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Chapter 3 Section Review Packet
Section 3-1: The Conquistadores
Match the following terms with their definitions:
1. Conquistadores_____
2. Aztecs_____
3. Hernan Cortes_____
4. Moctezuma_____
5. Tenochtitlan_____
6. Incas_____
7. Francisco Pizarro_____
8. Atahualpa_____
9. Juan Ponce de Leon_____
10. Cabeza de Vaca_____
11. Hernando de Soto_____
12. Francisco Coronado_____
13. Juan Cabrillo_____
a. Explored the Gulf Coast, Texas, and New
Mexico; lived among natives for 8 years
b. Native American civilization centered in the
Andes of South America
c. Emperor of the Aztecs
d. Native American civilization centered in
southern Mexico
e. Capital of the Aztec Empire
f. Spanish conquistador that defeated the Aztec
Empire
g. Emperor of the Inca
h. Conquistador that explored Texas and New
Mexico in search of the Seven Cities of Cibola
i. Conquistador that searched Florida for the
mythical fountain of youth
j. Conquistador that was the first European to
cross the Mississippi River
k. Spanish conquistador that defeated the Incas
l. Explored the coast of California
m. Spanish soldiers who led military
expeditions to the Americas
Thoroughly answer the following questions, using bullets if necessary:
14. What were some advantages that Cortes and his men had over the Aztecs? Discuss (a) technology, (b)
psychology, and (c) other advantages.
(a) Aztecs still used Stone Age weapons such as bows and arrows and wooden spears with stone tips; Spanish
had muskets, cannons, steel weapons such as swords; Spanish also wore metal armor which better protected
them from the enemy
(b) Aztecs were afraid of Cortes and his men; thought they might be gods; weapons frightened them; Cortes
kidnapped and murdered the Aztec leader, whom the Aztecs considered a god. In their view, only a god can kill
another god, leading them to believe that Cortes might be a god himself.
(c) Other advantages such as horses, which were important for transportation of people and supplies; Spanish
able to recruit various tribes conquered by Aztecs and use them for information and military support
15. (a) What was the primary motivation of the conquistadors? (b) Describe the successes and failures of these
men. (c) What else did these men accomplish on behalf of countries like Spain?
(a) Primary motivation of the conquistadors was to find wealth and glory for themselves and Spain
(b) Some found success, like Cortes and Pizarro; others failed to find massive amounts of wealth and mythical
places such as the Fountain of Youth and “cities of gold”
(c) Explored and claimed new lands on behalf of Spain in the Americas, added to Spain’s growing empire
16. In addition to warfare, what else caused the deaths of various Native Americans the Spanish came into
contact with?
(a) Diseases such as smallpox, measles, etc. caused large numbers of native deaths because they lacked
immunity to these diseases
Section 3-2: Spanish America
Match the following terms with their definitions:
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Council of the Indies_____
Viceroy_____
Pueblos_____
Missions_____
Presidios_____
Phillip II_____
Encomienda System_____
Bartolome de las Casas_____
Plantations_____
Borderlands_____
Juan de Onate_____
El Camino Real_____
Peninsulares_____
Mestizos_____
Criollos_____
a. Royal governor in the Americas
b. System in which Spanish settlers would use
natives for labor and in exchange would teach
them Christianity and provide protection
c. Spanish military forts
d. Former encomendero turned priest that
protested the economienda system
e. Large farm dedicated to the production of
one major cash crop
f. Outlying areas of the Spanish Empire
g. Spanish settler who founded the city of Santa
Fe
h. Spanish settlers in America who were born in
Spain
i. King of Spain towards the end of the 16th
century
j. Governed Spanish territories in the Americas
i. System of roads that connected towns and
settlements together in the Spanish colonies
k. Children of Spanish parents born in the
Americas
l. Spanish settlements intended to spread
Christianity to the native Americans
m. Spanish towns which acted as trading
centers and seats of government
n. Children born to both European and native
American parents
Answer the following questions:
32. Explain why the Spanish (and Europeans in general) began to import African slaves to the Americas. (a)
What led to a need for these African laborers in the New World, and (b) what made these Africans well-suited to
this type of labor?
(a) Europeans began to import African slaves because Native American laborers were dying in large numbers
from disease, overwork, and exhaustion
(b) Africans were already used to a similar climate and conditions as those found in the Americas; already had
somewhat of an immunity to European diseases
33. (a) What was the El Camino Real? (b) Why was it important to the Spanish? (c) What were its specific
purposes/benefits?
(a) The El Camino Real, or “Royal Road” was a network of roads and highways established in the Spanish
American colonies
(b) Important because it connected the outlying “borderlands” with centers of government, trade, etc.
