect. Lighting is a vitally
important aspect of film-making.
Synonym: feature
to regard
(v) (T)
to consider or have an
opinion about
something or someone
to regard something to
be something,
to be regarded as
something
One of the oldest theories regards
hypnosis to be a form of sleep.
Many of her works are regarded
as classics. Her parents always
regarded her as the cleverest of
all.
Antonym:
disregard, neglect
146
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
(of people) to state the
opposite of what
someone else has said,
or to be so different
from another fact or
statement
to show, point or make
clear in another way
to contradict
somebody/something,
seem to contradict
This concept originated in 1784.
However, this theory is
contradicted by evidence which
indicates that the hypnotized
person is not asleep.
John's account of the event
directly contradicts Stephen's.
Recent evidence has tended to
contradict established theories on
this subject.
to indicate that +
sentence,
to indicate to sb. that
+ sentence
This concept originated in 1784.
However, this theory is
contradicted by evidence which
indicates that the hypnotized
person is not asleep.
These facts seemed to indicate
that the family was wealthy.
These figures indicate to me that
the company is in serious trouble.
She indicated to me that she
didn't want me to say anything.
This latest defeat constitutes a
major setback for the government.
The rise in crime constitutes a
threat to society.
She was highly suspicious of his
motives. They were rather
suspicious about her past.
Synonym: signify,
display
Antonym: conceal,
hide
She doesn’t have the strength to
resist her father’s pressure about
marriage.
Synonym:
withstand, oppose
Antonym: comply,
conform
to contradict
(v) (T/I)
to indicate
(v) (T)
to constitute
(v) (T/I)
to be or be considered
as something
to constitute something
The number of such people
constitutes about 20% of the
population.
suspicious
adj.
making you feel that
something illegal is
happening or that
something is wrong
to be suspicious of
something,
to be suspicious about
something
to resist
(v) (T)
to fight against
something or someone
that is attacking you, to
refuse to accept or be
changed
to resist something, the
strength to resist
something
Also, subjects who try too hard to
fall into a trance may actually be
difficult to hypnotize just like those
who are afraid or suspicious of
hypnosis or the hypnotist.
People who resist the process can’t
be hypnotized either.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: oppose
Synonym:
comprise, form,
compose
Synonym:
distrustful, doubtful
147
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
contrary
adj.
It is used to say that
something is true even
though people believe
the opposite
contrary to something,
contrary to popular
belief, expectations,
Contrary to popular belief, there is
no possibility of the subject not
awakening as a result
Contrary to expectations, we
didn't have any hold-ups on the
journey. Contrary to popular
belief, the economy is doing well.
TEXT 110
to
regard/consider
(v) (I)
to think about someone
or something in a
particular way
*to
regard/consider
somebody/something
as something.
*consider
something/somebody
to be
*Modern psychology, however,
regards humor with more respect.
*Edith was widely regarded as
eccentric.
*Sigmund Freud, the founder of
psychoanalysis, considered laughter
to be a means of releasing nervous
energy safely
Sigmund Freud, the founder of
psychoanalysis, considered laughter
to be a means of releasing nervous
energy safely.
*His work is highly regarded by
art experts.
Physical exercise is a good way
of releasing stress.
-
*The project is designed to
provide young people with work.
Synonym:
supply (v)
to release
(v) (T)
to express or get rid of
feelings such as anger
or worry
to release stress/anger
to provide
(v) (T)
to give something to
someone or make it
available to them,
because they need it or
want it
*to provide something
* to provide somebody
with something.
* to provide something
for somebody
He thought laughing provided relief
and made potentially damaging
disagreements harmless.
a method of doing
something or dealing
with a problem
approach to something
While this approach is still very
influential, more recent work in
psychology has also focused on the
social value of being funny.
approach
(n) (C )
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym:
view /perceive (v)
*The hotel provides a shoecleaning service for guests.
He decided to adopt a different
approach and teach the Bible
through story-telling.
_
148
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
influential
(adj)
having a lot of
influence and therefore
changing the way
people think and
behave
the power to affect the
way someone or
something develops,
behaves, or thinks
without using direct
force or orders
_
While this approach is still very influential,
more recent work in psychology has also
focused on the social value of being funny.
*He had influential friends.
_
*There is no doubt that
Bohr's influence was
immense.
to understand or think
of something or
someone in a
particular way
*perceive
something/somebody
as something
*perceive
something/somebody
to be something
The study has also shown that humorous
people are perceived as being more
likeable, and this enables them to have a
greater influence on others
influence
(n) (C )
(UC)
to perceive
to enable
(v) (T)
-
*a highly influential art
magazine
*They had come under the
influence of a strange
religious sect.
*Even as a young woman
she had been perceived as a
future chief executive.
*Often what is perceived to
be aggression is simply fear.
perception
(n) (C)
(UC)
the way you think
about something and
your idea of what it is
like
perception of
something
_
*Children's perceptions of the
world
*The public perception of the
government's performance.
(v) (T)
to make it possible for
someone to do
something, or for
something to happen
enable
somebody/something
to do something
The study has also shown that humorous
people are perceived as being more
likeable, and this enables them to have a
greater influence on others
*The loan enabled Jan to buy
the house.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym:
powerful (adj)
important (adj)
Synonym:
affect/ impact(n)
Synonym:
consider/regard (v)
Stative verb: not used
in progressive
Suffix:
_tion
-
*There are plans to enlarge
the runway to enable jumbo
jets to land.
149
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
to establish
(v) (T)
to begin a relationship
with someone or a
situation that will
continue
establish
relations/links/contact etc
(with somebody)
establishm
ent (n)
(C)
the act of starting an
organization,
relationship, or system
(n) (C )
(UC)
attitude
implication
(n) (C )
to persuade
(v) (T)
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym:
set up/found (v)
What humour does, in this context,
is to reduce the buyer’s feelings of
threat and anxiety and to establish
a more relaxed relationship with
the seller.
*Hungary established diplomatic
relations with Chile in 1990.
-
-
the establishment of NATO in 1949
Suffix:
-ment
the way that you
behave towards
someone or in a
particular situation,
especially when this
shows how you feel:
*attitude to/towards
somebody/something.
*positive/negative attitude
As Freud suggested, humor can
also be a replacement of aggression
with a more positive attitude.
*As soon as they found out I was a
doctor their whole attitude changed.
-
a possible future effect
or result of an action,
event, decision etc
to make someone
decide to do
something, especially
by giving them
reasons why they
should do it, or asking
them many times to do
it
_
The implications of this study are
quite important.
*persuade somebody to do
something
*try/manage/fail to
persuade somebody
It can be used as a persuader in
other social contexts and is useful
in opening conversations with the
opposite sex.
*I wondered why he should bother to
try and establish contact with me.
*Ben has a real attitude problem (=is
not helpful or pleasant to be with).
This election has profound
implications for the future of U.S.
democracy
*I finally managed to persuade her to
go out for a drink with me.
-
Synonym
convince (v)
150
Word
to avoid
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
persuasive
(adj)
able to make other
people believe
something or do what
you ask
to stay away from
someone or
something, or not use
something
persuasive
argument/evidence
-
*Trevor can be very persuasive.
(v) (T)
avoid doing something
Making jokes may also allow you to
avoid a useless discussion without
hurting the other person’s feelings.
* a persuasive argument against
capital punishment
*Everyone seemed to be avoiding
Nick.
*She carefully avoided his eyes
(=did not look directly at his
face).
.
The courts were asked to adopt a
more flexible approach to young
offenders.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
-
-
to adopt
(v) (T)
to start to deal with or
think about something
in a particular way:
adopt an
approach/policy/attitud
e
This may be related to the fact that
comedians adopt humor early in life
as a way of getting people to like
them and attracting their attention.
a means of
(n) (UC)
the medium, method,
or instrument used to
obtain a result or
achieve an end
*use something as a
means of something.
*a means of doing
something.
a means of communication
-
expression
(n) (C )
(UC)
something you say,
write, or do that shows
what you think or feel
expression of
sympathy/thanks/regre
t
Many comedians have reported that
their use of humor developed in
early schooldays and was a means of
coping with anxiety-producing
situations.
Comedians are regarded as
aggressive people, but they have
enough strength of character to
transfer their emotions into a
creative expression.
*I decided to go to the meeting as
an expression of support.
-
As well as for comedians, for all of
us, humor is not only a valuable
social tool but also a useful way of
coping with personal frustrations or
emotional difficulties.
Local authorities have to cope
with the problems of
homelessness.
to cope with
(v) (T)
If you cope with a
problem or task, you
deal with it
successfully
Cope with a
problem/situation
_
*The letter was a genuine
expression of sympathy.
Synonym:
deal/tackle/handle(v)
151
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
(adj)
considering a person
or thing as a whole,
rather than as
separate parts
holistic
perspective/approach
The holistic perspective, or the
view which accepts the mind
and the body as parts of a
whole, is still a mystery for
many people.
Mine is a holistic approach to
life.
_
(adj)
connected and by
each other
_
The holistic perspective, on the
other hand, regards the two as
interrelating parts of a whole.
We are disrupting the
interrelating ecosystems that
form the background to human
existence, we are endangering
God's creation.
_
interrelate (v) (I)
If two things
interrelate, they are
connected and have
an effect on each
other
interrelate with
_
We will be discussing how the
interests of state, parent and
child interrelate.
Synonym:
interconnect (v)
correlate (v)
severe
(adj)
severe problems,
injuries, illnesses
etc are very bad
or very serious
severe weather/ illness
/punishment
Illness can show itself in all
forms, from severe pain to a
weak immune system to organ
problems.
She's suffering from severe
depression.
to progress
(v) (I)
to improve, develop,
or achieve things so
that you are then at a
more advanced stage
_
_
She started with a cleaning job,
and progressed to running the
company.
TEXT 111
holistic
interrelating
Synonym:
improve (v)
develop (v)
Antonym:
regress (v)
progress (n) (U)
the process of getting
better at doing
something, or getting
closer to finishing or
achieving something
progress towards smth
These blocks in the life force
can slow one’s progress toward
creating a satisfying life.
They say they are making steady
progress towards a peace
settlement.
152
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
_
to judge
(v) (I)/(T)
give an opinion
about someone or
something after
thinking carefully
judge somebody/something
by something judge that
judge somebody/something
(to be) something
When our creativity is blocked,
we can never truly judge or
understand how to reach
complete happiness.
*You should never judge
a person by their looks.
*The therapist judged
that Margaret had made
a serious attempt to kill
herself.
to consult
(v) (T)/(I)
to consult sb about smth
If we cannot overcome our
problems by ourselves, we can
consult professionals.
I need to consult my
teacher about changing
my course.
to acknowledge
(v) (T)
to ask for
information or
advice from
someone because it
is their job to know
something
to admit or accept
that something is
true
to acknowledge the
connection
*The family acknowledge
the need for change.
*He acknowledges that
when he's tired he gets
bad-tempered.
Synonym:
to admit
supplementary
(adj)
provided in addition
to what already
exists
_
Today, just like people who
practice holistic health, modern
medical practitioners are also
beginning to acknowledge the
connection between the mind
and the body
… other alternative therapies are
recommended as supplementary
care.
A supplementary reading
list is attached.
Synonym:
additional (adj)
to be dedicated
to
(adj)
someone who is
dedicated works
very hard at what
they do because
they care a lot
about it
_
This flow can occur only with a
dedicated mind, a mind state
where our life energy flows
freely.
The Woodland Trust is
dedicated to preserving
our native woodland.
Synonym:
devoted (adj)
committed (adj)
153
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to be committed
to
(adj)
willing to work
very hard at
something
_
This flow can occur only with a
dedicated mind, a mind
committed to health and wellbeing.
We are fully committed
to Equal Opportunity
policies.
flexible
(adj)
extremely/highly/fairly etc
flexible
Being balanced, healthy, strong
and flexible creates the selfesteem, confidence and strength
for being successful in life.
We can be flexible about
your starting date.
_
ultimately
(adv)
a person, plan etc
that is flexible can
change or be
changed easily to
suit any new
situation
finally, after
everything else has
been done or
considered
_
This lifestyle will ultimately
lead to achieving one’s fullest
potential.
Ultimately, the decision
rests with the child's
parents
Suffix:
-ly
to bring the
memory of a past
event into your
mind, and often to
give a description
of what you
remember
to recall sth
TEXT 112
recall
wonder
resemble
v. (T/IT)
v. (T/IT)
v. (T)
to think about
things in a
questioning and
sometimes
doubting way
to be similar to
someone or
something
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym:
dedicated (adj)
devoted (adj)
Synonym:
finally
to recall an
event/incident
Recall for a moment the
different homes you have
visited lately.
to recall doing sth
to recall (that)
wonder why + sentence
wonder who/what/how etc
+ sentence
to resemble sth
I seem to recall I've met
him before somewhere.
I don't recall seeing any
cars parked outside.
People who live in these
‘unliving houses’ probably
wonder why nobody ever
seems to relax and enjoy
themselves at their parties.
The experimenters set up three
rooms: an ‘ugly’ one, which
resembled a janitor’s closet…
I wonder why he never
called me back although
he knew I was waiting
for his response.
Several of the women
resemble one another
closely enough to be
sisters.
synonym: to look like
154
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
judge
v. (T)
to have or give an
opinion, or to
decide about
something or
someone, esp. after
thinking carefully
to judge sth positively
Subjects in the beautiful room
rated the pictures they were
judging more positively.
Research shows that
when someone feels
happy, they tend to judge
things more positively
than they normally
would.
point out
ph. v. (T)
to draw attention to
a certain issue
point out that + sentence
..he points out that dim
lighting, lowered noise levels
and comfortable seats encourage
people to spend more in a
restaurant or bar.
Some economists have
pointed out that low
inflation is not
necessarily a good thing.
Goal
n. (C)
something that you
hope to achieve in
the future
to achieve/reach a goal
On the other hand, if the goal is
to run a high-volume business
that tries to move people in and
out quickly, it is necessary to…
They achieved their goal
of increasing sales by
five percent.
Run
v. (T)
to organize or be in
charge of an
activity, business,
organization, or
country
to run a business
if the goal is to run a highvolume business that tries to
move people in and out quickly,
…
For a while, she ran a
restaurant in Boston.
fitting or right for a
particular situation;
suitable
a proper technique
...the proper technique is to
lower the lighting, and use
absorbent building materials…
It is essential to use a
proper technique while
building a tent or it
might just crush down.
We didn’t have the
proper tools to do the job
right.
proper
adj.
to run a
restaurant/café/country
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
synonym: decide
synonym: aim
It is never easy to run a
business on your own,
which is why most
managers have their
personal consultants.
synonym: suitable
155
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Occupy
v. (T)
to use something
such as a room,
seat, or bed
to occupy a seat
The chair is constructed to put
an uncomfortable pressure on
the sitter’s back if occupied for
more than a few minutes.
The seats on our tickets
were already occupied
by a couple, so we got
bumped from the flight
due to overbooking.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
contextual synonym:
use
Many patients who are
occupying hospital beds
could be transferred to
other places.
construct
v. (T)
to build something
made of many parts
to construct sth.
to construct a sentence
to construct a new theory
The chair is constructed to put
an uncomfortable pressure on
the sitter’s back if occupied for
more than a few minutes.
They approved funds to
construct a new ferry
terminal.
discourage
v. (T)
to cause someone
to feel less
confident or less
hopeful
to discourage sb. from
doing sth.
My father is a lawyer,
and he discouraged me
from entering the field.
Face
v. (T)
if you face or are
faced with a
difficult situation,
or if a difficult
situation faces you,
it is going to affect
you and you must
deal with it:
to face a problem/situation
Sommer also describes how
airports are designed to
discourage people from
spending too much time in
waiting areas.
Faced with this situation,
travelers are forced to move to
restaurants…
to make someone
do something they
do not want to do
to force sb to do sth.
force
v. (T)
to be faced with a situation
antonym: encourage
Emergency services are
facing
additional problems this
winter.
I was faced with the
awful job of breaking the
news to the girl's family.
Faced with this situation,
travelers are forced to move to
restaurants and bars in the
terminal…
Government troops have
forced the rebels to
surrender.
near synonym:
persuade
156
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
tenant
n. (C)
someone who lives
in a house, room
etc and pays rent to
the person who
owns it
TEXT 113
to result
v (I)
if something results
from something
else, it is caused by
it
to condition
v (T)
conditioned
adj
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
…and tenants generally have
more contact with immediate
neighbors than with people even
a few doors away.
The desk was left by the
previous tenant.
to result from genetic
factors
to result from smth
Does killing result from
genetic, hormonal or other
biological factors?
We are still dealing with
problems resulting from
errors that were made in
the past.
to make a person or
an animal think or
behave in a certain
way by influencing
or training them
over a period of
time
trained to behave in
a particular way
cultural conditioning
to condition sb/smth to do
smth
Does cultural conditioning play
a role in killing?
The rats had been
conditioned to ring a bell
when they wanted food.
to be/become conditioned to
do smth
-
Patients can become
conditioned to particular
forms of treatment.
unfulfilled
adj
that has not been
satisfied or
achieved
unfulfilled desires/hopes/
promises/ambitions
We all have our unfulfilled
desires and experience rage, but
we have some sort of internal
cage that keeps our inner
monsters locked up.
He died young with his
ambitions unfulfilled.
Rage
n (U/C))
a feeling of violent
anger that is
difficult to control
to experience/to get in rage
We all have our unfulfilled
desires and experience rage, but
we have some sort of internal
cage that keeps our inner
monsters locked up.
His face was dark with
rage.
