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part 6
CHAPTER 1
PESTICIDES—INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
This edition contains authoritative information on pesticides, as well as information on safety,
and pesticide application equipment approved for use in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). It also
includes details of the two-part insect repellent system, including permethrin treatment of field uniforms,
mosquito nets and tentage, and insect repellents (see chapter 2—‘Insect and mite
repellents—overview’).
1.2
General. The control of insects, rodents, and other pests is an essential service that should
have high priority for combating disease; maintaining morale and efficiency; and preventing property
losses. The possibility of loss of life and reduction in effective work hours as a result of diseases such
as malaria, typhus, dengue, Ross River virus and encephalitis makes an effective pest control program
imperative.
GENERAL POLICY
1.3
1.3
Health Manual, volume 21 is the authoritative document and definitive policy on pesticides
usage in the ADF and Department of Defence (DoD).
1.4
Pesticides and equipment listed in this volume are approved for use by all Services.
1.5
ADF and DoD policy. Specific policy regarding pesticides procurement and use is contained
in this manual.
1.6
Responsibilities:
a.
b.
Commanders at levels of command are responsible for the enforcement of procedures,
including:
(1)
Protecting personnel of their command from insects and animals which may be
reservoirs or vectors of disease.
(2)
The control of insects, rodents, fungi, and other pests that damage property,
equipment, and supplies.
The area or unit medical authority has the primary responsibility in all activities
pertaining to the health of personnel and will provide technical guidance for the control
of pests affecting the health, morale, and efficiency of ADF personnel. They will
investigate the prevalence, distribution, and significant habits of disease vectors; will
determine the adequacy and safety of control measures applied; and will assist during
ADF personnel training programs regarding pest control.
DEFENCE PESTICIDES SUB–COMMITTEE
1.7
1.7
The Defence Pesticides Sub-Committee (DPSC) was established under the sponsorship of the
Surgeon General Australian Defence Force through the Defence Hazardous Substance Management
Committee (DHSMC) to provide technical advice to the DHSMC on pesticides used within the Australian
Defence Organisation (ADO). The Defence Support Group is responsible for Defence property
management.
1.8
Role. The role of the DPSC is to:
a.
Define overall policy on all aspects of pesticide programs affecting ADO personnel.
b.
Identify pesticides approved for use by ADO personnel and civilian contractors to the
ADO.
c.
Recommend percentages, strengths and methods of application of ADO-approved
pesticides, where appropriate.
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d.
Recommend pesticide precautions aimed at safeguarding the health of personnel, to
include first aid, medical treatment, routine surveillance, and protective dress.
e.
Recommend restrictions on the use of specific pesticides on ADO property.
f.
Identify best practices for the control of pests.
1.9
The Defence Safety Management Agency (DSMA) is responsible for the maintenance of
pesticide usage registers for pesticides used within the ADO.
PEST CONTROL
1.10
1.10
Types of control:
a.
Biological control. Involves reducing pest populations by using living organisms
encouraged by humans (includes reproductive and genetic control). This includes the
introduction, production, and release of parasites, predators, and diseases which in turn
attack and reduce or control populations of harmful arthropods. Included in this method
is the protection of insectivorous animals and wild birds; the production and release of
diseased arthropods; and the use of biological pesticides.
b.
Mechanical control. Involves removing pests by hand or using mechanical devices
such as traps, barriers, impermeable containers, and mechanical exclusion (screening)
to trap, kill, or keep pests out (includes construction and maintenance).
c.
Physical control. Involves using energy factors in the environment such as heat, cold,
light, sound, X-rays, and infra-red rays to kill pests or attract them to a killing mechanism.
d.
Regulatory control. Involves using regulations and laws in areas to eradicate, prevent,
or control infestations or reduce damage by pests, including quarantine programs.
e.
Cultural control. Involves careful non-chemical changing of the environment to make
it less favourable for a particular pest, thereby managing its population including habitat
modification and sanitation.
f.
Chemical control. Involves reducing pest populations or preventing insect injury by
using chemical pesticides to poison them or repel them from specific areas.
1.11
Control operations. In the organisation of a pest control program, regardless of size,
supervisory and operational personnel should consider the following factors:
a.
Biological data. The first consideration in program planning is the collection of
biological data which includes:
(1)
A listing of the principal pests, their location in an area and their characteristics
that affect control efforts.
(2)
Climatic effects on seasonal distribution and on workload requirements.
(3)
Establishment of hazard/economic threshold levels for each pest.
(4)
Requirements for protection of the environment.
(5)
Precautions required for protection of non-target organisms such as fish and
wildlife. Routine surveys are necessary to detect actual or potential breeding
sources of vectors and pests in order to prepare recommendations for the
prevention or elimination of such sources. Such surveillance involves operating
light traps, locating and mapping breeding sources, performing biting and landing
counts, calculating population estimates, and conducting sanitary inspections.