(c) Allowed for easier and faster transportation of goods, people, and soldiers; Important for defense against
hostile natives and other European countries such as France; Allowed for better government control of the
borderland regions of Spanish colonies; Allowed for greater spread of missionary work and Christianity to
natives in outer reaches of colonies
34. Explain why it was important for the Spanish to settle the areas known as “borderlands”.
(a) To gain control of outer regions of colonies; distance from capital often meant less law and order, more
government corruption in outlying areas
Section 3-3: Religious and Political Changes in Europe
Match the following items to their definitions:
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Martin Luther_____
Protestant Reformation_____
Henry VII_____
Philip II_____
Elizabeth I_____
Sea Dogs_____
Francis Drake_____
Spanish Armada_____
Inflation_____
a. Rise in the amount of money in use as well as
an increase in the price of goods.
b. Large Spanish naval fleet that was defeated
by the smaller English Navy in 1588 and led to
Spain’s decline
c. King of Spain at the time of the Reformation
and the defeat of the Spanish Armada
d. German priest who wanted to reform the
Catholic Church
e. Movement to reform the Catholic church
f. Sea captains hired by the English crown to
attack Spanish shipping
g. Most famous of the “Sea Dogs”, first
Englishman to sail around the world
h. Queen of England who never married, stood
firm against Spain, considered one of England’s
greatest monarchs
i. English king who split from the Catholic
Church to form the Church of England with
himself at its head
Answer the following questions:
44. (a) Who was Martin Luther? (b) Did Martin Luther wish to form an entirely new form of Christianity or
simply make changes within the Catholic Church? (c) What practices specifically concerned him? (d) What
invention made the Bible more accessible to the masses? (e) Luther’s questioning of Church practices led to
what important social/political reform movement in Europe?
(a) Martin Luther was a German priest who nailed his 95 theses (conclusions) about Church practices and
problems to a church door
(b) Wanted to reform, or change, the Catholic Church from within, not create an entirely new branch of
Christianity
(c) Concerned with the ornamentation of the Catholic Mass; the sale of indulgences to absolve from sin rather
than confession; mismanagement of church money; Church was too politically powerful; wanted people to have
a closer, more personal relationship with God vs. relying on a priest to act as an interpreter or middle man;
wanted people to have greater access to the Bible in their native language
(d) The printing press allowed for Bibles to be mass produced in people’s native languages such as English,
French, Spanish, German, etc. This allowed more people to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves; also
made the Bible more affordable to the average person
(e) Led to the Protestant Reformation
45. (a) How did Elizabeth I respond to the aggression of Spain’s Philip II? (b) What event signaled the end of
Spain as the world’s most powerful empire?
(a) England was less powerful than Spain at the time; rather than declaring war on Spain, Elizabeth I hired
privateers known as “Sea Dogs” to attack Spanish shipping around the world; that way, she could deny England’s
direct involvement in the attacks
(b) The defeat of the Spanish Armada, a huge invasion fleet that was to invade England, in 1588. Spanish put a
great deal of resources into the fleet, and with its defeat at the hands of a smaller, faster English navy, this
signaled the decline of Spanish power and England’s power would begin to rise
46. Explain how Spanish gold and silver exports to Europe brought about inflation in Spain.
(a) So much gold and silver was exported from the Americas to Spain that the price of these metals dropped
dramatically due to such a large supply; since much of Spain’s money was in silver and gold coins, the value of
their currency dropped dramatically, leading to widespread inflation, or the loss of value in one’s currency and
the corresponding rise in prices of goods and services
-This led many Spanish to purchase fewer domestic goods, and import cheaper, foreign products, further
damaging Spain’s economy
Section 3-4: The Race for Empires
47.
48.
49.
50.
Charter_____
Rene-Robert de La Salle_____
Peter Minuit_____
Walter Raleigh_____
a. Document that gave royal permission to
form a new colony in America
b. Dutchman who purchased Manhattan Island
and settled New Amsterdam
c. French explorer who travelled the Mississippi
River and claimed the Mississippi River Valley
for France
d. Englishman who tried to settle a colony at
Roanoke Island
Answer the following questions:
51. (a) Where did the French primarily settle in the Americas? (b) What was their main source of
income/economic goal? (c) What major city did they found as a port to export goods back to Europe, and where
was it located?
(a) French primarily settled in areas that today are Canada (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, etc.) and the
Great Lakes region
(b) Main source of income was the trapping and trading of furs
(c) Founded the city of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi River, which would become a major trading
route for the French fur trade in North America; allowed the cheap and easy transport of goods and people
52. How did the Dutch attract new settlers to New Netherlands?
(a) Dutch attracted new settlers to New Netherlands with the promise of religious tolerance and freedom for all
of its inhabitants
(b) Also, the availability of cheap land and the promise of a new, better life for many Dutch and other Europeans
53. (a) Were the first attempts at English settlement successful? Explain why or why not. (b) Who were two
early English leaders who tried to found settlements in North America?
(a) The first attempts at English settlement were failures; were not successful because the English were illprepared for the hard work and dangers they would face; lack of supplies; conflict with natives; people chose
not to work together but instead fend for themselves, looking for wealth and natural resources rather than
focusing on own survival
(b) Attempts by Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to settle in what today is New England and the
Carolinas