If something's too
difficult she gets in a
rage.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
near synonym:
resident
157
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
insane
adj
completely
stupid or crazy,
often in a way
that is
dangerous
n (U)
the state of
being insane
Trait
n (C)
a particular
quality in
someone's
character
to ill-treat
v (T)
insanity
to treat
to adopt
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Are they insane?
The whole idea sounds
absolutely insane to me.
Why did you do that?
Have you gone insane?
One thinks that serial killers are
totally insane and that we can
notice insanity easily.
He was found not guilty,
by reason of insanity
character/personal/
genetic traits
Statistically serial killers have
some common character traits:
…
His was a mental illness
associated with
particular personality
traits
to treat
somebody in a
cruel or unkind
way
to ill-treat someone
In their childhood, most are
physically or emotionally illtreated by parents.
Prisoners are generally
ill-treated in prisons.
v (T)
to behave in a
particular way
towards
somebody/som
ething
to treat someone with respect
to treat someone like smth
v (T/I)
to take
someone else's
child into your
home and
legally become
its parent
to adopt a child
to be / go insane
-
-
Some are adopted.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: madness
Despite her seniority,
Margot was never
treated with much
respect.
She treats me like one of
the family.
Sally was adopted when
she was four.
The couple are unable to
have children of their
own, but hope to adopt.
158
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
to torture
v (T/I)
common
adj.
to deliberately
hurt someone
in order to
force them to
give you
information, to
punish them, or
to be cruel
happening
often and to
many people or
in many places
outgoing
adj
to attempt
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to torture animals/someone
As children, serial killers often
set fires, torture animals and
wet their beds, which are the
three important symptoms of
future serial killers.
Many of the rebels were
captured and tortured by
secret police.
a common feature
Brain injuries are
common feature.
Heart disease is one of
the commonest causes of
death.
Antonym: rare
someone who
is outgoing
likes to meet
and talk to new
people
to be outgoing
They are active, outgoing
figures in business and society.
We're looking for
someone with an
outgoing personality.
Synonym: sociable
v (I)
to try to do
something,
especially
something
difficult
to attempt to do smth
Some have attempted to
become police themselves but
have been rejected; …
In this chapter I will
attempt to explain what
led up to the revolution.
to disguise
v (T)
to disguise sb/smth as sb/smth
Many, such as John Gacy and
Ted Bundy, disguise themselves
as people who are responsible
for enforcing the law to gain to
their victims.
He escaped across the
border disguised as a
priest.
to enforce
v (T)
to change
someone's
appearance so
that people
cannot
recognize them
to make people
obey a rule or
law
to enforce a law/ban
Many, such as John Gacy and
Ted Bundy, disguise themselves
as people who are responsible
for enforcing the law to gain to
their victims.
Governments make laws
and the police enforce
them.
another
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
159
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Victim
n (C)
someone who has
been attacked,
robbed, or
murdered
a rape/murder victim
Serial killers tend to choose
victims weaker than
themselves.
The victim received head
injuries from which she
died a week later.
to tend
v (I)
if something tends
to happen, it
happens often and
is likely to happen
again
to tend to do smth
Most of the time, they tend to
generalize certain characteristics
which they see a threat and kill
people who they believe have
these characteristics.
People tend to need less
sleep as they get older.
stereotype
n (C)
a belief or idea of
what a particular
type of person or
thing is like.
a stereotype of a victim
to fit the stereotype of smth
As the killer has generalized the
threat into a certain stereotype,
the killing game never ends.
threat
n (C)
someone or
something that is
seen as a possible
danger
see someone as a threat
to present/pose a threat to
sb/smth
Most of the time, they tend to
generalize certain characteristics
which they see a threat and kill
people who they believe have
these characteristics.
People do hate women
who don't fit the
stereotype of the good
mother.
Not all areas of the
country fit the
stereotypes of the poor
north and the rich south.
The fighting is a major
threat to stability in the
region.
Pollution poses a threat
to fish.
to blame
v (T)
to say or think that
someone or
something is
responsible for
something bad
to blame
someone/something for
smth
Another killer hated all women:
“I blame them for everything
…”
The report blames poor
safety standards for the
accident.
TEXT 115
neither...nor..
Conj.
used when you
want to say that
two or more things
are not true
Neither sounds nor lights wake
you up.
They speak neither
French nor German, but
a curious mixture of the
two.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Stereotypes are often
unfair or untrue.
160
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: former,
prior
Antonym: current,
future
previous
adj.
happening or
existing before
something or
someone else
previous stages
You breather faster, and your
heart beats faster than it does in
the previous stages.
The previous owner of
the house built an
extension on the back.
to fascinate
(v) (T)
to interest someone
a lot
to fascinate somebody
Dreams are another issue that
fascinates people.
Science has always
fascinated me. Anything
to do with airplanes and
flying fascinates him.
Synonym: captivate,
charm, delight
Antonym: bore,
disinterest
to worry
(v) (T/I)
to worry about something,
to worry about sb.
to worry somebody with
something
Some people worry a lot about
sleep.
Don't worry about me,
I'll be fine. . The
continued lack of rain is
starting to worry people.
Synonym: agonize,
annoy, bother
Antonym: aid,
comfort, help
to spend
(v) (T)
to think about
unpleasant things
that might make
you feel unhappy
and afraid, or to
make someone feel
that way
to give money as a
payment for
something
to spend money on
something,
to spend money wisely
Americans, especially, spend at
least 25 million dollars a year
on sleeping pills.
Try to be objective if you
want to spend your
money wisely.
Synonym: give, pay
out
Antonym: earn, get,
receive
TEXT 116
effortlessly
adv
in a way that you do
not need much effort
-
Life would be so much easier if
we could remember them all
effortlessly.
He dived effortlessly into
the turquoise water.
undoubtedly
adv
used for saying that
smth is certainly true
or is accepted by
everyone
-
While this undoubtedly helps
short-term memory
(remembering a telephone
number for a few seconds, for
example), psychologists doubt
whether it can help you
remember things for very long.
The next few days will
undoubtedly prove
crucial.
161
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
short-term
adj
continuing for only a
short time, or relating
only to the period that
is not very far into the
future
short-term memory
She's suffering from shortterm memory loss.
The treatment may bring
short-term benefits to
AIDS sufferers.
to associate
v (T)
to make a connection
in your mind between
one thing or person
and another
to associate smth/sb with
smth
to remind
v (T)
to remind sb of smth
ancient
adj
v (T)
Surprisingly, however, there is
nothing new about these methods
– they were around even in
ancient times.
The Roman general Publius
Scipio could recognize and name
his entire army – 35,000 men in
total!
He is doing a research on
the ancient civilizations of
Asia.
to recognize
if sb/smth reminds you
of sb/smth else, they
make you remember
or think about the
other person, place,
thing, etc. because
they are similar in
some way
belonging to a time
long ago in history,
especially thousands
of years ago
to know who
someone is or what
something is, because
you have seen, heard,
experienced, or
learned about them in
the past
While this undoubtedly helps
short-term memory
(remembering a telephone
number for a few seconds, for
example), psychologists doubt
whether it can help you remember
things for very long.
For example, an English person
wishing to learn “pato” (the
Spanish word for “duck”), could
associate it with the English verb
“to pat”.
Imagining someone painting a
duck on the head would remind
the learner of the Spanish word.
Historically, anatomists have
been able to make vague
inferences about the human brain
comparing it to the brains of
animals…
The governor gave only a
vague outline of his tax
plan.
TEXT 117
vague
adj.
unclear because
someone does not
give enough detailed
information or does
not say exactly what
they mean
ancient times
to recognize sb/smth
vague inferences
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym:
long-term
I don't associate him with
energetic sports.
That smell reminds me of
France.
Antonym: modern
I didn't recognize you in
your uniform.
It was malaria, but Dr Lee
hadn't recognized the
symptoms.
162
Word
suppose
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
Meaning
used to say you
think something is
true, although you
are uncertain about
it
fair and sensible
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to suppose (that) + sentence
…it’s reasonable to suppose
that ‘reptilian’ responses might
still exist there.
I suppose the government
will have to postpone the
current reform because
of the riot.
reasonable to do sth
…it’s reasonable to suppose
that ‘reptilian’ responses might
still exist there.
It seems reasonable to
assume they've been
tested.
When a part of the brain is
destroyed or disconnected,
doctors can observe the changes
in the victim’s behavior…
Scientists have observed
a drop in ozone levels
over the Antarctic.
reasonable
adj.
observe
v. (T)
to see and notice
something
to observe changes
Devastate
v. (T)
to damage
something very
badly or completely
to devastate sth.
devastating
adj.
badly damaging or
destroying
something
devastating damage
n. (C)
something that you
say or do to suggest
something to
someone, without
telling them
directly;
helpful hints
Hint
hints on/about
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
The city centre was
devastated by the bomb.
Since this kind of damage can
be devastating, it’s hard not to
see this one of science’s darker
corners.
…and a reasonably detailed
map has been drawn that can
offer us helpful hints like …
Acid rain has a
devastating effect on the
forest.
I just bought a book on
helpful hints on looking
after house plants.
a useful piece of
advice about how
to do something
163
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Detect
v. (T)
to notice or discover
something, especially
something that is not
easy to see, hear etc
to detect sth.
when something is
found that is not easy
to
see, hear etc, or the
process of looking for
it
detection of sth
A PET scan relies on the detection
of gamma rays and can take
detailed neural ‘snapshots’…
Early detection of the disease is
vital.
…detailed neural ‘snapshots’ or
brightness maps, which accurately
reflect the levels of activity across
the entire brain…
The drop in consumer spending
reflects concern about the
economy.
near synonym:
show
The brochure tries to give a fair
and accurate description of each
hotel.
antonym:
inaccurate
It's impossible to predict the
weather accurately.
antonym:
inaccurately
detection
n. (UC)
Collocation
reflect
v. (T)
to show or be a sign of
a particular situation or
feeling
to reflect sth.
accurate
adj.
correct and true in
every detail
accurate information
accurately
adv.
correctly
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Many forms of cancer can be cured
if detected early.
…detailed neural ‘snapshots’ or
brightness maps, which accurately
reflect the levels of activity across
the entire brain…
164
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
contrast
v. (T)
to contrast sth. with
sth.
With a PET scan, an image taken
of a brain at rest can be contrasted
with an image of a brain doing a
specific task.
In another passage, Melville again
contrasts the land with the sea.
Yield
v. (T)
to compare two things,
ideas, people etc to
show how different
they are from each
other
to produce a result,
answer, or piece of
information
yield sth.
This yields a very exact picture
whose bright spots highlight only
the brain areas that are directly
involved.
Our research has only recently
begun to yield important results.
to depend on
something in order to
continue to live or exist
to rely on sth./sb.
A PET scan relies on the detection
of gamma rays and can take
detailed neural ‘snapshots’…
For its income, the company relies
heavily on only a few contracts.
Rely on
v. (IT)
to yield results
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Its sensors rely on powerful
electromagnets which literally suck
bits of metal completely through a
human body.
literally
adv.
used to emphasize a
strong expression or
word
Its sensors rely on powerful
electromagnets which literally
suck bits of metal completely
through a human body.
Dad was literally blazing with
anger.
The Olympic Games were watched
by literally billions of people.
165
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
application
n. (C/UC)
practical purpose for
which a machine, idea
etc can be used, or a
situation when this is
used
to use something such
as a method, idea, or
law in a particular
situation, activity, or
process
sinister applications
As this kind of mapping continues
and our brains’ self-understanding
explodes, it isn’t hard to imagine
some sinister applications.
The research has many
practical applications.
The applications of genetic
engineering in agriculture help us
a lot in the field.
New technology is being applied to
almost every industrial process.
adj.
something that is
intriguing is very
interesting because it is
strange, mysterious, or
unexpected
intriguing
possibilities
Still, there are as many intriguing
possibilities on the positive side.
The magazine carries an intriguing
mixture of high fashion, gossip and
racing.
near synonym:
interesting
v. (T)
to make an illness or
medical condition go
away
to cure ailments
Knowing exactly how our brains
function, we may find it possible to
cure a host of neurological and
psychological ailments.
Many types of cancer can now be
cured.
synonym: heal
New technology is now available
to modern ‘disease detectives,’
doctors and scientists who are
using clues to solve medical
mysteries.
She doesn’t have a clue about
healthy diet.
Police are looking for clues in their
search for the missing girl.
I’m never going to guess the
answer if you don’t give me a clue.
Antonym: hint,
tip, sign
apply
v. (T)
intriguing
cure
TEXT 118
Clue
n.(C)
a sign or some
information which helps
you to find an answer to
a problem, question, or
mystery.
application of/to/in
to apply sth.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
to be applied to
to cure
diseases/illnesses
a clue
to look for clues
to give sb. a clue
166
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
to cure
v.(T)
cure (n)(C)
to make sb. with an
illness healthy again
to cure birth defects/
a patient/an
illness/disease
The knowledge of genetics may
prevent or cure birth defects or
genetic illnesses.
Consuming folic acid during
pregnancy is way to cure birth
defects.
n.(C)
a physical condition in
which smth. is wrong
with a part of
someone’s body
birth defects
The knowledge of genetics may
prevent or cure birth defects or
genetic illnesses.
The drug has been shown to cause
birth defects.
n.(C/U)
a medical operation in
which a new organ is
put into someone’s
body.
successful (organ)
transplants
a liver / kidney /
heart transplant
Successful transplants of the heart,
liver, kidney, and other organs of
the body are much more common.
to
transplant
v.(T/I)
to take an organ from
one person’s body and
put it into another
person’s body.
to look at smth. or sb.
carefully in order to
discover information
to transplant an
organ
Successful organ transplants have
been done in the United States
since 1950s
He had a liver / kidney / heart
transplant.
Doctors transplanted a monkey’s
heart into a two-year old child.
They inspect kitchens, bathrooms,
and air-conditioning systems.
They inspect the plants for disease
and insects.
Make sure you inspect the goods
carefully as soon as you receive
them.
In DNA, what determines the
characteristics of an organism? Are
they genes?
Defect
Transplant
to inspect
v.(T)
inspection (n)
inspector (n)
to determine
v.(T)
to inspect smth. for
smth.
to inspect smth.
closely / carefully /
thoroughly
to control or influence to to determine the
smth. or to decide what
characteristics of
will happen.
smth.
Use in MTR I
DNA determines the characteristics
of every living thing, every plant,
animal and human being.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to
make well
Synonym: to
examine
167
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
to detect
v.(T)
to notice smth. that is
partly hidden or not
clear or to discover
smth.
to detect a gene
Medical genetics . . . study DNA . .
. to detect the gene or combination
of genes that causes inherited
diseases.
How can scientists detect a faulty
gene?
inherited
adj.
inherited disease is
passed to you through
your parents’ genes
inherited diseases
Medical genetics . . . study DNA . .
. to detect the
causes inherited diseases.
Cardiac inherited diseases are
passed down through families from
one generation to another.
to inherit
(v)(T)
1. to receive property or
money from someone
who has died
to inherit
money/land/
property from sb.
He inherited the business from his
father.
2. to be born with
particular characteristics
that pass through genes
to inherit a disease/
characteristics
The boys inherited their good looks
from their mother.
n.(C)
a person who gives a
part of their body to help
sb. who is ill.
organ donor
to donate (v)
(T)
to allow an organ to be
taken from your body
and used to treat an ill
person
a person who receives an
organ transplant
to donate an organ
to an ill person
Donor
receiver
n.(C)
Collocation
organ receiver
Use in MTR I
Doctors can now try to ‘match’ the
characteristics of the organ donor
and the receiver.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The hospital is searching for a bone
marrow donor for the child.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Antonym: a
receiver
The mother donated her kidney to
treat her sick child.
Doctors can now try to ‘match’ the
characteristics of the organ donor
and the receiver.
Organ donation can mean a second
chance in life for an organ receiver.
Antonym: donor
168
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
to raise
v.(T)
to take care of a person,
or an animal or plant
TEXT 119
Scatter
v. (T)
if someone scatters a
lot of things, or if they
scatter, they are thrown
or dropped over a wide
area in an irregular
way
simultaneously
adv.
misconception
n. (C)
Stationery
adj.
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
….and farmers may raise animals
for the purpose of organ transplants
for humans.
The farmer raises chickens and
pigs.
Raising farm animals is a
challenging job..
to scatter sth
Their research has led to our
understanding of how information
scattered throughout the brain can
be brought together…
Scatter the onions over the fish.
things that are
simultaneous happen at
exactly the same time
to work
simultaneously
...how information scattered
throughout the brain can be
brought together in ‘circuits’ –
connections of different parts of the
brain working simultaneously.
The opera will be broadcast
simultaneously on television and
radio.
an idea which is wrong
or untrue, but which
people believe because
they do not understand
the subject properly
popular/common
misconception
One misconception was that
people must mentally or physically
pronounce words to understand
them.
There is a popular misconception
that too much exercise is bad for
you.
not moving
stationery objects
Similarly, if the movement part is
damaged, then a person can see
only stationery objects.
It’s important to make some of the
huge objects stationery in case of
an earthquake.
to raise animals
misconception that +
sentence
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to
breed , to grow
169
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Instantly
adv.
immediately
Activate
v. (T)
to make an electrical
system or chemical
process start working
consciously
adv.
Partially
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
In short, different features are dealt
with separately but are combined
instantly.
All four victims died instantly.
to activate sth
Instead, the brain’s motor system,
which automatically controls
muscles, was activated.
The yeast's growth is activated by
sugar and warmth.
noticing or realizing
something
to do sth consciously
Thus, the brain does not
consciously think after it has
learned the answer.
I don’t think the murderer was
doing all this consciously.
adv.
not completely
to learn sth partially
Of course, sometimes people learn
something partially.
The operation was only partially
successful.
synonym: partly
TEXT 120
immense
(adj)
extremely large or
great
_
There is still an immense amount
of work to be done.
