Unit 1:
History of Journalism in America
I. Colonial Newspapers
A. Colonial Pre-newspaper Communication
Colonial times to the
Information Age
•
•
•
•
Word-of-mouth
Letters from England
Newspapers from England
Broadsides
I. Colonial Newspapers
I. Colonial Newspapers
B. Broadsides
• Notices printed on one
side of a disposable,
single sheet of paper
• Intended to have an
immediate impact on
readers
• Used extensively during
the American Revolution
C. Publick Occurrences Both
Forreign and Domestick
• First colonial newspaper
• Published by Ben Harris
on Sept. 25, 1690
• Lasted only one issue
because its content
disturbed the governor of
Massachusetts
I. Colonial Newspapers
I. Colonial Newspapers
D. The Boston News-Letter
• First continuous
newspaper in America
• Published by John
Campbell
• First issue – April 24, 1704
• Published with permission
of the governor of the
colony
E. John Peter Zenger
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•
•
•
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Published The New-York Weekly
Journal starting in 1734
Charged with libel for printing
news that disturbed the governor
of New York
Trial held in 1735
Defense was that he printed the
truth
Acquitted by the jury
II.
A.
Partisan Press
Stamp Act – 1765
1.
Tax on newspapers, legal documents,
books, etc.
2.
Many newspapers published as
handbills to evade the tax
3.
Some newspapers suspended temporarily
4.
Act repealed in 1766
5.
Newspapers generally allied themselves
with the Patriots
6.
Established tradition of political alignment
III. Penny Press
A. Industrial Revolution
1.
Mechanical advancements
2.
Population growth
3.
Three times as many newspapers in
the United States in 1833 as in
England or France
“Moon Hoax”
z
z
Printed in the New York
Sun in 1835
Falsely claimed that a
scientist had discovered
a civilization of humanlike creatures living on
the moon
II.
Partisan Press
B. Freedom of the Press
1.
Nine of 13 state constitutions
guaranteed freedom of the press
2.
Freedom guaranteed nationally by
First Amendment – ratified in 1791
III. Penny Press
B. First Penny Newspapers
1.
New York Sun – Sept. 3, 1833, Benjamin
Day
2.
New York Herald – May 6, 1835, James
Gordon Bennett
C. Other Popular Newspapers
1.
New York Tribune – April 10, 1841, Horace
Greely
2.
New York Times – Sept. 18, 1851, Henry J.
Raymond
III. Penny Press
D. Faster Communication
1.
Steamships
2.
Railroads
3.
Telegraph
E. Associated Press
1.
Started in May 1848
2.
Included six major newspapers
IV. Civil War Coverage
A. Coverage by Eye-witness Correspondents
1.
New York papers gave a third of their
columns to war coverage
2.
Telegraph speeded news from
correspondents to newspapers
V.
Yellow Journalism
A. Inventions and Technological
Developments
1.
Telephone – 1876
2.
Typewriter – 1867
3.
Typesetter (linotype) – 1886
4.
Engraving (half-tone) – 1894
V.
Yellow Journalism
C. Yellow Kid cartoon, Richard F. Outcault
1.
Outcault drew for Pulitzer, then for
Hearst
2.
George B. Luks took over the comic
panel for Pulitzer
3.
Term “yellow journalism” comes from
yellow ink printed on kid’s clothing
IV. Civil War Coverage
B. News Style
1.
Up to this point, stories were typically
written in chronological order and
without being summarized
2.
Around this time, correspondents
started to send stories in inverted
pyramid style because of cost
V.
Yellow Journalism
B. Competing Publishers
1.
Joseph Pulitzer, New York World, 1882
a.
Crusades and stunts
b.
Illustrations – led all other papers
2.
William Randolph Hearst, New York
Journal, 1895
a.
“Stole” Pulitzer’s journalists
b.
Emphasized crime, disaster, scandal
V.
Yellow Journalism
D. Characteristics of Yellow Journalism
1.
Scare headlines
2.
Lavish use of pictures – some faked
3.
Fraudulent stories
4.
Sympathy for the underdog
VI. Radio
VII. Television
A. First regular radio broadcast – 1920
B. First 24-hour stream of news coverage
C. “Theater of the mind”
VIII. Desktop Publishing
A. Desktop publishing – the use of a personal
computer and its accompanying software and
hardware to create typeset-quality documents for
printing
B. Began in the mid-1980s with the release of new
technology from Apple Computer and Adobe
Systems
C. Faster production of stories, pages
D. Less expensive equipment
E. Enabled more people to publish
A. Primary source of news for most Americans
B. Television journalism came of age in the
1960s when President Kennedy was
assassinated
C. First 24-hour news network, CNN,
established 1980
VIII. Desktop Publishing
F.
1984 – Apple released
the Macintosh computer, the first
commercial desktop computer to
have a mouse and a Graphical
User Interface (GUI)
G.
1985 – Apple and Adobe
license the Postscript language
and release the Apple
LaserWriter printer, which could
produce typeset-quality printouts
http://www.mac-history.net/review-the-apple-macintosh-computer-byte-issue-81984
VIII. Desktop Publishing
IX. Internet
A. In 2009, the Internet became the second
most used medium for national and
international news, surpassing print news
for the first time
B. News available anytime, anywhere
C. Anyone can publish
D. Interactive
E. Multimedia
H.
1985 – Aldus
Pagemaker, the first
desktop publishing
program, was released
I.
Computers and
software have since
become more
advanced
http://switch2mac.blog.zive.cz/2010/12/jabko-v-problemech/