PRODUCTION OF"CANDLE WAX FROM
, ,
POLYETHY~E~E
(PURE WATERSA~HET)
BY
. QLAYI EDWARD ENEJI .
REG. NO; 2001/11616EH
A RESEARCH ,PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL
FULFILMENT OF THE
. 'ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL
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REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING (B. ~NG.)DEGREE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND
/
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY MINNA
~OVElYIBER,
2(}07 ..
PRODUCTION OF CANDLE WAX FROM
P<?LYETHYLENE (PURE WATER SACHET)
BY
"
OLAYI EDWARD ENEJI "
, ".<:
REG. NO;- 2001111616EH
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMI~ALENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF
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ENGINEE~NGAND ENGINEE~ING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL
UNIVERSITY OF "TECHNOLOGY MINNA,"NIGER STATE.
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NOVEMBER, 2007.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
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Cover page ..... ; '" ......... '" ........... '.... '" ... '" ................. : ....... 1.
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Title page.~ ....... : ..... '" "','" ... '...... "','" ............... '" ...... '" ...... 11
Certification ......... '" '" '" ............ '...................................... 111
Dedication ...... " ..... " '" ... '" '" ... " .......... '" ...... '" '" ...... " ......1V
Acknowledgement... '" ............... '" ~ .......... : ......... '" '" ............ v .
Table of content ......... '" ......... '" '" .................................. '" .vi
Abstract ......... '" ...... '" " ~' ......... '" '" '" '" '" ... '" '" '" .............. VII
CHAPTER ONE
· ...... '"......... " ........................................
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Intro duct1on
'" ........... . 1
Aims and Objectives ......................... : . " ................. " '" .......... .2
ApproachlMethodology ...... '" '" ... '" '" .......... ',::' .... '" '" ............ 2
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CHAPTER TWO
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2.0
Literature review ...·... '" ...... '" ........... '. '" '" '" '" ...... '" ........ 3
2.1
Polymers ...........'..................... : ................................,...... 3
Rlleology ...... ,'" '" '" ... '" '" ............ :' ... '" '" : .. '" '" ............... 4
Classification 'of Polymer ... '" '" '" '" ............ '" '" .... ; .... '" .... .4
Polymer Structure ............ '" .................. '" ... '" '"
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5
Polyethylene ................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Uses of polyethylene ... '" '" : .. '" ... '" '" '" ......... '" ................ 10
2.3
Candle ......................... :., ....................................... '..... 11
2.3J Candles History and Develop1nent. ...................................... 12
2.3.2 Uses ()fCandle ..................... : ......................................... 13
2.4
Wax ...................... '....... :; ................................... '........... 13
2.4J Classification of wax ...... '" ...... '" ...... '" '" ...... '" '" ... '" ...... 14
2.4.2 Chemical composjtion and properties of Wax .... ; ..... " . " ..... " ... 17
.4.3 Wax Application and uses ................................................ 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and Methodology ......... '" ... '" ... '" '" ... '" ...... '" '" .. 20
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3.1
Apparatus and Materials ...... '" ... '" ... '" '" ...... '" '" .......... '" ... 20
3.2 . Experimental Procedure .... : .......................... " '" ...... '" ...... 21
3.2.1 Pre-treatment ......................... '.' ,., .................. '" ............ .21
3.2.2 Mould preparation aDd wicking ....'.. '" .... '" '" ......... '" '" .......... 21
3.2.3 Preparation of wax (polyethylene wax) ..................... '" ....... : .. 21
CHAPTER FOUR·
4.0
Discussion of result ... ". '" '" '" ... '" " ....... ~ ...... ' ............ .l........ 23
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Conclusion and Recommendation ............... ' ... ' ................ ". " .. 24
5.1
Conclusion ............ '" ............. ". : .. ". '" ................................. 24
5.2
Recommendation .... ' ......................................... ' ................. 24
Reference ........: ..... ~ ...................................................... ' ............ 25
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CERTIFICATION
proj~ct
titled
"PRODUCTION
OF
CANDLE
WAX! FROM
POLYETHYLENE (PURE WATER SACHETS)" meets the regulation governing
the award, of the degree of bachelor of engineering of the federal university of
technology, Minna and is, approved for its contributions to scientific kriowledge
and literary presentation.
Engr.(Mrs.) Eterigho E.]
(Supervisor)
------------------------Dr M.b Edoga
Date:---~-----~--
(Head 'of department)
______ ~ ___•____ _
-------------------------. External examiner
Date:------------____ _
iii
DEDICATION
To GOD almighty, that has being my strength and stronghold and to my parents for everything
that I received.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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My heartfelt appreciation and gratitude goes to the Almighty, the compassionate
for llls guidance and protection througbout myacadelnic journey. I appreciate the
contribution of my supervisor Engr. (Mrs;) Eterigho E.] who despite her tight
schedul~ took time to go through tbe work.