Synonym:
enormous
eventually
(adv)
at the end of a period
of time or a series of
events
_
She hopes to get a job on the local
newspaper and eventually work for
‘The Times’.
_
afflicted
(v) (T)
to affect somebody/
something in an
unpleasant or harmful
way
be afflicted with
something
Scientists quite reasonably point
out that human genetic engineering
still faces immense technical
obstacles.
… continue divide throughout life
so that the genetically engineered
cells can eventually replace the
natural , defective ones.
One hope is to insert the desired
gene into a virus that would infect
the afflicted tissue and use the
virus to get the gene to its target –
cells with defective genes.
About 40% of the country's
population is afflicted with the
disease.
_
antonym:
deactivate
170
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
formidable
(adj)
_
This is a formidable task, but not
insurmountable.
In debate he was a formidable
opponent.
applicable
(adj)
applicable to
…, but it is really going to be
applicable only to a small category
of patients with rare diseases.”
The offer is only applicable to
bookings for double rooms.
_
severe
(adj)
if people, things or
situations are
formidable, you feel
fear and/or respect for
them, because they are
impressive or
powerful, or because
they seem very
difficult
if something is
applicable to a
particular person,
group, or situation, it
affects them or is
related to them
extremely bad or
serious
_
Down’s syndrome, the most
common cause of severe mental
retardation, is genetic …
The party suffered severe losses
during the last election.
_
comprise
(v)
A new system has been devised to
control traffic in the city.
Synonym: think
up
predispose
(v) (T)
to make someone
more likely to suffer
from a particular
health problem
likely to suffer from a
health problem
predispose somebody
to something
Down’s patients carry an entire extra
chromosome, a package of DNA
comprising several thousand genes.
No one has been able to devise a
way to remove the extra
chromosome from every cell in a
child’s body, or to undo the damage
it wreaks on the brain.
-
Synonym:
consist of
(v)
*comprise something
*be comprised of
something
_
The collection comprises 327
paintings.
devise
to have somebody/
something as parts or
members
to invent something
new or a new way of
doing something
Diabetes predisposes patients to
infections.
_
… but they develop most often in
people genetically predisposed to
them.
He is genetically predisposed to
gain weight
_
predisposed
(adj)
_
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
_
171
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
identify
(v)
to find or discover
somebody/something
_
Scientists have identified a link
between diet and cancer.
crucial
(adj)
extremely important
* a crucial
factor/issue/decision
challenging
(adj)
difficult in an
interesting way that
tests your ability
_
manipulate
(v) (T)
to change, control or
use something in a
skilful way
_
The first success of this kind was
reported by Yale scientists, who
were able to identify foreign genes
in one of 150 newborn mice grown
from microinjected eggs.
Of crucial importance for the future
of embryo genetic engineering,
those mice passed the gene along to
their children and grandchildren.
If putting a foreign gene into an
embryonic mouse is no easy task,
getting the gene to express itself is
far more challenging.
-
_
manipulation
(n)
hereditary
(adj)
given to a child by its
parents before it is
born
a hereditary illness/
disease/ condition/
problem
obedient
(adj)
doing what you are
told to do; willing to
obey
obedient to
somebody/something
humane
(adj)
showing kindness
towards people and
animals by making
sure that they do not
suffer more than is
necessary
_
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
_
The next few weeks are going to be
crucial.
Synonym:
critical, essential
Teaching young children is a
challenging and rewarding job.
Synonym:
difficult
Computers are very efficient at
manipulating information.
_
… force us to wonder about the
genetic manipulation of Homo
Sapiens.
She gets what she wants through
emotional manipulation.
_
As we want to heal hereditary
illness, we are slipping toward the
genetic engineering of human beings
almost without realizing it.
Genetic engineering will not be
forced upon us as a few forecasters
have led us to believe, by a new
Hitler wishing a mindlessly obedient
populace.
We will seek out, applaud its
humane goals and espouse it greatly.
Epilepsy is hereditary in her
family.
_
He was always obedient to his
father's wishes.
Antonym:
disobedient
Campaigners claim that the
animals are not being kept in
humane conditions.
Antonym:
inhumane
172
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
TEXT 122
extensive
(adj)
covering a large area;
great in amount
extensive use of the
Internet/ chemicals
The extensive use of chemicals
causes soil pollution.
to assume
(v) (T)
to assume (that)/
it is/seems reasonable
to assume (that)
misconception
(n) (C)
to think that something
is true, although you
do not have definite
proof
an idea which is wrong
or untrue, which
people believe
When one considers all the
information about the extensive
use of the Internet, one would
assume that …..
When one considers all the
information about… Internet, one
would assume that youngsters all
over the world were using it..
However, this would be a
misconception.
Most lack the funds and teachers
with enough technical expertise to
be able to successfully install or
operate an Internet system.
We've installed new anti-virus
software.
popular/common
misconception
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
It seems reasonable to assume that the
book was written around 70 AD.
Synonym: to
presume
There is a popular misconception that
too much exercise is bad for you.
Synonym:
fallacy
misconception that
to install
(v) (T)
to put a new program
or piece of software
into a computer so that
you can use it
to install a system/
computer program
a
to specialize in
(v) (T)
to limit all or most of
your study, business
etc to a particular
subject or activity
to specialize in
education/ law
It specializes in the British
education system and offers some
very comprehensive packages.
Simmons specialized in contract law.
comprehensive
(adj)
including all, or almost
all, the items, details,
facts, information, etc..
comprehensive
packages/ range of
products/program
It specializes in the British
education system and offers some
very comprehensive packages.
We offer our customers a
comprehensive range of financial
products.
annual
(adj)
based on or calculated
over a period of one
year
annual fee/ event
RM sets a fixed annual fee, and
this means that users have the
advantage of spending a longer
time on the Internet ….
The school trip has become an annual
event
Synonym:
complete, full
173
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
disastrous
(adj)
(n) (C)
disaster
very bad, or ending in
failure:
disastrous results/
consequences
This can have disastrous results.
Lowering interest rates could have
disastrous consequences for the
economy.
emergency
(n)(C/UC)
an unexpected and
dangerous situation
that must be dealt with
immediately
to accept something
enthusiastically
in emergencies
This jams local telephone circuits
and may prevent ordinary billpaying telephone users from making
calls, even in emergencies.
Worse, the Internet is already
starting to embrace more traditional
telephone services.
In case of emergency, press the
alarm button
in case of emergency
to embrace
(v) (T)
to embrace telephone
services/ opportunity
to claim
(v) (T)
(n)(C) claim
to state that something
is true, even though it
has not been proved
to claim that +
sentence
Telephone companies claim that
Internet users are abusing their
networks…
Some scientists claimed that the
Moon was formerly a part of the
Earth.
to abuse
(v) (T)
to make bad use of
something
to abuse
networks/alcohol/drugs
Telephone companies claim that
Internet users are abusing their
networks and…
The proportion of drinkers who
abuse alcohol is actually quite
small.
to approach
(v) (T/I)
approach
(n)(C)
to come nearer, closer
to sth.
to approach sb. /sth.
sb./smth. approach(es)
Another international battle is
approaching.
The success rates approach 90
percent.
to transmit
(v) (T)
to broadcast
something, or to send
out or carry signals
using radio, television.
to transmit information
… information that should be
checked before it is transmitted over
the Internet.
The information is transmitted
electronically to the central
computer.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym:
catastrophic,
devastating
This was an opportunity that he
would embrace.
Anotnym:
disclaim (deny)
174
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
corrupt
(adj)
dishonestly using your
position or power to
your own advantage,
especially for money
corrupt governments/
system
Thatcher warned that corrupt
governments and evil individuals
might abuse the Internet.
She hated the corrupt system every official she approached
wanted money before helping her
offensive
(adj)
(v)(T)
to offend sb.
very rude or insulting
and likely to upset
people
offensive
material/behaviour
She also expressed concern about
the harm that is being caused to
children who have access to
offensive material on the Internet.
Many Tv shows include
(v) (T)
to decide or say
officially that
something is not
allowed
to ban groups/an
activity
Of 15,000 news groups, RM has
banned around 7,000.
Chemical weapons are banned
internationally.
(v) (T)
to show or prove
something clearly
to demonstrate an
attitude/ the link
This attitude is a far cry from the
irresponsible attitude being
demonstrated by a number of
people on the open Internet
The study demonstrates the link
between poverty and
malnutrition.
attitude
(n) (C )
(UC)
the way that you
behave towards
someone or in a
particular situation
to show/have
irresponsible/positive
negative attitude
towards smth.
This attitude is a far cry from the
irresponsible attitude being
demonstrated by a number of
people on the open Internet
She always had a positive
attitude toward her students.
inevitable
(adj)
that you cannot avoid
or prevent
It is inevitable +
sentence
inevitable results
/consequences
Of course, it is inevitable that
there will be drawbacks to
something as powerful as an
international communications
system.
A rise in the interest rates seems
inevitable.
to ban
to demonstrate
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Antonym: inoffensive
offensive material.
Synonym:
show (v)
display(v)
175
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to improve the quality,
amount or strength of
something
to enhance chances/
reputation
For example, additional
knowledge of computers can
enhance their chances of future
employment.
The publicity has enhanced his
reputation.
to enhance
verb (v) (T)
TEXT 123
Via
prep.
using a particular person,
machine etc to send
something
via a nationwide
network/e-mail
The Internet was created in the
US in the 1960s as a tool to link
university and government
centers via a nationwide network.
You can access our homepage via
the Internet.
challenge
n (C)
something new and
difficult
numerous challenges
great/huge/real/big/
serious challenge
to face a challenge
There were numerous challenges,
beginning with the design of a
packet-switching network…
Liszt's piano music presents an
enormous technical challenge.
Martin now faces the biggest
challenge of his career.
to challenge
v (T)
to test somebody's ability
and skills, especially in
an interesting way
to challenge someone
to challenge someone
to do sth
-
The job doesn't really challenge
her.
No one has seriously challenged
the champion.
swiftly
adv
quickly and immediately
swiftly change the
world
What eventually grew out of these
efforts is a miraculous low-cost
technology that is swiftly and
dramatically changing the world.
Alice dressed swiftly.
She moved swiftly to the rescue.
adj
happening or done
quickly and immediately
swift to do smth
Swift
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
He made a remarkably swift
recovery.
They were swift to deny the
accusations.
176
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
corporation
n (C)
a big company, or a
group of companies
acting together as a
single organization
big/giant/large
corporation
The Internet is not owned or
controlled by any organization,
corporation, or nation.
He works for a large American
corporation.
instantaneously
adv
immediately
to connect
instantaneously
It connects people in 65 countries
instantaneously through computers,
fiber optics, satellites and phone
lines.
In use, the card acts just like a
disk drive but it responds
instantaneously.
instantaneous
adj
happening immediately
instantaneous access
to smth
?
Her death was almost
instantaneous.
pursuit
n (C)
when someone tries to
get, achieve, or find
something in a
determined way
educational
/academic/artistic
pursuits
in (the) pursuit of
smth
It is changing cultural patterns,
business practices, the consumer
industry and research and
educational pursuits.
She has time now to follow her
various artistic pursuits.
People have to move to other
areas in pursuit of work.
up-to-date
adj
including all the latest
information
to keep sb up-to-date
up-to-date
information/data
It helps people keep up-to-date on
world events, find a restaurant in a
foreign city …
Our magazine will keep you upto-date with fashion.
They have access to up-to-date
information through a computer
database.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
177
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Right
n (C)
something that you
are morally, legally,
or officially allowed
to do or have
human rights
legal/basic/automatic/
moral
It has gathered support for human
rights in suppressed nations, saved
the life of a child in Beijing and
helped a man in Iowa find a lost
family member in Brazil.
Any employee who is sacked has
an automatic right to appeal.
You have a moral right to that
money.
visualize
v (T)
visualise
(Br. English)
to form a picture of
someone or
something in your
mind
to visualize sb/smth
to visualize sb doing
smth
In 1693, a man named J.C.R
Licklider visualized a network that
would connect machines and people
worldwide.
I tried to visualize the house
while he was describing it.
Somehow I can't visualize myself
staying with this company for
much longer.
public
adj
known about by most
people
to make smth public
This network, which formed the
foundation of the Internet, was
made public in California in 1969.
Details of the highly sensitive
information have not been made
public.
to exceed
v (T)
to be more than a
particular number or
amount
to far/substantially/
considerably
/comfortably exceed
smth
It had far exceeded its original
purpose, and was providing the
stimulus for a vast technological
revolution that was just ahead.
revolution
n (C)
a complete change in
ways of thinking,
methods of working
etc
completely new and
different, especially
in a way that leads to
great improvements
social/cultural/
technological/
agricultural revolution
It had far exceeded its original
purpose, and was providing the
stimulus for a vast technological
revolution that was just ahead.
-
Working hours must not exceed
42 hours a week.
The House voted by 327 votes to
93, comfortably exceeding the
required two-thirds majority.
As the eighteenth century came,
an agricultural revolution took
place.
adj
revolutionary
Collocation
revolutionary changes
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to imagine
The new cancer drug is a
revolutionary breakthrough.
The effects of technological
development are revolutionary.
The 1960s were a time of rapid
and revolutionary change.
178
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
innovation
n (C)
a new idea, method,
or invention
major innovations
innovation in smth
Major innovations in software
were necessary before the Internet
could function as a global
information utility.
The company is very interested in
product design and innovation.
We must encourage innovations
in English teaching.
utility
n (C)
a piece of computer
SOFTWARE that has a
particular use
an information utility
Major innovations in software were
necessary before the Internet could
function as a global information
utility.
to retrieve
v (T)
to retrieve information
Simple tools to retrieve
information from the Web and
communicate would be the focus of
much activity in the next few years.
to simplify
v (T)
simplified
simplifies
simplifying
to get back
information that has
been stored in the
memory of a
computer
to make something
easier or less
complicated
It's a simple shareware utility
that allows you to print signs and
banners.
This computer is of low utility for
the home user.
The new version of the software
automatically retrieves digital
information.
to simplify smth
to greatly simplify
smth
Netscape and then Microsoft
followed with browsers that greatly
simplified a computer user’s ability
to surf the Internet in search of
information.
The law needs to be simplified.
The whole process has now been
greatly simplified.
to invest
v (T)
to buy shares,
property, or goods
because you hope
that the value will
increase and you can
make a profit
to invest
time/money/effort in
smth
Many invest in stocks and
commodities online.
Williams invested a large sum of
money in Swiss stocks.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
179
Word
commodity
Part of
Speech
n (C)
commodities
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
a product that is
bought and sold
basic/industrial/
marketable/rare/
cheap/expensive
commodities
Many invest in stocks and
commodities online.
Coal is becoming a rare
commodity.
the quality of being
suitable or useful for
a particular purpose,
especially by making
something easier or
saving you time
progress or
development in your
job, level of
knowledge etc
the convenience of
smth
It is a powerful symbol of society’s
expectations about the future – fastmoving technology that adds
convenience and efficiency to their
lives.
Most of us like the convenience of
using credit cards to buy things.
technological/
economic advancement
Recently, a judge cited it as “the
single most important
advancement to freedom of
speech.”
Technology advancements that
have led to changing the world
are many.
convenience
n (U)
advancement
n (C)
destined
adj
seeming certain to
happen at some time
in the future
to be destined to do
smth
In the 21st century, it seems the
Internet is destined to have even
more profound effects.
We were destined never to meet
again.
profound
adj
having a strong
influence or effect
profound
impact/effect/
influence
In the 21st century, it seems the
Internet is destined to have even
more profound effects.
The mother's behaviour has a
profound impact on the
developing child.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
180
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
TEXT 124
transparent
adj.
transparent materials,
to be almost
transparent
straight
adj.
If a substance or object
is transparent, you can
see through it very
clearly.
continuing in one
direction without
bending or curving
to follow a different
direction, or to be or
become different
to diverge
(v) (I)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
It travels slightly faster in a vacuum,
but, in other transparent materials
such as water or diamonds, it travels
more slowly.
Light seems to travel in straight
lines. If you shine a flashlight in the
dark, the light appears to be straight.
Her eyelids were blue and almost
transparent.
Synonym: clear
Antonym: opaque
to diverge from
somewhere,
to diverge
considerably/widely
In certain situations, light diverges
from a straight path. In other words,
it changes its direction.
This country's interests diverge
considerably from those of other
European countries. They walked
along the road together until they
reached the village, but then their
paths diverged.
Nutrients are absorbed into the
bloodstream. In cold climates,
houses need to have walls that
will absorb heat.
This knife is identical to the one
used in the attack. Her twin
babies look completely identical.
Nutritionally, infant formulas are
almost identical to breast milk.
The car reversed into a hedge.
She reversed the car into the
parking space.
straight lines
to absorb
(v) (T)
to take something in,
especially gradually
to absorb something,
to be absorbed into
something,
When it falls on an object, most of it
is either absorbed by the object
itself or passes through.
identical
adj.
exactly the same, or
very similar
The image that is reflected in a flat
mirror is identical to- exactly the
same as- the original object, but it is
reversed.
to reverse
(v) (T)
to (cause something to)
go backwards, or to
change the direction,
order, position, result,
etc. of something to its
opposite
to be identical to
something,
to look identical,
completely/exactly
identical
to reverse something,
to reverse into
somewhere,
The image that is reflected in a flat
mirror is identical to- exactly the
same as- the original object, but it is
reversed.
The teacher told her students to
form a straight line in front of the
classroom.
Antonym: converge
Synonym: take in
Synonym: same
Synonym: back up
(Am. English)
181
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
to transfer
(v) (T)
to enable
(v) (T)
to move someone or
something from one
place, vehicle, person
or group to another
to make someone able
to do something, or to
make something
possible
TEXT 125
reveal
v (T)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: move
to transfer something
into something
Light is a form of energy that can
be transferred into heat.
to enable someone to
do something
It is this light energy from the sun
that warms the earth and enables
living things to grow.
She transferred the sauce into a
china jug. He has been
transferred to a psychiatric
hospital.
Computerization should enable
us to cut production costs by half.
to make known
something that was
previously secret or
unknown
_
-
He may be prosecuted for
revealing secrets about the
security agency
Antonym:
conceal
revelation
(n.)
a surprising fact about
someone or something
that was previously
secret and is now
made known
revelation about /
concerning
Some people get revelations in the
shower.
He resigned after revelations
about his affair.
-
devote
(v)
to use all or most of
your time, effort etc in
order to do something
or help someone
devote your
time/energy/attention
etc to something
Yamada, 55, devoted his four-hour
daily commute to a higher cause –
dreaming up the next great
consumer gadget.
He devoted his energies to
writing films.
Synonym:
dedicate
forefront
noun (n.)
to be in a leading
position in an
important activity that
is trying to achieve
something or develop
new ideas
be at/in/to the
forefront (of
something)
In 1997, Ricoh president
Masamitsu Sakurai commissioned
Yamada to create a device that
would help push his company into
the forefront of digital technology.
The company has always been at
the forefront of science and
Synonym: allow
technology
182
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
promising
(adj)
showing signs of
being successful or
good in the future
innovation
respect
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
After reviewing the most promising
new technologies –and meditating
endlessly on the train – Yamada
felt he was prepared to design a
digital camera like no other.
Peter gave up a promising career
in chemical engineering to
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
become a priest.
(n) C
a new idea, method,
or invention
innovation in
to introduce innovation
great/major/important
innovation
What makes the i700 an innovation
is its wireless.
Innovations in information
technology have completely
transformed the way students
work.
Innovative
(adj)
an innovative idea or
way of doing
something is new,
different, and better
than those that
existed before
-
“The RDC-i700 is an innovative
device” notes Christopher Chute,
analyst at the high-tech marketresearch firm …
The city has introduced an
innovative system of traffic
control.
(n)
used to say that
something is true in
one way, in some
ways
one part of a
situation, idea, plan
etc that has many
parts
immediately
in one respect
in some/many respects
In many respects, such features are
not new this year.
In many respects the new version
is not as good as the old one.
-
-
-
Dealing with people is the most
important aspect of my work
-
-
We created the first camera that
allows HTML coding, which can be
sent to a web page and instantly
published.
The information was instantly
available.
-
to make a CD, video,
film etc available for
people to buy or see
-
Users in Japan – where the product
was released in September with
price of about $1.500 - …
A version of the game for Mac
computers will be released in
February
aspect (n)
Instantly
(adv)
release
(v)
-
183
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
_
skeptical
(adj)
tending to disagree
with what other
people tell you
be/look/become
skeptical
Although they were skeptical at first
about browsing the web on a screen
that is bigger than the size of a drink
coaster, …
Environmental groups are
skeptical of the government's
claims.
unfold
(v)
if a series of events
unfold, they happen
-
Everyone, who couldn’t attend could
see the event as it unfolded.
He had watched the drama
unfold from a nearby ship.
-
relatively
(adv)
something that is
relatively small, easy
etc is fairly small,
easy etc compared to
other things
_
Because of the i7000’s relatively
high price, Ricoh expects its first US
customers ….
E-commerce is a relatively recent
phenomenon.
-
TEXT 127
to expand
v.(T/I)
to expand rapidly
to expand into
expand/broaden sb’s
horizons
The term artificial intelligence was
first used in 1956, and since then
artificial intelligence has expanded
…
Britain’s universities expanded at
a great rate at the end of the 20th
century.
dedicated
adj.
a dedicated
mother/teacher/
researcher
… because of the theories and
principles developed by its
dedicated researchers.
She is a dedicated socialist.
My father is dedicated to his
children.
revolution
n.(C)
to run
v.(T/IT)
if smth., it grows by
including more
people, moving into
new areas, selling
more products etc.
someone who is
dedicated works very
hard at what they do
because they care a lot
about it
a complete change in
ways of thinking,
methods of working
etc
to start or use a
computer program
With the invention of the electronic
computer in 1941, there was a big
revolution in every aspect of
storage and processing information.
They were a programmer’s
nightmare as it was difficult to get
a program running among
thousands of wires.
This is the biggest social revolution
we have had in this country.
This country needs a revolution in
education.
We need to learn how the program
works before we start running it.
This software will run on any PC.
to be dedicated to
a big revolution
a revolution in smth.
social/cultural/
sexual etc revolution
to run a program
184
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to observe
v.(T)
to see and notice
something
...the link between human
intelligence and machines was
observed with the “feedback
theory” of Norbert Weiner.
If you look into history of human
beings, you can observe the link
between language and culture.
It was observed that 40 percent of
patients had high blood pressure.
familiar
adj.
someone or something
that is familiar is wellknown to you and
easy to recognize
to observe the link
between X and Y
to observe that
+sentence
it is/was observed that
+ sentence
a familiar
example/person
The most familiar example of the
feedback theory is the thermostat.
England is a familiar example of
countries with rainy weather.
I am familiar with geometrical
terms. I know most of them.
The voice on the phone sounded
familiar.
Weiner maintained that all
intelligent behavior was the result
of feedback mechanisms.
Scientists maintain that more
research is needed to understand
the evolution of languages better.
In 1956, John McCarthy organized
a conference in New Hampshire to
draw the attention of others
interested in machine intelligence
to the topic.
GSPS could solve common-sense
problems to a great extent.
Advertising companies are trying
hard to draw the attention of
children.
While programs were being
produced, McCarthy was busy
developing a major breakthrough
in AI research.
Scientists have made a major
breakthrough in the treatment of
cancer.
familiar with smth.
to look/sound familiar
to maintain
to draw the
attention of sb.
v.(T)
v.(T)
to strongly express
your belief that
something is true
to maintain an idea
to make someone
notice something
to draw the attention
of sb.
extent
n.(UC)
the degree to which
something happens or
is likely to happen
breakthrough
n.(C)
an important new
discovery in
something you are
studying, especially
one made after trying
for a long time
to maintain that +
sentence
to draw attention to
smth.
to a certain/some/
great/large extent
a major breakthrough
in sth
I agree with him to some extent.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym : degree
185
Word
Part of Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to adopt
v.(T)
1. to adopt a child
2. to adopt a
development/
approach
LISP was soon adopted as the
language of choice among most AI
developers.
1. I was adopted by a French
family when I was 10.
2. He decided to adopt a more
radical approach to the problem.
impact
n.(C)
negative-positive/
long or short-term
impact of X
The impact of AI in computer
technology was strongly felt.
There will be an international
meeting to consider the negative
impacts of global warming.
unique
adj
1. to take someone
else's child into your
home and legally
become its parent
2. to decide to start
using a particular idea,
plan, or method
the effect or influence
that an event, situation
etc has on someone or
something
unusually good and
special
unique ability to do
sth
It had the unique ability to make
decisions under certain conditions.
She has a unique ability to
communicate with animals of all
kinds.
when something
changes from one
form or state to
another
to make a transition to
sth
AI has also made the transition to
the home.
the need or desire that
people have for
particular goods and
services
demand for
Making the transition from youth
to adulthood can be very painful.
A smooth transition between two
activities makes a lesson much
better.
There is a growing demand for
home made food in the UK.
The demand for housing is
increasing in touristic places.
transition
n.(C/UC)
demand
inevitably
n.(UC)
adv.
inevitable
adj.
a smooth transition
growing demand for
sth
used for saying that
something is certain to
happen and cannot be
avoided
With the growing demand for AIrelated technology, new
advancements are becoming
available.
Inevitably, artificial intelligence
has influenced and will continue to
influence our lives.
to be absolutely/
apparently inevitable
it is inevitable that +
sentence
an inevitable
consequence/
result (of sth.)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Such bad economic conditions
inevitably lead to more crime.
With our current policy, a
financial crisis is absolutely
inevitable.
It's inevitable that doctors will
make occasional mistakes.
Disease was an inevitable
consequence of poor living
conditions.
186
Word
TEXT 128
to struggle
to exert
Feat
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
v (I)
to try extremely hard to
achieve something, even
though it is very difficult
to struggle to do smth
Scientists have long struggled to
find the connection between two
branches of physics.
She's struggling to bring up a
to use power or influence
to affect somebody/
something
to exert force
During most of its life as an
ordinary star, its nuclear explosions
exert enough outward force to
balance the powerful inward force
of gravity.
The moon exerts a force on the
an action or a piece of
work that needs skill,
strength or courage
easy/intellectual/
engineering feat
Exploring the mysteries of the
universe is no ordinary feat.
The tunnel was one of the greatest
v (T)
n (C)
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
family alone.
earth that causes the tides.
engineering feats of the 19th
century.
to confine
v (T)
if you are confined to a
place, you have to stay in
that place, especially
because you are ill
to confine sb to smth
… as he suffers from a serious
disease of the nervous system that
has confined him to a wheelchair,
barely able to move or speak.
Vaughan is confined to a
wheelchair.
She's confined to bed with flu.
numerous
adj
many
numerous
presentations
Although Dr. Hawking gives
numerous presentations and
publishes countless articles and
papers, his speeches must be
translated …
Numerous attempts have been
made to hide the truth.
187
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
countless
adj
too many to be
counted
-
Although Dr. Hawking gives
numerous presentations and
publishes countless articles and
papers, his speeches must be
translated …
The new treatment could save
Emma's life and the lives of
countless others.
to progress
v (I)
to continue to
develop
to progress
rapidly/slowly
The disease progressed quickly
and caused the young scholar to
become depressed.
The disease progresses fairly
rapidly.
to give up
phrasal verb
gave
given
to stop doing
something, especially
something that you
do regularly
to give up (doing)
smth
He even considered giving up his
research, as he thought he would
not live long enough to receive his
PhD.
Darren has decided to give up
football at the end of this season.
She didn't give up work when she
had the baby.
determined
adj
having a strong desire
to do something, so
that you will not let
anyone stop you
to be determined to do
smth
“It made me determined to live,
and it was about that time that I
began making professional
progress.”
She was determined to win.
TEXT 129
offence
(n)
when you offend or
upset someone by
something you do or say
*cause offence
*give offence
Ideas about polite behavior vary
from one culture to another and it
is easy to cause offence or feel
offended if you don’t know what
other cultures expect or what
civility means to them.
The problem was how to say 'no'
to her without causing offence.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Verb: to offend
188
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
civility
(n)
(Uncountable noun)
polite behaviour
which most people
consider normal
-
civil (adj)
polite in a formal but
not very friendly
way
civilization (n)
a society that is well
organized and
developed, used
especially about a
particular society in
a particular place or
at a particular time
moving or able to
move from one job,
area, or social class
to another
making you feel
ashamed, nervous, or
uncomfortable
-
mobile
embarrassing
(adj)
(adj)
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Please have the civility to knock
before you enter next time
to be / become civil
Ideas about polite behavior vary
from one culture to another and it
is easy to cause offence or feel
offended if you don’t know what
other cultures expect or what
civility means to them.
-
-
-
Once humans had invented
civilization, they never lost it.
-
Some societies, such as America
and Australia, are mobile and very
open.
People these days are much more
It’s no fun spending several hours
next to a stranger who wants to tell
all about his or her life and asks
you all sorts of embarrassing
questions that you don’t want to
answer.
She asked a lot of embarrassing
questions.
Try at least to be civil.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
-
-
socially mobile
embarrassed (adj)
189
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
TEXT 130
multilingual
adj.
using, speaking, or
written in several
different languages
a multilingual person/
classroom
Ludovic Zamenhof, a multilingual
Polish oculist, published a book
introducing a new language
The problems of a multilingual
classroom need to be solved for
the success of the students.
bilingual= using,
speaking two
languages
monolingual=
using, speaking one
language
unrealized
adj.
not realized
unrealized hope/dream/
goal/ambition
Although that hope is still
unrealized, nearly 6,000 zealous
Esperantists…were in Warsaw ….
All my hopes remained
unrealized.
to realize
v.(T)
to achieve something
that you were hoping
to achieve
to realize hope/dream/
goal/ambition
verbal
adj.
spoken rather than
written
a verbal message/
explanation
/experiment
Many people assume that Esperanto
is a dying language, or a verbal
experiment that has simply not
worked out….
Airport officials were asked for a
verbal explanation by the angry
passengers whose flights had been
delayed.
estimate
n. (C)
a calculation of the
value, size, amount
etc of something
to make an estimate of
a number
Estimates of their total number vary
widely, from 1 million to 8 million
or more.
Some estimates put the number of
deaths at several hundred.
complicated
adj.
difficult to
understand or deal
with, because many
parts or details are
involved
complicated language/
situation/problem/issue
It seems that Esperanto is not a
complicated language
For young children, getting
dressed is a complicated business.
to memorize
v.(T)
to learn words, music
etc so that you know
them perfectly
to memorize
vocabulary/ grammar
rules/ a poem
It has only 16 easily memorized
rules of grammar
When I was at school, we were
required to memorize a poem
every week
virtually
(adv)
almost
Experts claim that virtually anyone
can learn Esperanto in 100 hours or
less.
Virtually all the children come to
school by bus.
She never realized her ambition of
winning an Olympic gold medal.
Synonym: to achive
(formal)
Synonym: complex
Synonym:
practically
190
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
numerous
adj.
Many
The two leaders have worked
together on numerous occasions.
to make a problem or
situation more
difficult.
the time when smth.
is best, greatest,
highest, most
successful etc.
to think about
something or
someone in a
particular way
to complicate a
situation
Nevertheless, for some, numerous
suffixes and prefixes may
complicate matters.
Nevertheless, for some, numerous
suffixes and prefixes may
complicate matters.
The use of Esperanto reached its
peak in the 1920s.
to complicate
v.(T)
Peak
n. (C)
to view
v.(T)
to view smth as smth.
… problem, which they felt
contributed to political
misunderstandings.
The law should be viewed as a
way of meeting certain social
goals.
to contribute
v.(T)
to help to make
something happen
to contribute a
problem/a
misunderstanding
Enya's success has contributed to
the interest in Celtic music.
misunderstand
ing
n. (C)
to cause a
misunderstanding
to urge
v.(T)
a problem caused by
someone not
understanding a
question, situation, or
instruction correctly
to strongly suggest
that someone does
something
Some intellectuals viewed it as a
solution to the language problem,
which they felt contributed to
political misunderstandings.
Some intellectuals viewed it as a
solution to the language problem,
which they felt contributed to
political misunderstandings.
I got a note from Moira that urges
me to get in touch.
to adopt
adj.
to start using a
particular way of
speaking, thinking, or
behaving that is not
the one you usually
use
to adopt a language/ a
name/a religion/an
approach
Esperantists have urged the United
Nations to adopt their language, but
the organization already has its
hands full with six official ones.
Esperantists have urged the United
Nations to adopt their language.
to reach peak
to urge sb. to do smth.
to urge that + sentence
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
The fact that I've got to work late
on Friday complicated the
situation.
Traffic reaches its peak around 8
in the morning.
Synonym: to see, to
consider
There must have been some
misunderstanding. I didn't order
all these books.
Stevens became a Muslim and
adopted the name Yusuf Islam.
191
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to facilitate
v.(T)
to make it easier for a
process or activity to
happen
to facilitate language
learning/communicatio
n
China uses Esperanto to facilitate
communication between speakers
of its northern and southern
dialects.
Computers can be used to
facilitate language learning.
to translate
v.(I/T)
to change written or
spoken words into
another language
to translate a language
Many books and masterpieces of
literature have been translated into
Esperanto,
Translate the text from Italian
into English.
TEXT 131
entire
adj.
all of a group, period
of time, amount etc
A global television channel which
will be liked by the entire world
population is possible.
The entire world is talking about
the international relations in the
Middle East.
Mom’s spent the entire day
cleaning the house.
We will take your recent illness
into consideration when marking
your exams.
We should take into consideration
those factors that might prevent
our success.
to take smth.
consideration
to identify
convinced
n.(UC)
v.(T)
adj.
to think smth.
carefully especially
before making an
official or important
decision
the entire
world/place/house
the entire
day/month/week
to take sth into
consideration
The tastes of people in various
countries need to be taken into
consideration..
to take into
consideration sth
to recognize and
correctly name
someone or something
to identify sb/sth
feeling certain that
something is true
to be convinced that +
sentence
to identify sb/sth as
sb/sth
Jung identified regions where many
people were unhappy with
programming schedules.
I am convinced that the concept of
global television is basically
promising.
to be convinced of
Promising
adj.
showing signs of
being successful or
good in the future
a promising career
a promising young
actor
I am convinced that the concept of
global television is basically
promising.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to
interpret
synonym: whole
The police took fingerprints and
identified the body.
The robbers were identified as
former criminals.
His accent identified him as a
Frenchman.
The police were convinced that the
murderer was the old woman.
Researchers are convinced of a
genetic cause for the disease.
Orlando Bloom was a promising
young actor when he showed up in
theaters.
192
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
restricted to
adj.
small or limited in
size, area, or amount
by laws or rules
to be restricted to sth.
restricted area/ space
restricted amount of
money
The idea of global television will be
restricted to a limited number of
channels.
The sale of alcohol is restricted to
people over the age of 18.
It’s so hard to work in such a
restricted space.
to remain
v.(I)
to continue to be in
the same state or
condition
to remain the same
Viewers still prefer home-produced
news, and cultural differences
remain.
Please remain seated until all the
lights are on.