"
My profound gratitude goes to tbe entire staff s of c~emical engineering for their
effort towards making me who iam, lam sincerely-grateful to you all.
My thanks and appreciation goes to my Dad Mr:B.A.Olayi for his relentless effort
in making sure that my basic needs are met
To my brother and sisters and the entire family fortheir love and care
To all my classmate and friends (Ikos, Ben, Moses, Abdul, Raymond and George)
I thank you guys with all my heart and I wish you aU the best things in life.'
Abstract
Candle wax was produced from, pure sachet (polyethylene) through: the:
'<, ,
process of recycling. The pure water sachet (polyethylene) which was collepted:.
from the environment went through pre-treatment processes such
aswashmg~ ... ';:;': ;
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~->.~,: ~.:;~;.~ -;:
drying and shredding/cutting into pieces, it was then put into a pot and sul:>jecte.d1tQ~),f·)l';i;:
,
,
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c'r;~,,;;:,t
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heat for about one hour five minutes (lhr 5mins) until it began tOr.melt/8:~;~'"
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"'1: <i.,';'!,:
" /;li~~,:~";i'
temperature of 350°C (M.pt). Paraffm'oiland stearic acid were added to themq1W.,
-,. -:-'~ \:~> ;
, wax and then and poured into. a mould and allowed to cool in order to soIidifY,~::,:n{
resu~t obtained was a dark green candle and when compared with standard 'it bY:l11t~,<,
slower than the normal paraffin wax base· candle which is due to the ratio\,of
paraffmoil
to polythelene (pure water sachets).
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, CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
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The need for diversified economy and the need to diverse attention from
crude oil based economy have brought about increased in~ustrial and agricultural
activities. Thus, the menace of improper management of waste from these
industries and indiscriminate dumping of this associated waste product.
This project is basically a waste management measure aimed at proper waste
management and wealth creation by w~y of recycling, using polyethene waste as a
feed stock The choice of polyethene is practically because of its nonbiodegradable nature and the menace of its continuous' accumulation in the
environment.
The bulk of these waste which is composed of mainly polyethylene
(polyethene) and plastic of all types are produced in greater volume than any other
solid waste, this can be attributed to the fact that disposable poly~thentf bags are
used in the package of drinking water and oth,ergift items.
Due to the increasing menace posed by indiscriminate and improp~r disposal
of these packaged water sachet into the environment, this project seeks to find a
way of putting to use these solid waste by way of converting it to useful product
(Candle).
This research is geared towards producing candle wax blend of mainly
polyethene which when produced in commercial quantity can meet the' required
- standard obtained from the usual paraffin based wax blend.
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1.1
Aims and objectives
The main aim of this project is:
.'To produce candle from candle wax based mainly on polyethene
The objectives of this project are:
- To manage the' waste in the environment constituted 'by packaged water
sachets by way of r~cycling
- To keep up with sanitary standards, by maintaining a clean and healthy
environment.
- To find out suitable additives in the production of polyethene based candle
wax blend
.To create wealth from waste'
1.2
Approach/ Methodology
The above aims and objectives will be realized through the following approach.
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-Collection of waste (packaged water sachets)
-Washing and drying to remove dirt
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-RemoY~1 of sachet prints
-Mould preparation
-Addition of additive(s)
-Preparation of polyethene based wax blend
-Molding and candle finishing
2
CBAPTERTWO
Literature Review
2.1
Polymer
Polymer is a long chain molecule that is composed of a large number of
repeating unit of identical structure~
Certain polymer, such as proteins, cellulose and silk are found in nature,
while many others inclu~ing polystyrene, polyethylene and nylon are produced
only by synthetic routes.
Th~ birth of polymer science may be traced back to the mid nineteenth
century in the 1830s.charles good year developed the -VUlcanization process that
transformed the sticky latex of natural rubber to a useful, elastomer for tire use .In
1847,C~stian
F.Schonbein reacted cellulose with nitric acid to produce celluloid,' ~
In 1907,Leo Backland produce'd Bakelite (phenol-formal dehyde resin),and glyptal
(\l11saturated -polyester resin )was developed as a protective coating resin by
general electric in 1912.Bythe 1930s,researchers at Du Pont in the united statesihad
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produced a variety of new polymers including synthetic rubber and more exotic
materials ,such as nylon and Teflon.
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1938 Dow has produced several tons of
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polystyrene and in 1939 polyethylene (low- density) was made for the first time
(Joel Fried,1979) .Today, polymeric materials are used in nearly all areas of our
daily life and their production and fabrication are major worldwide industries.
2.1.1 Rheology
This is a phenomenon of polym~r melt. It is he study of the deformation and
flow of matter under the influence of an applied stress. In practice rheology is
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