His doctors say this his condition
remains the same.
synonym: to stay
to make known
something that was
previously secret or
unknown
to reveal that +
sentence
Jung’s research has been supported
by surveys which revealed that
European channels such as
Eurosport tempted more people to
watch television.
He revealed that he had been in
prison twice before.
The proficiency exam reveals the
level of our students.
antonym: to
conceal
a possible future
effect or result of an
action, event, decision
etc
implications of sth
The implications of the
globalization of television will be
seen in the future.
What are the implications of the
research?
This contract has important
financial implications for our
institution.
to reveal
implication
v.(T)
n.(C)
usually
plural
to remain
silent/seated
to reveal sth
practical/financial/po
litical etc implications
TEXT 132
Deaf
adj
physically unable to
hear anything
deaf children
to be born deaf
to go deaf
How do deaf children learn to
communicate?
She was born deaf.
He eventually went deaf.
to acquire
v (T)
to learn a skill
to acquire a skill
During this time, children really
begin to acquire their language
skills.
He spent years acquiring his skills
as a surgeon.
observation
n (C / U)
the process of
watching something
or someone carefully
for a period of time
to make an
observation
close / careful/
detailed observation
….. the psychologist and her
assistants made many important
observations.
He smiled, and made some
observation about the weather.
Detailed observations were carried
out on the behavior of the students.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
synonym: limited
193
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
pattern
n (C)
the regular way in
which something
happens, develops, or
is done
pattern of / to show a
pattern
However, there appeared to be no
pattern to these motions.
The child showed a normal
pattern of development.
67% of patients showed a similar
pattern of improvement.
Deliberate
adj
intended or planned
deliberate movements
/ deliberate attempt
... but these movements were
unchanging and deliberate.
Her visit was a deliberate attempt
to draw attention to the area.
to convey
v (T)
to communicate or
express something,
with or without using
words
to convey a message
…. over and over again as if they
wanted to convey a message.
Ads convey the message that thin
is beautiful.
to carry out
phrasal verb
(T)
to do and complete a
task
to carry out an
experiment / research
/ survey
During the period in which the
experiment was carried out, the
deaf babies’ hand motions started to
resemble ….
We need to carry out more
research.
… the deaf babies’ hand motions
started to resemble some of the
basic hand-shapes used in ASL.
She closely resembles her sister.
Apparently, deaf babies follow this
same pattern, too.
Apparently they are getting
divorced soon.
Linguists believe that our ability for
language is innate.
Children have an innate ability to
learn language.
to resemble
v (T)
to look like or be
similar to another
person or thing
apparently
sentence
adverb
according to what you
have heard or read or
the way something
appears
innate
adj.
an innate quality or
ability is something
you are born with
to resemble smth / to
resemble smth in
smth
innate ability
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to
communicate
A survey is now being carried out
nationwide.
The meat resembles chicken in
flavour.
194
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
equivalent
n (C)
something that has the
same value, purpose,
job etc as something
else
equivalent of smth
More studies in the future may
prove that the sign system of the
deaf is the physical equivalent of
speech.
Is there a French word that is the
exact equivalent of the English
word ‘home’?
Misinterpretation
n (C/U)
a wrong way of
understanding or
explaining something
be open to
misinterpretation
The danger of misinterpretation is
greatest, of course, among speakers
who actually speak different native
tongues
A number of these statements could
be open to misinterpretation.
to misinterpret
v (T)
to not understand the
correct meaning of
something that
someone says or does
to misinterpret smth
(as smth)
-
Some parts of the report could be
misinterpreted.
She had misinterpreted his silence
as anger.
assumption
n (C)
something that you
think is true although
you have no definite
proof
to make assumptions
that + SV
to make assumptions
about smth
to assume
v (T)
to think that
something is true,
although you do not
have definite proof
to assume smth
to assume that + SV
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
TEXT 133
The reason for this is that cultural
differences lead to different
assumptions about natural and
obvious ways to be polite.
-
A lot of people make the
assumption that poverty only exists
in the Third World.
People make a lot of assumptions
about me.
In this example we have assumed a
unit price of $10.
Let us assume for a moment that
the plan succeeds.
195
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
ignored
adj
not paid attention to
to feel ignored
… a white female office worker
who appeared with a bandaged arm
and felt ignored because her black
colleague didn’t say or ask anything
about it.
Explain how you feel when you are
ignored and ask the boss to explain
why it is happening.
v (T)
to behave as if you had not
heard or seen someone or
something
to ignore smth/sb
to completely/totally
ignore sb/smth
In another example, an American
woman visiting England was
repeatedly offended when the
British ignored her in situations in
which she thought they should have
paid attention.
He had completely ignored her
remark, preferring his own theory.
to mention
v (T)
to talk or write about
something or someone,
usually quickly and
without saying very much
or giving details
to mention smth
to mention emth to sb
He let her decide whether or not to
mention it: showing politeness by
not imposing.
I mentioned the idea to Joan, and
she seemed to like it.
to reflect
v (T)
to show or be a sign of a
particular situation or
feeling
to reflect a style/anger
to reflect
who/what/how
Kochman says, based on his
research that these differences
reflect recognizable black and
white styles.
The drop in consumer spending
reflects concern about the
economy.
How much you're paid reflects how
important you are to the company
you work for.
to ignore
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
196
Word
offended
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
adj
v (T)
to offend
to intend
v (T)
n (C)
intention
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
angry and upset by
someone's behavior
to be/look/feel/sound
offended
In another example, an American
woman visiting England was
repeatedly offended when the
British ignored her in situations in
which she thought they should have
paid attention.
Stella was beginning to feel a little
to make someone angry or
upset by doing or saying
something that they think
is rude, unkind etc
to offend sb
to have something in your
mind as a plan or purpose
to intend to do smth
to intend sb/smth to
do smth
a plan or desire to do
something
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
offended.
I knew that Piers would be deeply
offended.
His words deeply offended many
Scottish people.
to have no/every
intention of doing
smth
intention to do smth
This showed that she had noticed
that someone else was sitting there,
and that she did not intend to
disturb her.
I intend to spend the night there.
-
I have no intention of retiring just
I never intended things to turn out
the way they did.
yet.
It is our intention to be the number
one distributor of health products.
dreadful
adj
extremely unpleasant
-
The omission of such talk seemed
to her like dreadful rudeness.
We've had some dreadful weather
lately.
Michelle felt absolutely dreadful
197
Word
to preserve
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (T)
insulted
adj
offended by someone’s
words or behaviors
to feel insulted
The American in the example
admitted that when a next-door
neighbor passed within a few feet
without noticing this presence, he
felt insulted, like many Americans
did.
She felt insulted by the low offer.
v (T)
to say or do something that
offends somebody
to insult someone
-
You insult my intelligence!
agreement
n (C)
an arrangement or promise
to do something, made by
two or more people,
companies, organizations
etc
to reach/come to/
make an agreement
Nations must reach agreements,
and agreements are made by
individual representatives of
nations …
Failure to reach an agreement will
result in a strike.
Haydon came to an agreement with
his creditors.
Representativ
e
n (C)
someone who has been
chosen to speak, vote, or
make decisions for
someone else
representatives of
nations
Nations must reach agreements, and
agreements are made by individual
representatives of nations who sit
down and talk to each other.
The committee includes
representatives from industry.
to insult
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to make something
continue without changing
to preserve smth
In order to preserve privacy in this
most unprivate situation, his
Japanese neighbors simply acted as
if no one else lived there.
Norma tried to preserve a normal
family life in difficult
circumstances.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
198
Word
to represent
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (T)
to negotiate
v (T/I)
to discuss something in
order to reach an
agreement, especially in
business or politics
to negotiate smth with
sb
In the same way, nations
keep trying to negotiate and
reach an agreement although
it is not an easy task.
The government refuses to negotiate with
terrorists.
TEXT 134
to benefit
v (T)
to be useful to somebody or
improve their life in some
way
to benefit sb / to
benefit from smth
Television benefits elderly
people who can’t go out
often, as well as patients in
hospitals.
We both benefited financially from the
arrangement.
n (C / U)
an exercise that trains
students to understand a
language
comprehension
practice
listening / reading
comprehension
It offers language learners
the advantage of … and
aural comprehension
practice at any time of day
or night.
New methods of testing reading
comprehension are worth trying.
to
comprehen
d
v (T / I)
to understand something
that is difficult
to comprehend smth
to comprehend what /
how / why etc.
v (T / I)
to give special attention to
one particular person or
thing, or to make people do
this
to focus on smth /
to focus your
attention / mind /
efforts on smth
comprehension
to focus
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to officially speak or take
action for another person
or group of people
to represent a country
-
Mr Kobayashi was chosen to represent the
company at the conference.
It may be hard to comprehend how much
this gift means for my country.
Children who watch a lot of
TV may lose their ability to
focus on a subject or an
educational activity …..
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to
understand
He needs to focus more on his career.
She tried to focus her mind on her work.
199
Word
disorder
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
n (C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
a mental or physical illness
which prevents part of your
body from working
properly
a mental / physical/
psychiatric disorder
Maybe it is because of the
visual media that some
children contract attention
deficit disorder (ADD).
He was suffering from some form of
psychiatric disorder.
Most people with acute mental disorder
can be treated at home.
feature
n ( C)
something important,
interesting or typical of a
place or thing
a negative feature / a
key feature
A third negative feature of
the media is the amount of
violence or horror on the
screen.
Teamwork is a key feature of the training
programme.
Synonym:
characteristic,
trait
to scare
v (T)
to scare sb.
Synonym: to
frighten
n (C / U)
It can scare people and give
them terrible nightmares.
The fear created by media
images and language can
last for a long time.
Loud noises can scare animals or birds.
Fear
consequence
n (C)
to make someone feel
frightened
the feeling you get when
you are afraid or worried
that smth. bad is going to
happen
a result of something that
has happened
a consequence of smth
Another consequence is that
frequent viewers of “action
programming” get used to
its messages.
dissatisfied
adj
not happy or satisfied with
sb/smth
to become dissatisfied
with smth
Because of the visual media,
some people may become
dissatisfied with the reality
of their own lives.
to feel/have fear
deep / real fear
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
She did not know why she should feel such
fear.
It was the first time she had experienced
real fear.
Many believe that poverty is a direct
consequence of overpopulation.
If you are dissatisfied with our service,
please write to the manager.
Antonym:
satisfied
200
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
someone who watches
television
TV/armchair viewer
While fewer people are attending football
matches, armchair viewers are growing in
number.
to view
v (T)
to watch a television
programme, film etc
to view smth
To these viewers, everyday
life does not seem as
exciting as the roles actors
play in movies or TV
dramas.
-
to envy
v (T)
(envied/
envies/
envying)
to wish that you had
someone else's possessions,
abilities etc
to envy sb
to envy sb. /smth
Average people with normal
lives may envy famous
media personalities.
He envied her youth and strength.
commercial
n (C)
an advertisement on
television or radio
twenty-second
commercial
TV/radio commercial
A familiar jingle will place in your mind a
particular TV commercial.
She's in a 30-second commercial for cars.
addiction
n (C /U)
a strong desire to do or
have something regularly
addiction to smth
On the screen, they notice
actors solve serious
problems in one-hour or
half-hour programs – or in
twenty-second
commercials.
Finally, the most negative
effect of the tube might be
addiction.
addict
someone who is interested
in smth. and spends a lot of
time doing it
liking something so much
that you do not want to stop
doing it or having it
having or showing no
interest in sb/smth
TV /sports addict
Many young boys have become TV
addicts.
to be addicted to smth
He's addicted to computer games.
to be indifferent to
smth
page 302
The government should not be indifferent
to public opinion.
if you are critical you
criticize sb/smth
to be critical of smth
page 302
Tom's parents were highly critical of the
school.
viewer
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
n (C)
n (C)
addicted
indifferent
adj.
adj.
critical
adj.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
We both want to view the movie before it
goes on general release.
She had an addiction to TV game shows.
201
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Be made up of
something
The Imp is the name given to
a motorcycle display team
which is made up of children
under the age of sixteen.
-10 chapters make up this volume.
-This book is made up of 20 chapters.
Synonym:
constitute
We are concerned about the child's
welfare.
Synonym:
well-being
The team was founded by
Roy Pratt, who is a senior
educational welfare officer
in Hackney,…
The state is still the main provider of
welfare.
_
… , which is one of the
toughest areas of London.
It can be tough trying to juggle a career
and a family.
_
They have to make a
commitment to go to school
every day and to stay out of
trouble with the police.
The company's commitment to providing
quality at a reasonable price has been
vital to its success.
_
… members of the Imps have
nearly all got jobs because
many employers appreciate
their sense of responsibility
which comes from being an
Imp
His talents are not fully appreciated in
that company.
_
-I don't appreciate being treated like a
second-class citizen.
-We would appreciate you letting us know
of any problems.
_
TEXT 135
make up
something
Phrasal V.
(T)
to combine together to
form something
welfare
(n) (UC)
the general health,
happiness and safety of a
person, an animal or a
group
practical or financial
help that is provided,
often by the government,
for people or animals
that need it
having or causing
problems or difficulties
tough
(adj)
commitment
(n)
a promise to do
something or to behave
in a particular way
appreciate
(v) (T) (not
used in the
progressive
tenses)
to recognize the good
qualities of
somebody/something
to be grateful for
something that
somebody has done; to
welcome something
-welfare provision/
services/ -work
-child welfare
-a social welfare
programme
-make a commitment
-commitment to
somebody/ something
-commitment to do /
doing something
appreciate
somebody/something
-appreciate doing
something
-appreciate somebody
doing something
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
202
Word
rely on
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
Phrasal v.
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
to need or depend on
somebody/something
to rely on sb/smth (for smth)
… but it broke down early on in
the expedition and they had to
rely on dead reckoning, which
means …
They relied entirely on these
few weapons for their
Synonym: depend
on, rely upon
This works where there are no
obstacles to prevent traveling in
a straight line; however,…
A lack of qualifications can
be a major obstacle to finding
a job.
Synonym:
hindrance
These tires are not very
practical to use on ordinary
roads, but the extra surface they
gave on the sand meant that the
weight of the machine, rider and
luggage was distributed over a
larger area and the grip was,
therefore, much better.
Teeth have a hard surface
layer called enamel.
_
a situation, an event,
etc. that makes it
difficult for you to do
or achieve something
the outside or top
layer of something
defence.
obstacle
n(C)
surface
(n)
TEXT 136
to display
v (T)
to put sth. in a place
where people can see
it easily; to show sth.
to people
to display smth. in/at
somewhere
..and you see the name of a wellknown product displayed in big
letters.
Students displayed their
projects at the science fair.
Toys were displayed in the
store window.
Synonym: to show,
to demonstrate
subtle
adj.
behaving in a clever
way, and using
indirect methods, in
order to achieve sth.
a subtle process/difference
approach
However, sponsorship can be a
more subtle process.
There was nothing subtle or
sophisticated about him.
I decided to try a more subtle
approach.
Antonym: obvious,
noticeable
203
Word
to approach
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (T/I)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to endorse
v (T)
to declare one's public
approval or support of sth.
to endorse smth./a
product
publicity
n. (UC)
the attention that is given to
sb/sth by newspapers,
television, etc.
to get/receive/ attract
/generate publicity
great/good/positive/b
ad/negative publicity
about sth.
expense
n. (C)
money spent in doing a
particular job, or for a
particular purpose
expenses of stg.
charity
n. (C)
an organization for helping
people in need; the aim of
giving money, food, help,
etc. to people
a charity for stg.
to aim
v (T)
to try or plan to achieve
sth.
to aim to do stg.
to aim at doing smth.
to aim for smth.
Grant
n. (C)
money given by a
government or other
organization for a
particular purpose
to give grants
to get a grant
to fund
v (T)
to provide money for sth.
usually sth. official
to fund an
event/project/
scheme/program/
school
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to come nearer, closer to
stg.
to approach sb./smth.
As a result, world
champions and Olympic
medalists are often
approached by companies
that want …
… Olympic medalists are
often approached by
companies that want them
to endorse their products…
International matches are
very popular with sponsors
because they are televised,
so the sponsor gets good
publicity.
The cat approached the baby silently.
The success rates approach 90 percent.
Sponsors pay for the
administration,
organization, and expenses
of the event…
Sports Aid, a charity for
sport, aims to further the
education of young people
through the medium of
sport.
Sports Aid, a charity for
sport, aims to further the
education of young people
through the medium of
sport.
They give grants that make
it possible for younger upand-coming sportspeople to
buy the best equipment.
Our biggest expense was our summer
holiday.
We need to cut down on our expenses.
Sports Aid is funded by
private individuals,
professional fundraisers,
and large companies.
This dance festival is funded by the Arts
Council.
The museum is privately funded.
I wonder how many celebrities actually
use the products they endorse. Members of
all parties endorsed a ban on smoking.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: to
support
Antonym: to
disapprove
There has been great publicity about his
disappearance.
There was a lot of negative publicity
about the construction of the hospital.
Synonym:
expenditure
Many charities sent money to help the
victims of the famine.
We donated money to a local charity for
sick children.
They're aiming at training everybody by
the end of the year.
We should aim for a bigger share of the
market.
The campaign aims to get publicity.
Her study is being funded by a federal
grant.
She got a very high grant by an unknown
person for her success.
Synonym: to
target
204
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
TEXT 137
supposedly
(adj)
victory
(n)
prosperity
(n)
overcome
(v)
opposing
(adj)
Opponent
(n)
property
orderly
Meaning
according to what is
generally thought or
believed but not known for
certain
success in a game, an
election, a war, etc
when people have money
and everything that is
needed for a good life
to succeed in dealing with
or controlling a problem
that has been preventing
you from achieving
something
Collocation
Use in MTR I
-victory
over/against
somebody/smth
to win a victory
A group of people would cut
off the head of one of their
enemies and then use this
head as a football,
supposedly to celebrate their
victory over their enemy and
to bring them luck and
prosperity; in this way they
could overcome their
financial problems.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The novel is supposedly based on a true
story.
Synonym:
allegedly
The government has won a very
important victory.
_
The country is enjoying a period of peace
and prosperity.
Synonym:
affluence
He finally managed to overcome his fear
of flying.
_
(of teams, armies, forces,
etc.) playing, fighting,
working, etc. against each
other
someone who you try to
defeat in a competition,
game, fight, or argument
… and the opposing team
tried to keep them from
crossing the line.
This behaviour is based on a conflict
between two opposing forces within the
individual.
_
Everything was allowed: you
could kick, trip, hit, or even
bite your opponent.
The team's opponents are unbeaten so far
this season.
Synonym:
adversary
(n)
a building or buildings and
the surrounding land
… there was a lot of property
damage throughout the town.
There are a lot of empty properties in the
area.
_
(adj)
arranged or organized in a
neat, careful and logical
way
behaving well; peaceful
He has a calm and orderly life.
Synonym: tidy
Antonym:
disorderly
_
As time went on, rules were
added to the game to make it
safer and more orderly,…
The elections were conducted in a
peaceful and orderly fashion.
205
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
(adj)
able to think quickly;
quick to notice things
the state of being able to
think quickly
alert to something
-
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
TEXT 138
alert
alertness
(n)
novice
(n) (C )
proponent
(n)
maintain
(v)
(adj)
caution
(n)
caution
(v)
a person who is new and
has little experience in a
skill, job or situation
a person who supports an
idea or course of action
to keep stating that
something is true, even
though other people do not
agree or do not believe it
being careful about what
you say or do, especially
to avoid danger or
mistakes; not taking any
risks
care that you take in order
to avoid danger or
mistakes; not taking any
risks
to warn somebody about
the possible dangers or
problems of something
proponent (of
something)
-cautious about
somebody/something|
-cautious about doing
something
- caution somebody
against/about
something
- caution (somebody)
that…
- caution somebody
to do something
The newborn sport, like its
cousins surfing and
skateboarding, requires
alertness and a fine sense of
balance to guide the board
down the slopes at speeds
approaching 30 m.p.h.
For the novice, the only
controls are stop (sit down)
and go (very fast).
Some proponents maintain
that their sport is safer than
skiing.
-Two alert scientists spotted the mistake.
-She was alert to the slightest sound.
He was able to conceal his high degree of
alertness.
_
I'm a complete novice at skiing.
_
_
Steinem has always been a strong
proponent of women's rights.
The men maintained (that) they were out
of the country when the crime was
committed.
Synonym:
insist
Some mountain ski resorts
are cautious of the board,
fearing that adventurous
snowboarders might
frighten regular skiers.
-
He was very cautious about committing
cautious
himself to anything.
_
He could find himself making enemies as
well as friends unless he proceeds with
the utmost caution.
_
-
- Sam cautioned him against making a
hasty decision.
- The government cautioned that pay
increases could lead to job losses.
- Employees were cautioned to be careful
about what they said to people outside the
company.
_
206
Word
Ban
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
(v)
(n)
Meaning
to decide or say officially
that something is not
allowed
an official order that
prevents something from
being used or done
Collocation
ban something
-ban on something
-to impose/lift a ban
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
… in Vermont are two of the
places that have banned
snowboarding, but …
-
Chemical weapons are banned
internationally.
_
There is to be a total ban on smoking in
the office.
_
The main difference
between them is that
amateurs do not receive
money for competing in
sports but professionals do.
We, as spectators, have the
opportunity to watch
wonderful performances by
our favorite professional
athletes for the price of an
admission ticket or by
turning on the television.
Some professional athletes
demonstrate admirable
skill in playing their game.
His dream was to compete in the
Olympics.
Some professional athletes
demonstrate admirable skill
in playing their game, but
…
Some have been charged
with criminal acts, such as
rape and using illegal drugs.
Antonia Fraser's admirable book has sold
more than one million.
Should they be role models
for young people to admire,
look up to, and imitate, as
the early Olympic athletes
were?
I've always looked up to Bill for his
courage and determination.
TEXT 139
to compete
v. (I)
to take part in a competition
or sports event
to compete in smth
spectator
n. (C)
a person who is watching an
event, especially a sports
event
cricket / football etc.
spectators
To
demonstrate
v. (T)
to show that you have a
particular ability, quality, or
feeling
to demonstrate a skill
/ an ability
admirable
adj.
having many good qualities
that you respect.
an admirable skill
to charged
verb
phrase (T)
to say officially that
someone may be guilty of a
crime
to charge sb with a
crime / smth
to look up to
phrasal
verb (T)
to admire or respect
someone
to look up to sb
The match attracted over 40,000
spectators.
It will be a major shock to most cricket
spectators if he does not stay in the team.
He has demonstrated an ability to meet
deadlines.
Synonym: to
display
The police have charged him with
murder.
Gibbons has been charged with murder.
207
Word
controversy
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
n. (C / U)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
a serious argument about
something that involves
many people and continues
for a long time
controversy about /
over smth
There is a lot of
controversy around these
questions.
There is a controversy over/about the site
of the new airport.
The judges' decision caused controversy.
Arthur Ashe, the great
American tennis player who
died in 1993, criticized the
behavior of some of his
fellow athletes.
She has openly criticized the government.
to cause controversy
to criticize
v. (I / T)
to say what you do not like
or think is wrong about
somebody/smth.
to openly / publicly
criticize sb /smth
to behave
v. ( I)
to do things in a particular
way
to behave well / badly
behavior
n. (U)
to deny
v. (T)
(denied
denies)
the things that a person or
animal does
to say that something is not
true
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The doctor behaved very
unprofessionally.
behavior of athletes/
good/bad/ criminal
behavior
Arthur Ashe, the great
American tennis player who
died in 1993, criticized the
behavior of some of his
fellow athletes.
The headmaster will not tolerate bad
behavior.
We are trying to understand the causes
of criminal behavior.
to deny smth /
to deny doing smth /
to strongly deny
smth
As Malone commented to
Barkley, “Charles, you can
deny being a role model, but
I don’t think it is your
decision to make.
Two men have denied murdering a
woman at a remote picnic spot.
Both women deny the charges against
them.
Synonym: act
208
Word
outstanding
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
adj.
violence
n. (U)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
extremely good; excellent
outstanding
performance / skill
However, others believe that
sports stars are just people,
except for their outstanding
skill in their sport.
That was a quite outstanding
performance!
behavior that is intended to
hurt other people physically
atmosphere of
violence
Another dark side of
professional sports is the
atmosphere of violence that
surrounds them.
Mr Wohl said the market was dominated
by an atmosphere of violence.
We criticize any act of violence.
crime /act of
violence
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
n. (Plural)
money spent in doing a
particular job
to pay expenses
The team has to earn enough
money to pay its expenses.
English Nature has agreed to pay
expenses for volunteers.
except
(adj)
* except for
* except that
Synonym:
Apart from
(n) (C)
All of his climbing
protection, except for one
piece, had been ripped by
his surroundings.
Goran Kropp became a
worldwide celebrity after the
news of his 1996 bicycle
from Sweden to Nepal…
Clarissa could think of nothing to say
except that she was so sorry.
celebrity
used to introduce the only
person, thing, action, fact, or
situation about which a
statement is not true
a famous living person
People waited outside for the chance to
see some celebrities.
Synonym:
star
expenses
TEXT 140
209
Word
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
(v)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
climb (to)a particular place
-
Then he summited Everest
without oxygen.
-
(n)
the top of a mountain
summit of
-
Many people have now reached the
summit of Mount Everest.
challenging
(adj)
difficult in an interesting or
enjoyable way
Göran said the climbs were
really challenging.
As we all know marine fish keeping is
a challenging hobby in so many ways.
expert
(n) C
* expert in/on
*medical/technical/fin
ancial etc expert
We agreed to crack climbing
the following year so that he
could become an expert in the
field, and he felt relaxed.
Tests should be administered by a
medical expert.
prevent
(v)
Transitive
someone who has a special
skill or special knowledge
of a subject, gained as a
result of training or
experience
to stop something from
happening, or stop
someone from doing
something
prevent
somebody/somethin
g (from) doing
something
There were reports that some people
had been prevented from voting in the
election.
Doubt
(n)
a feeling of being not sure
whether something is true
or right
*have (your) doubts
* have no doubts at all
*raise doubts (=make
people have doubts)
*express/voice doubts
*without doubt
Eruc saw the first protection
pull out, felt the rope became
slack, then pulled to take in
the rope to prevent Kropp
from falling.
“I have no doubt that he died
immediately after he fell,” he
wrote in the accident report.
summit
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonyms:
get to
reach
arrive at
Synonym:
Peak
The incident raises doubts about the
safety of nuclear power
210
Word
motivational
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
(n)
(adj)
TEXT 141
spend
v. (T)
spent-spent
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
eagerness and willingness
to do something without
needing to be told or
forced to do it
-
motivation for (doing)
something
-
Enthusiasm and motivation aren't usually
problems for this team.
-
Kropp’s fame as a
mountaineer had increased
before his death together
with his popularity as a
fascinating motivational
speaker.
It is typical of the boss to make
motivational speeches
1- to use time doing a
particular thing or pass
time in a particular place
to spend time doing
sth.
They spend at least 12 hours
each day eating bamboo.
1- Stacey spends all her free time
painting.
2- to use your money to
pay for goods or services
(T/I)
TEXT 143
feed
v. (T)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
-
2- I only want to spend about $20.
to spend money on sth.
to give food to a person,
group or animal
to feed sb.
Both parents hunt to feed
their babies.
Let's feed the kids first and have our
dinner after.
to travel around an area in
order to find out about it
to explore somewhere
At three weeks, they go
outside and begin to
explore.
Venice is a wonderful city to explore.
feed (n.)
explore
v. (T/I)
exploration
(n.)
explorator
y (adj.)
211
Word
Part of Speech/
Different forms
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
independent
adj.
free from outside control;
not subject to another's
authority
to become independent
When the young foxes grow
older, they learn how to hunt
and become independent.
India became independent in 1947.
independence
(n.)
independency
(n.)
TEXT 147
to persuade
v.(T)
to make sb. do sth. by
giving them good
reasons for doing it
to persuade sb. to do
stg.
Many of their
communicative acts are
essentially reflexive, as a
when a bird persuades others
to sing, or …
I tried to persuade her to see a doctor.
to initiate
v.(T)
to make stg. begin
to initiate smth.
….when a bird persuades
others to sing, or the
croaking of a frog initiates
this act in other frogs.
The government has initiated a program of
economic reform.
to employ
v.(T)
to use sth such as a skill,
method etc. for a
particular purpose
to employ stg.
He criticized the methods that were
employed by the government.
The police had to employ force to enter
the building.
to wonder
v.(T)
to think about sth and
try to decide what is
true, what will happen,
what you should do etc.
to wonder stg./smb.
Among primates, research
has shown some
communicative acts which
are similar to those
employed by human beings.
Scientists have always
wondered whether the
chimpanzee has the capacity
to acquire language.
I wonder who she is.
I wonder why he left his job.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Antonym :
dependent
Synonym: to
convince sb. to do
smth
Antonym: to
discourage sb.
from doing smth.,
to dissuade
Synonym: to
begin, to start, to
commence
Antonym: to
conclude, to end
Synonym: to
apply, to use
Synonym: to
admire, to be
astonished by
212
Word
to evolve
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v.(T/I)
evolution
(n)
Meaning
Collocation
to develop gradually,
especially from a simple to
a more complicated form
the gradual development
of plants, animals, etc.
over many years, from
simple to more
complicated forms
to evolve into X from
stg.
to acquire
v.(T)
to gain sth. by your own
efforts, ability or
behaviour
to acquire a
language/skill
to rear
v.(T)
to care for young children
or animals until they are
fully grown
to rear an animal
to adopt
v.(T)
to take sb else's child into
your family and become
its legal parent(s)
to adopt a child
to treat
v.(T)
to behave in a particular
way towards sb/sth
to treat sb.
Use in MTR I
Scientists have always
wondered whether the
chimpanzee, our closest
relative from the standpoint
of evolution and
neurological development….
….our closest relative ….
has the capacity to acquire
language.
Some years ago, Winthrop
Kellogg decided to rear a
chimpanzee in a normal
human environment.
Gua, a seven-month-old
female chimpanzee was
adopted into their household
to be treated in the same …..
Gua, a seven-month-old
female chimpanzee was
adopted into their household
to be treated in the same way
as their ten-month-old son
Donald.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The idea evolved from a drawing I
discovered in the attic.
Synonym: to
develop, to grow,
According to Darwin's theory of evolution,
human beings evolved from primates.
She has acquired a good knowledge of
English.
How long will it take to acquire the
necessary skills?
Lions usually manage to rear about two or
three cubs.
Synonym: to gain,
to obtain, to
access
Synonym: to
bring sb. up, to
raise, to breed
This is a campaign to encourage childless
couples to adopt a child.
If you treat your keyboard with care, it
should last for years.
My parents still treat me like a child.
He was treated as a hero after he got out of
prison.
Synonym: to
behave, to act
213
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
superior
adj.
to be superior to sb.
investigation
n.(C)
better in quality than sb/sth
else; greater than sb/sth
else
a scientific or academic
examination of the facts of
a subject or problem
to find out information and
facts about a subject or
problem by study or
research
to give extra force to a
word when you are
speaking to show that it is
important
extremely large
to investigate stg.
to show sth. clearly by
giving proof or evidence
to
investigate
(v)
To emphasize
v.(T)
enormous
adj.
To
demonstrate
v.(T)
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: greater
Antonym: inferior
Gua became slightly
superior to Donald in word
recognition.
As time passed, the child
caught up with the chimp,
and by then end of the
period of investigation, he
was significantly ahead in
word recognition.
-
This model is technically superior to its
competitors. The enemy won because of
their superior numbers.
Dr. Sadler is leading an investigation
into the spending habits of teenagers.
Scientists are investigating the effects of
diet on fighting cancer.
Synonym: to
examine, to analyze
to emphasize that +
sentence
His parents emphasized that
he did not show language
mastery either.
She emphasized that the plan should be
revised.
Synonym: to stress, to
give priority
Antonym: understate
enormous
agility/pressure
………. due to the
increasing strength and
enormous agility of Gua.
The problems facing the President are
enormous.
to demonstrate sth.
No primate has
demonstrated coordination
of mouth and throat
mechanisms comparable to
that displayed by a young
child in speaking.
These results demonstrate that our
campaign is working. Let me
demonstrate to you some of the
difficulties we are facing.
Synonym: huge,
immense
Antonym:
insignificant, small
Synonym: to display,
to show
Antonym: to conceal,
to hide
to carry out/conduct/
pursue/lead an
investigation into sth.
Synonym:
examination, analysis
214
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
approach
n.(C)
a way of dealing with sb/sth;
a way of doing or thinking
about sth such as a problem
or a task
to have/develop/take
an approach
to expose
v.(T)
to let sb find out about sth
by giving them experience
of it or showing them what it
is like
to expose sb. to smth.
to imitate
v.(T)
to copy sb/sth; to copy the
way a person speaks or
behaves, in order to amuse
people
to imitate sb./stg.
to reward
v.(T)
to give sth to sb because
they have done sth good,
worked hard, etc.
to reward sb.
to be rewarded for
smth.
resemble
v.(T)
to look like or be similar to
another person or thing
to resemble sb./stg.
to establish
v.(T)
to discover or prove the facts
of a situation
to establish stg.
Use in MTR I
Therefore, it was concluded,
to find out whether the
chimpanzee is capable of
learning human language,
different approach is
required.
This twelve-month-old
female was exposed only to
American Sign Language
(ASL).
For example, whenever
Washoe imitated a sign that
was modeled by one of her
experimenters, she was
immediately rewarded.
For example, whenever
Washoe imitated a sign that
was modeled by one of her
experimenters, she was
immediately rewarded.
When she brought her hands
together in a pattern
resembling the ASL sign for
‘more’, she was rewarded
again.
Through this operant
conditioning, an acceptable
sign for ‘more’ was
established.
Extra Examples from dictionaries
The school has decided to adopt a
different approach to discipline.
She took the wrong approach in her
dealings with them.
We want to expose the kids to as much
art and culture as possible.
There were mountain communities that
had not been exposed to modern life
before.
Teachers provide a model for children to
imitate.
No computer can imitate the complex
functions of the human brain.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: method,
technique
Synonym: to mimic,
to copy, to act like
She was rewarded for her efforts with a
cash bonus. He rewarded us (= with a
lot of money) for helping him.
Synonym: to award
Antonym: to penalize
She closely resembles her sister.
The plant resembles grass in appearance.
Synonym: to look/be
like
Police are still trying to establish the
cause of the accident.
We need to establish where she was at
the time of the shooting.
215
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
to progress
v.(I)
to improve or develop
over a period of time; to
make progress
confused
adj.
unable to think clearly or
to understand what is
happening or what sb is
saying
to become confused
achievement
n(C)
a thing that sb has done
successfully, especially
using their own effort
and skill
a great/important/major
achievement
as regards
phrase
used when you are
referring to sth.
as regards + noun
To
manipulate
v.(T)
to control or influence
sb/sth, often in a
dishonest way so that
they do not realize it
to manipulate sb/stg.
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
Synonym: to
improve, to advance
Antonym:
deteriorate
Washoe acquired a larger
and larger vocabulary,
learning at a more rapid rate
as the experiment
progressed.
The course allows students to progress at
their own speed.
Work on the new road is progressing
slowly.
Like a normal child, rather
than becoming more
confused as more words
were added, she seemed to
learn them more easily.
On this basis, Washoe’s
achievement is remarkable,
despite the fact that she falls
behind a human child as
regards the ability to speak a
language.
On this basis, Washoe’s
achievement is remarkable,
despite the fact that she falls
behind a human child as
regards the ability to speak a
language.
An example of operant
conditioning is manipulating
Washoe’s hands to make
signs.
People are confused about all the
different labels on food these days.
He was depressed and in a confused state
of mind.
I'm confused. Please, say all that again.
It was a remarkable achievement for
such a young player.
They were proud of their children's
achievements.
Synonym: puzzled,
perplexed
As regards tax, that will be deducted
from your salary.
Synonym: in terms
of, as to
Synonym:
accomplishment
She uses her charm to manipulate
people.
As a politician, he knows how to
manipulate public opinion.
216
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
n (C)
colonies
(plural)
a country or area that is
under the political
control of a more
powerful country
overseas colony
v (T)
to establish political
control over an area or
over another country
to colonize a country
colonization
n (U)
establishing political
control over an area or
over another country
colonization of a
country
former
adj
happening or existing
before, but not now
former Empire
something’s former
glory
widespread
adj
happening in many
places or situations, or
among many people
widespread use
widespread
acceptance/criticism/s
upport
TEXT 151
colony
to colonize
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
It is spoken as a mother
tongue in the UK, in former
colonies such as Australia
and New Zealand…
Britain's overseas colonies suffer from
racial discrimination.
-
The area was colonized by the Vikings.
The colonization of
America, Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa
were all very much at the
expense, linguistically as
well as in other ways, of the
indigenous races …
It is a second or official
language in most of the
former Empire, for
example, Ghana and
Singapore …
The colonization of the ‘New World’
took several years.
But how did the language
spoken by the population of
a small island in the
Northern Hemisphere reach
such widespread use?
The widespread use of chemicals in
agriculture is threatening many species.
There was widespread support for the
war.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym,
etc.)
This beautiful old building has been
restored to its former glory.
217
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to invade
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (T)
to enter a country, town, or
area using military force,
in order to take control of
it
to invade a country
In 449 AD the British Isles
were invaded by Germanic
tribes from the coast of what
is now North Germany and
Denmark.
The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years
ago.
invasion
n (C/U)
when the army of one
country enters another
country by force, in order
to take control of it
invasion of smth
to settle
v (I/T)
to go to a place where no
people have lived
permanently before and
start to live there
to settle in an area
settlement
n (U)
when a lot of people move
to a place in order to live
there, especially in a place
where not many people
have lived before
settlement of smth
-
During the next 150 years,
these warriors drove the
Celts to the western and
northern extremities of the
islands and settled in the
area now known as England.
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The Germans launched an invasion of
Poland in 1939.
This territory was settled in the mid-1850s
by German immigrants.
usually used in
passive form
The villagers found signs of an Iron Age
settlement.
218
Word
Meaning
to evaluate
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
v (T)
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
to judge how good,
useful, or successful smth
is
to evaluate smth
to evaluate smth
carefully/fully
While it is difficult to
evaluate the effect of Norse
on Old English because of
the similarity of languages,
certain
s remain …
The Norman invasion of
1066 changed the course of
the English language by
bringing to England both
Norman French and Latin.
The evidence should be carefully
evaluated.
Synonym: to
assess
course
n (C)
the usual or natural way
that something changes,
develops, or is done
the course of a
language
the course of history
to result in
v (I)
to make something
happen
to result in smth
Its introduction to the New
World in the 17th century
resulted in this language
becoming the second oldest
version of English.
The accident resulted in the death of two
passengers.
Synonym: to
cause
to found
v (T)
founded
founded
to start smth such as an
organization, company,
school, or city, often by
providing the necessary
money
to found a
settlement/company/c
lub
Many other migrations
followed and more
settlements were founded
on the north-eastern
seaboard.
Eton College was founded by Henry VI in
1440.
Synonym: to
establish
Meeting Sally changed the whole course
of his life.
This was an event that changed the course
of history.
219
Word
discrimination
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
n (U)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
the practice of treating
one person or group
differently from
another in an unfair
way
religious/sex/racial
discrimination
In the 1720s, another large
group of immigrants arrived
on the New England coast
from the northern part of
Ireland, fleeing from
religious discrimination.
There is widespread discrimination
against doctors of Asian origin.
discrimination
against/in favor of
distinct
adj
clearly different or
belonging to a different
type
distinct dialects
distinct from smth
After this, the two Englishes
– in the British Isles and in
America – developed along
their own paths, giving us
the two distinct dialects we
know today.
The various dialects are quite distinct
from one another.
The learning needs of the two groups are
quite distinct from each other.
pioneer
n (C)
one of the first people
to travel to a new
country or area and
begin living there,
farming etc
early pioneers
pioneer of smth
Early pioneers did not only
head west; they also went
east and south.
The early pioneers of the Dakota territory
were some university researchers.
to set up
phrasal
verb
set up -set
up
to create something or
start it
to set up a colony /
business
In 1788, the first group of
immigrants from England
arrived and set up the first
colony.
A fund will be set up for the dead men's
families.
indigenous
adj
indigenous people or
things have always
been in the place where
they are, rather than
being brought there
from somewhere else
indigenous races
indigenous to a place
The colonization of
America, Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa
were all very much at the
expense, linguistically as
well as in other ways, of the
indigenous races.
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
Synonym: native
220
Word
Meaning
respectively
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
adv.
to establish
v (T)
to start a company,
organization, system,
etc that is intended to
exist or continue for a
long time
to establish a colony
TEXT 152
Strict
( adj)
a strict boarding school/
parent /teacher
exploration
(n)(C)
expecting people to
obey rules or to do
what you say
the act of travelling
through a place in
order to find out about
it
(v)(T)
to explore
in the same order as the
things you have just
mentioned
to travel around an
area in order to find
about it
Collocation
-
to make an exploration
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The colonization of
America, Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa
were all very much at the
expense, linguistically as
well as in other ways, of the
indigenous races – American
Indians, Aborigines,
Maories and Zulus
respectively.
In India, settlements were
first established in 1600 by
the East India Company…
The cups and saucers cost £5 and £3
respectively.
The city of Boerne was established by
German settlers in the 1840s.
Synonym: to
found
As a result, his parents sent
him to a strict boarding
school.
He began his underwater
explorations and began
working on a breathing
machine for longer dives.
The Stuarts are very strict with their
children.
Antonym: flexible
You can use this hut as a base for
explorations into the mountains around.
Venice is a wonderful city to explore.
221
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
to find the exact
position of something
to locate something /
somebody
Divers used the aqualung to
locate and remove enemy
mines after World War II.
We couldn't locate the source of the radio
signal.
location (n)
the exact place/
position of something
the location of smth.
to remove
(v) (T)
to remove something
from something
Divers used the aqualung to
locate and remove enemy
mines after World War II.
Remove the old wallpaper and fill any
holes in the walls.
crew
(n)(C)
to take something
away from, out of, or
off the place where it
is
all the people who
work on a ship or
plane
ambulance/film/ship
crew
In 1956, with the help of
Calypso and her crew,
Cousteau’s position as the
World’s most famous marine
biologist was cemented.
He joined the crew of a large fishing boat.
to found
(v)(T)
to contribute
(v)(T)
to set up, form or
establish smth.
to help to make
something happen
to found a group / a
company / a college etc.
to contribute greatly
substantially/significant
ly/etc to something
He founded the Undersea
Research Group at Taulon.
This series brought
unforgettable images into
millions of homes and
contributed to a deeper
understanding of …..
Eton College was founded by Henry VI in
1440.
Enya's success has contributed
substantially to the current interest in
Celtic music.
TEXT 153
respectable
(adj)
socially acceptable
respectable person/
family
Welles was born into a
respectable middle-class
family.
Put a tie on - it'll make you look more
respectable.
respect (v,
n)
to admire sb. because
they have high
standards and good
qualities
respect somebody for
something
to locate
Part of
Speech/
Different
forms
(v)(T)
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc.)
The map shows the exact location of the
crash.
Synonym: to get
rid of, to eliminate
Synonym: to
establish
She respected him for his honesty.
222
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
(adj)
unusual or surprising and
therefore deserving
attention or praise
remarkable film/ book/
achievement
There is no doubt that the
film is remarkable but it
owes its success to Welles.
It's a remarkable achievement for the
company.
(v)(T)
to have something or
achieve something because
of what someone else has
done
to owe something to
somebody
There is no doubt that the
film is remarkable but it
owes its success.
He probably owes his life to her prompt
action.
He owes a great deal to his publishers.
unhappy because
something you hoped for
did not happen, or because
someone or something was
not as good as you
expected
to be disappointed
in/by/about sth./sb.
All the same, Alfred Nobel
was disappointed.
I'm very disappointed in you. How could
you do that?!
We were really disappointed about the
game since our team lost unexpectedly.
remarkable
to owe
TEXT 154
disappoint adj.
ed
to achieve
v.(T)
to successfully complete
something or get a good
result, especially by
working hard
to achieve an aim
He had spent his life
working for peace in the
world and he had invented
dynamite to achieve his aim.
Teamwork is required in order to achieve
these aims.
She eventually achieved her goal of
becoming a professor.
to
construct
v.(T)
to build something such as
a house, bridge, road etc
to construct buildings
They needed a safe,
powerful explosive like
dynamite to blow up stone in
order to construct buildings,
dams and road.
There are plans to construct a new road
bridge across the river.
A suitable developer was found to
construct the new building.
constructi
on
n.(UC)
the process of building
things such as houses,
bridges, roads etc
the field of construction
Before the invention of
dynamite, a lot of people
working in the field of
construction lost their lives
because other explosives
were dangerous to use.
Working in the field of construction must
be one of the toughest jobs ever.
The hotel is currently under construction.
under construction
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
223
Word
Point
fortune
Part of
Speech
n.(C)
n.(C)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from dictionaries
an exact moment, time, or
stage in the development
of something
a turning point
The use of dynamite saved
the lives of workers and,
thus, is considered a turning
point in the history of
construction.
Becoming the headmaster of the
department was a real turning point
in Rebecca’s life.
Their win over old rivals
Manchester United was the high
point (=best part) in their season.
a very large amount of
money
a fortune of … $
He wanted to think of the
best way for people to use
his fortune of nine million
dollars after his death.
My grandmother’s fortune of 16
billion dollars will be distributed
equally to her children.
high point
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
He made a fortune selling paintings
in Spain.
to make a fortune
That carpet must cost a fortune!
inspiratio
n
n.(C/UC)
a good idea about what
you should do, write, say
etc, especially one which
you get suddenly
to cost a fortune
to have an inspiration
Nobel read about his plans,
too, and had an inspiration.
I have everything I need to start
writing my essay, except for some
inspiration.
to be an inspiration to sb.
People like Laura are an inspiration
to all of us.
source of inspiration
Ataturk has been a source of
inspiration for many people all
around the world.
Award
n.(C)
something such as a prize
or money given to
someone to reward them
for something they have
done
a yearly award
award for
to win/receive an award
In his will, he told people to
use all his money for a
yearly award to honor
leaders of science, literature
and world peace.
The management is planning to
present yearly awards to the most
successful employees in their fields.
The award for excellence in science
was given last night.
Rosie was in London to receive her
award as Mum of the Year.
224
Word
to honor
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to show publicly that
someone is respected and
admired, especially by
praising them or giving
them a special title
to honor a leader
…use all his money for a yearly
award to honor leaders of
science…
to honor sb. with sth.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Two firefighters have been
honored for their courage.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc)
In the past, societies would
honor a leader in order to show
their appreciation towards him.
He was honored with an award
for excellence in teaching.
to establish
honor
n.(C/UC)
something such as a
special title or medal given
to someone to show how
much people respect them
for what
the greatest honor
The first Nobel Prizes were
given in 1901, and they very
soon became the greatest honor
that a person could receive in
these fields.
The MVP award is one of the
greatest honors that an NBA
player could have.
v.(T)
to start a company,
organization, system, etc
that is intended to exist or
continue for a long time
to establish Nobel Prizes
Alfred Nobel established the
Nobel Prizes, and the world
thinks of him the way he wanted
to be remembered.
When Alfred Nobel established
the Nobel Prizes, he started a
whole new way of honoring
successful people.
synonym: found
225
Word
TEXT 155
revolution
to influence
to affect
principle
prominent
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
n.(C)
a time when
people change a
ruler or political
system by using
force or violence
industrial revolution
When people think about
revolutions and their
leaders, they think about
people like Fidel Castro,
Mao Tze-Tung etc.
Trotsky was one of the
important figures in the
Russian Revolution of 1917.
revolutio
nary
n.(C)
someone who
joins in or
supports a political
or social
revolution
to affect the way
someone or
something
develops, behaves,
thinks etc without
directly forcing or
ordering them
a powerful
revolutionary
One of the most powerful
revolutionaries in the
history of mankind was
Mahatma Gandhi.
After taking the control of the
capital city, the revolutionaries
proceeded to form a new
government.
to influence sb./smth.
His mother was a deeply
religious Hindu, and her
beliefs strongly influenced
Gandhi throughout his life.
How much does TV advertising
really influence what people
buy?
He was strongly influenced by
his teacher.
What influenced you to take up
nursing?
Synonym: to affect
Gandhi was a Hindu, but the
religious ideas of the Jains
also affected him.
The disaster has seriously
affected their lives.
We were all deeply affected by
her death.
Synonym: to influence
They were the source of his
most important principles:
non-violence, religious
tolerance and fasting.
The most important of these
principles are briefly set out
below.
Schools try to teach c
v.(T)
v.(T)
n.(C)
adj.
to strongly influence
sb./smth.
to influence sb. to do
sth.
to do something
that produces an
effect or change in
something or in
someone's
situation
a moral rule or
belief about what
is right and wrong,
that influences
how you behave
to affect sb./smth.
seriously/slightly/
important
prominent
intellectuals
prominent
place/position
prominent figure
to be deeply affected
basic/important
principles of smth.
to establish/apply a
set of principles
His stay in England was
very important because he
met many prominent
British intellectuals there.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
hildren a set of principles.
Ataturk is considered to be the
most prominent figure in
Turkish History.
226
Word
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
to behave towards
someone or
something in a
particular way
to treat sb. badly
The Whites there treated
the Indians and Blacks very
badly.
v.(T)
to offend someone
by saying or doing
something they
think is rude
to insult sb. (by doing
sth)
insult
n.(C)
a remark or action
that is offensive or
deliberately rude
personal insults
to take sth as an
insult
He took these as personal
insults.
He took my words as a
personal insult.
campaign
n.(C)
to start a campaign
against sb.
Gandhi started a campaign
against this policy.
Environmental groups started a
campaign against the
widespread production of
genetically hazardous crops.
resistance
n.(UC)
a series of actions
intended to
achieve a
particular result
relating to politics
or business, or a
social
improvement
a refusal to accept
new ideas or
changes
strong/non-violent
resistance
He used political method of
non-violent resistance and
civil disobedience.
Any policy that creates
unemployment is likely to meet
with strong resistance.
People’s resistance to change
is sometimes inevitable.
when people,
especially a large
group of people,
refuse to obey a
law in order to
protest against the
government
to refuse to do
what the authority
tells you to do, or
refuse to obey a
rule or law
civil disobedience
This disobedience had to be
peaceful and he should
protest against the police
non-violently.
During the war, there was
minor civil disobedience.
to treat
to insult
disobedience
Part of
Speech
v.(T)
n.(UC)
to
disobey
v.(T/IT)
to treat sb. as/like ...
resistance to sb/smth.
to disobey orders
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
He said he was not treated
badly when he was with other
political prisoners.
She treats me like a child.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
They insult us by ignoring our
complaints.
I won't insult you by explaining
the rules of the game.
He tells them how he was
punished for disobeying orders.
antonym: to obey
227
Word
tolerance
Part of
Speech
n.(UC)
intolera
nce
n.(UC)
Right
means
to boost
n.(C)
n.(C)
v.(T)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
willingness to
allow people to
do, say, or believe
what they want
without criticizing
or punishing them
to display/show
tolerance towards sb.
Gandhi believed that
religious tolerance was very
important for the success of
India’s goal of independence
from Britain.
unwillingness to
accept different
ways of thinking
and behaving
racial/religious
intolerance
something that
you are morally,
legally, or
officially allowed
to do or have
a way of doing or
achieving
something
to have/gain
(political) rights
to increase or
improve
something and
make it more
successful
to boost economy
racial/religious
tolerance
intolerance of
These people had no
political or social rights
before Gandhi’s time.
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
The town began to show
increasing tolerance towards
immigrants.
The school encourages an
attitude of tolerance towards
all people.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
antonym: intolerance
Racial intolerance and racism
should be considered as threats
to the nation.
My father’s intolerance of
alcohol always created
problems in the family.
I've got a perfect right to park
here if I want to.
antonym: tolerance
right to (do sth)
means of
a means of earning
money
to boost
tourism/industry/
market/export etc.
They decided to sell clothes
and tools they had made as a
means of earning a living.
These reforms boosted the
economy of the country.
The only means of
communication was sign
language.
Some teachers do private
tutoring as a means of earning
money.
The new resort area has
boosted tourism.
A successful conclusion would
boost the world economy by
£200 billion.
228
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
TEXT 156
to explore
v.(T)
to travel around an
area in order to
find out about it
to explore a place
Two of the most difficult
places to explore on Earth
are the north and South
Poles…
We spent a week exploring the
Oregon coastline.
Brave
adj.
dealing with
danger, pain, or
difficult situations
with courage and
confidence
to be brave
actions, behaviour,
or an attitude that
shows courage and
confidence
stories of bravery
to be in a difficult
or painful situation
for a long time
without
complaining
the ability to
continue doing
something difficult
or painful over a
long period of
time
a long and
carefully
organized journey,
especially to a
dangerous or
unfamiliar place,
or the people that
make this
to endure (doing) sth.
bravery
n.(UC)
to endure
v.(T)
enduran
ce
n.(UC)
expedition
n.(C)
Come on, you can do this! Be
brave!
Soldiers are supposed to be
brave people.
We witnessed a very brave
rescue attempt yesterday.
synonym: courageous
There are many stories of
bravery and endurance in
the history of Polar
exploration.
Stories of his bravery could be
heard in every village all
across the country.
He showed outstanding bravery
in the war.
He can't endure living away
from his family.
Many cancer patients have to
endure a great deal of pain.
synonym: courage
There are many stories of
bravery and endurance in
the history of Polar
exploration.
Strength and physical
endurance are crucial for
wrestlers.
The marathon is a test of
endurance .
In 1901, he joined Captain
Robert Scott, another
famous explorer, on his first
Antarctic expedition.
He went on an expedition to the
North Pole.
Another Everest expedition was
organized by the youngest
members of our group.
brave people
a brave effort/attempt
to show bravery
stories of endurance
physical/mental
endurance
on an expedition
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
229
Word
equipment
Part of
Speech
n.(UC)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
the tools,
machines, clothes
etc that you need
to do a particular
job or activity
proper/standard
equipment
They were able to save only
a small amount of
equipment and food.
camping/sports/
electronic/medical
etc. equipment
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Choosing proper equipment is
important in climbing.
He has some electronic
equipment originally intended
for the language laboratory,
which enhances the sound
quality.
He practically lives on fish and
chips!
Lions live on other animals in
the wild by killing them without
mercy.
Firefighters worked for two
hours to rescue people who
were trapped in the bus.
The team went on a rescue
mission 2 days ago and they
are still trying hard.
to live on
phrasal
verb
to eat a lot of a
particular type of
food
to live on sth.
They caught seals and lived
on seal meat for many
months.
to rescue
v.(T)
rescue
(n.)
to save someone
or something from
a situation of
danger or harm
to rescue sb.
…so Shackleton decided
that he would have to leave
them behind and rescue
them later.
v.(T/IT)
to succeed in
doing something
difficult,
especially after
trying very hard
if you go
somewhere on
foot, you walk
there
a way from one
place to another
to manage to do sth
Although they had very little
food, Shackleton managed
to cross one of the world’s
stormiest seas.
I finally managed to push the
huge animal away.
We somehow managed to
persuade him.
to go somewhere on
foot
They were too weak to go to
the other side by boat, so
Shackleton decided to cross
the island on foot.
It was a great success
considering the fact that a
British army team followed
the same route in 1980,
and….
It takes about 30 minutes on
foot, or 10 minutes by car.
Shackleton attempted to
rescue them four times, but
he had to give up each time
because of bad weather.
In this chapter I will attempt to
explain what led up to the
revolution.
He attempted suicide twice
because of his psychological
problems.
to manage
on foot
Route
n.(C)
rescue mission
to follow/take a route
route to/from
somewhere
to attempt
v.(T)
to try to do
something,
especially
something difficult
to attempt to do sth
to attempt murder/
suicide/rape etc
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
synonym: save
What's the best route to
Cambridge?
We weren't sure about which
route we should take.
230
Word
courageous
Part of
Speech
adj.
TEXT 158
destination
n (C)
enjoy
v (T)
enjoyable
(adj)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
brave
a courageous man
His men buried him at sea,
the proper place for such a
courageous man who had so
many adventures at sea.
the place where
someone is going
or where
something is
being sent or
taken
to get pleasure
from something
a holiday/dining
destination
Niagara is a perfect holiday
destination.
We arrived at our destination
tired and hungry.
to enjoy a walk/the
cooler temperatures
You can enjoy a walk, visit
the huge aquarium…
I really enjoyed that film: it
was wonderful.
An enjoyable
event or
experience gives
you pleasure.
known and
recognized by
many people
an enjoyable wedding
ceremony
They can have a beautiful
and enjoyable wedding
ceremony at a reasonable
price.
Niagara is very famous
among young couples.
Thank you for this enjoyable
evening.
to be famous among
young couples,
to be famous as a
dining destination,
to be famous for
tourist attractions
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
Eagles are courageous, strong,
quick and agile.
famous
adj
Marie Curie is famous for her
contribution to science.
tourist
attractions
coll.
a place that many
tourists visit
to be famous for
tourist attractions
It is one of the world’s most
popular tourist attractions.
The beautiful beaches are the
island’s main tourist attraction.
reasonable
adj
not too expensive
a reasonable price
They can have a beautiful
and enjoyable wedding
ceremony at a reasonable
price.
Tomatoes are very reasonable
at this time of year.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Synonym: brave
synonym: well-known
antonym: expensive
231
Word
unforgettable
Part of
Speech
adj
forget (v)
suit
v (T)
suitable
(adj)
serve
v (T/I)
experience
n (UC/C)
TEXT 159
grow
v (T/I)
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
an unforgettable
experience has
such a strong
effect or
influence on you
that you cannot
forget it.
to be unable to
remember a fact,
something that
happened, or how
to do something
to be convenient
and cause the
least difficulty
for someone
acceptable or
right for someone
or something
to provide food
or drinks
unforgettable
experience
Christmas is unforgettable
there.
(the process of
getting)
knowledge or
skill from doing,
seeing or feeling
things
holiday/teaching/
learning experience
If you grow a
plant, you put it in
the ground and
take care of it,
usually in order to
sell it
to forget (about) sth,
to forget to do sth
to suit every need and
budget
Niagara has more than
14,000 hotel rooms to suit
every need and budget.
suitable prices
to serve food/breakfast
to grow fruit/vegetables
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
That concert was one of the
unforgettable moments of my
life.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
Let me write down that date
before I forget it.
antonym: remember
We could go now or this
afternoon - whatever time suits
you best.
The film is
suitable for children.
They serve locally-grown
food products with local
wines.
If shopping is an important
part of their holiday
experience,…
Breakfast is served in the
restaurant between 7 and 9.
The people on the
Hebrides Islands cannot
grow fruits or vegetables
there.
The villagers grow coffee and
maize to sell in the market.
prefix: -un
Do you have any
experience of working with
kids?
232
Word
unusual
Part of
Speech
adj
Meaning
Collocation
different from
others of the same
type in a way that
is surprising,
interesting or
attractive
extremely good
an unusual
place/experience
If you like unusual places,
these islands can be very
interesting to visit.
fantastic
adj
fantastic colors
comfortable
adj
relaxed and free
from pain
making very little
noise
not including; but
not
to be comfortable
quiet
adj
except
prep.
TEXT 160
exhibit
n (C)
something, for
example a
painting, that is
put in a public
place so that
people can go to
see it
an exhibit
In recent years, there have
been many changes in the
way museums present
their exhibits to the
public.
The exhibits date from the 17th
century.
The museum contains some
interesting exhibits on Spanish
rural life.
to exhibit
v (T)
to show
something in a
public place for
people to enjoy or
to give them
information
to exhibit smth at/in
somewhere
-
They will be exhibiting their new
designs at the trade fairs.
Only one painting was exhibited
in the artist's lifetime.
He exhibits regularly in local art
galleries.
the quiet beauty,
to be quiet
all colors except yellow
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
It's unusual to have adult
conversation like that with
such a young child.
Miscellaneous
(antonym, synonym, etc.)
The colors, too, are
fantastic.
Guests are usually
comfortable there.
They come for the quiet
beauty and the scenery.
Visitors can see all the
colors below except
yellow.
You look fantastic in that dress.
***informal
I don't feel comfortable in high
heels.
She spoke in a quiet voice so as
not to wake him.
The museum is open daily
except Monday(s).
antonym: loud, noisy
synonym: excluding
233
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
admission
n (U)
permission given to
someone to enter a
building or place, or to
become a member of a
school, club etc
free admission
to refuse admission
to gain admission
The days of large, dusty rooms
full of glass cases with “DO
NOT TOUCH” signs on them
are long gone, together with free
admission.
The young men tried to enter a
nightclub but were refused
admission.
Women gained admission to the
club only recently.
to charge
v (T/I)
to ask an amount of money
for goods or a service
to charge admission fees
to charge sb/smth for
smth
Until recently, most museums in
Britain did not charge
admission fees.
They're charging £3 for the
catalogue.
We won't charge you for
delivery.
to abolish
v (T)
to abolish smth
However, these grants have
been abolished or reduced.
Slavery was abolished in the US
in the 19th century.
to
maintain
v (T)
to officially end a law,
system etc, especially one
that has existed for a long
time
to keep a building, a
machine, etc. in good
condition by checking or
repairing it regularly
to maintain a building
Consequently, many museums
now charge for admission and
need to attract large numbers of
visitors in order to produce the
income to maintain the
building, pay the staff …
The house is large and difficult
to maintain.
appealing
adj
attractive or interesting
to find smth appealing
to make smth appealing to
someone
In order to persuade people that
it is worth paying for a quite
expensive admission ticket,
museums have tried to make
their exhibitions brighter and
more appealing.
Brightly colored packaging
made the pens especially
appealing to children.
The large salary made their
offer even more appealing to
him.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
234
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to appeal
v (I)
to attract or interest
somebody
to appeal to someone
Museums have also introduced
new features that appeal to
adults.
The design has to appeal to all
ages and social groups.
devoted
adj
dealing with, containing,
or being used for only one
thing
to be devoted to smth
There is a museum devoted to
photography in the city center.
feature
n (C)
something important,
interesting or typical of a
place or thing
new features
Many museums, especially
those devoted to science and
technology, now have
“interactive exhibits”, which
means that you can, in fact,
touch the exhibits.
Museums have also introduced
new features that appeal to
adults.
annual
adj
based on or calculated over
a period of one year
annual fee/budget/income
For example, you can join, for
an annual fee, a society linked
to your favorite museum that
will enable you to visit the
museum without paying or to
visit at times when it is
normally closed …
You pay an annual fee — from
about £15 for a microwave to
£50 for a washer-drier.
to admire
v (T)
to look at something and
think how beautiful or
impressive it is
to admire smth
For example, you can join, for
an annual fee, a society linked
to your favorite museum that
will enable you to visit the
museum without paying or to
visit at times when it is
normally closed, so that you can
then admire the exhibits when
the crowds have gone.
We stopped halfway to admire
the view.
Sal stood back to admire her
work.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
An interesting feature of the city
is the old market.
235
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
to seek
v (T)
sought
sought
to ask somebody for
something
to seek sponsorship/help
Museums also seek commercial
sponsorship as another way of
increasing their income.
She managed to calm him down
and seek help from a neighbor.
to observe
v (T)
to see and notice
something
to observe smth
to observe someone doing
smth
… and the visitor can enter
commercial and industrial sites
from the time of the Industrial
Revolution and observe
working machinery and old
methods of production.
Officers observed him driving at
90 miles per hour.
TEXT 161
impressed
adj.
to be impressed by
something,
to be impressed with
something
The earliest films were very
short, just snippets in fact, but
the audiences were easily
impressed.
(n) (C)
big/large audience,
to address/reach/ attract
audience,
before/in front of audience
to
(v) (T)
to go with someone or to
be provided or exist at the
same time as something
to accompany something,
to accompany somebody
The earliest films were very
short, just snippets in fact, but
the audiences were easily
impressed. Early film makers
liked the scenes of wild animals
attacking the audience.
Until that time, live piano music
accompanied performances of
silent films.
The manager was deeply
impressed by John's work. He
was very impressed with her
house. I was very impressed by
the efficiency of the staff.
The museum is trying to attract
a wider audience. He felt
nervous standing up in front of
the large audience.
Synonym:
affected,
fascinated,
dazzled
audience
admiring someone or some
thing very much, especiall
ybecause of an unusually g
ood achievement, quality,
or skill
the group of people
together in one place to
watch or listen to a play,
film, someone speaking,
etc.
The course books are
accompanied by four cassettes.
Would you like me to
accompany you to your room?
Synonym: go
with
accompany
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
Synonym:
viewers
236
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
impression
(n) (C)
an idea or opinion of what
something is like
to get an impression, to be
under an impression,
impression about sb.
make/leave an impression
on sb.
In this way, the viewers get the
impression that Superman is
flying over a landscape that has,
of course, previously been
filmed from an aircraft.
I was under the impression that
you weren't coming until
tomorrow. I had the wrong
impression about him. The new
striker failed to make an
immediate impression on the
team.
innovation
(n) (C)
(the use of) a new idea or
method
technological innovations,
innovation in something
The film industry introduced
several technological
innovations against television.
There have been great
innovations in machinery and
instruments in recent years.
Many people feel bewildered by
the speed of technological
innovation.
Synonym:
modification,
alteration,
modernization
advanced
adj.
modern and well
developed, at a higher or
more difficult level
to be technically advanced,
highly/very advanced
technology
Nowadays, films are technically
advanced, and this developed
technology is advantageous.
Taiwan has a highly advanced
technology. This is the most
advanced type of engine
available.
Synonym:
modern,
developed
n (C)
also
origins
(pl)
the place or situation in
which something begins to
exist
origins of smth
The origins of cinema as we
know it lie in a machine
patented in 1891 by Thomas
Edison – the kinetoscope.
The origins of Gdansk go back
to the tenth century.
adv
not involving anything or
anyone else
Early films were produced
solely to show off the
ingeniousness of the machines
that projected them, …
Scholarships are given solely on
the basis of financial need.
TEXT 162
origin
solely
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
Synonym:
opinion
Synonym: only
237
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
ingeniousness
n (U)
the quality of working well
ingeniousness of smth
Early films were produced
solely to show off the
ingeniousness of the machines
that projected them, …
It was the ingeniousness of the
scheme increased the
membership.
adj
an ingenious plan, idea, or
object works well and is
the result of clever
thinking and new ideas
to develop well and be
successful
an ingenious
device/machine
-
American cinema flourished
and technical innovations were
made.
The economy is booming and
small businesses are
flourishing.
ingenious
-
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
Another ingenious construction
technique is demonstrated by
Martin.
to flourish
v (I)
innovation
n (C)
a new idea, method, or
invention
to make/introduce
innovations
American cinema flourished and
technical innovations were
made.
Many innovations were
introduced by the 1919 Act.
viable
adj
a viable idea, plan, or
method can work
successfully
to become commercially/
financially viable
viable alternative/option
By 1927, the use of sound on
film became commercially
viable, and …
Will a hotel here be financially
viable?
The committee came forward
with one viable solution.
to release
v (T)
to make a CD, video, film
etc available for people to
buy or see
to release a movie
… and the film The Jazz Singer,
which was recognized as the
first successful sound movie,
was released.
A version of the game for Mac
computers will be released in
February.
Era
n (C)
a period of time in history
that is known for a
particular event, or for
particular qualities
the golden era
in/during the era of
It was the late 1920s that the
Hollywood golden era really
began.
We live in an era of instant
communication.
We live in an era of religious
uncertainty.
Synonym: to
thrive
238
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
advent
n
(singular)
the time when something
first begins to be widely
used
the advent of smth
The Neolithic advent of farming
about 10,000 years ago
produced a shift in attitudes to
animals and the natural world.
Fierce
adj
done with a lot of energy
and strong feelings, and
sometimes violent
fierce competition
associate
v (T)
to make a connection in
your mind between one
thing or person and
another
to be associated with
sb/amth
With the advent of commercial
film-making in the early 1900s,
various film production
companies had started up in the
US in fierce competition with
each other.
With the advent of commercial
film-making in the early 1900s,
various film production
companies had started up in the
US in fierce competition with
each other.
For example, Warner Brothers
was associated with a large
number of gangster films and
Universal with horror films …
founder
n (C)
someone who establishes a
business, organization,
school etc
a founder of an
organization
Mr Sabancı was the founder and
president of the company.
compromi
se
n (C)
to make/reach a
compromise
consistentl
y
adv
an agreement that is
achieved after everyone
involved accepts less than
what they wanted at first,
or the act of making this
agreement
happening in the same way
and continuing for a period
of time
Many of these companies
became associated with stars
still popular and famous today,
for example Charlie Chaplin,
who became a founder in 1919
of the United Artists.
They had to make certain
compromises to survive, which
in part led to the development of
film genres.
… Citizen Kane is the only film
to appear consistently in the
critics’ top tens …
Her work has been of a
consistently high standard.
to appear consistently
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
There was fierce competition
between the companies
Addictions are often associated
with drugs, alcohol and
cigarettes.
If moderates don’t reach a
compromise, the extremists will
dominate the agenda.
239
Word
Part of
Speech
Meaning
Collocation
Use in MTR I
Extra Examples from
dictionaries
contempor
ary
adj
belonging to the present
time
contemporary
directors/music/
dance
Contemporary directors are
equally as popular, and are
finding success in areas other
than feature films…
His work is very contemporary.
to emerge
v (I)
to start to exist; to appear
or become known
to emerge from smth
Apart from Hollywood cinema,
over the last 40 years we have
seen very strong film industries
emerge from many countries.
After the elections opposition
groups began to emerge.
These musical forms emerged
from the American black
experience.
to feature
v (T)
to include a particular
person or thing as a special
feature
to feature sb/smth
In some cases, these herald new
movements, for example, the
French New Wave and Italian
Neo-Realism; in others, they
feature particular directors,
such as Ingmar Bergman in
Sweden and Akira Kurosawa in
Japan.
The film features Cary Grant as
a professor.
Miscellaneous
(antonym,
synonym, etc)
Synonym:
modern
240