The proper handling, packaging, and submitting of specimens to designated
laboratories in a condition which will allow identification and isolation of disease
agents is often required. This is particularly important in the detection of vector
agents that might be used in biological warfare attack.
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b.
Selection of control techniques. After considering the biological data, select the most
effective combination of control techniques for each individual pest problem. Ideally the
use of chemical control should be minimised through maximum use of non-chemical
pest control techniques.
WHAT IS A PEST?
1.12
1.12
What is a pest? A pest is any plant, fungus, organism or animal which causes an undesirable
effect; this can range from weeds in gardens to termites which eat wooden structures to birds which
endanger aircraft.
WHAT IS A PESTICIDE?
1.13
1.13
What is a pesticide? A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances, including
biological control agents, that may prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests; also any substance or
mixture of substances used as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. In other words, a pesticide is a
substance (or, in some cases, an organism), which is used for killing or repelling pests, or preventing
infestations by pests. Generally speaking, the term ‘pesticide’ is not used when referring to medical
therapeutic treatment of humans. For example, a fungicide used to suppress the tinea fungus causing
athlete’s foot in humans is not regarded as a pesticide.
1.14
Types of pesticides. Many types of chemicals and formulations are used in pest control
operations. The insecticides, rodenticides, and other supplies standardised for military issue have been
selected with a view to efficacy and safety. With few exceptions, these items, if used as recommended,
will provide satisfactory control of pests of military importance. Table 1–1 lists types and uses of
pesticides according to target organisms:
insecticide
to kill or control insects
miticide or acaricide
to kill or control mites
fungicides
to kill or control fungi
herbicides
to kill or control weed plants
rodenticide
to kill or control rats and mice
molluscicide
to kill or control slugs and snails
insect repellent
to prevent insects from landing and/or biting
Table 1–1: Types and uses of pesticides
1.15
Functional grouping of pesticides. Pesticides can also be grouped according to what they
do. The major groups are shown in table 1–2:
contact
kills pests simply by contacting them
stomach poison
kills when swallowed
sterilant
renders pests unable to reproduce
systemic
taken into the blood of an animal or sap of a plant, kills the pest
without harming the host
fumigant
gas which kills when inhaled or otherwise absorbed by the pest
anticoagulant
prevents normal clotting of blood
attractant
lures pests
defoliant
removes unwanted plant growth without killing the whole plant
immediately
desiccant
dries up plant leaves and stems, and insects
Table 1–2: Functional grouping of pesticides
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APPROVALS PROCEDURE: WHAT PESTICIDES AND EQUIPMENT ARE
ALLOWED TO BE USED?
1.16
1.16
Approvals procedure. The approvals procedure previously in place has now been changed.
A pesticide does NOT have to be listed in this manual in order to be allowed to be used.
1.17
What pesticide products can be used? Units may purchase and use any pesticide product
which is legally available in Australia, within normal purchasing guidelines, provided that the conditions
listed below are adhered to.
1.18
General principles. The following general principles are to apply to pesticide usage by
ADF/Defence personnel, which includes use of pesticides on ADF/Defence establishments.
a.
b.
Pesticide selection:
(1)
Need. A clear and specific problem has been demonstrated, and for use of the
pesticide has been shown to be the best means of dealing with the problem.
(2)
Suitability. The pesticide product chosen is the most suitable for that use taking
into account such factors as efficacy, health and safety, whether the treatment is
to be near areas which may need special consideration, such as food-handling
areas or messes, living quarters or medical facilities, and environmental
considerations.
(3)
Low toxicity. Is there a less toxic alternative which would be as effective?
(4)
Low environmental effects. Is there a more environmentally suitable
alternative?
(5)
Approved use. The proposed use is approved by the civilian authorities for that
product and for that purpose for the State, Territory or region in which it is to be
used.
(6)
Insect repellents. Only those insect repellents specifically listed in this manual
are to be used by ADF personnel deployed to a field environment. Use of
alternative repellents, not listed in this manual, eg Aerogard, RID, is to be
restricted for use in life support equipment, flying clothing attachments, and any
other item of clothing or equipment where damage from exposure to the repellent
is a possibility. Alternative repellents not listed in this manual may also be used
on fixed bases/permanent establishments provided approval has been given by
the DPSC.
(7)
Integrated pest management. Where possible, integrated pest management
techniques should be adopted on a long-term basis to minimise the usage of
pesticides.
Pesticide application:
(1)
Good practice. Applications of agricultural and veterinary chemicals (including
pesticides) are to be made in a manner reflecting good occupational health, public
health and safety and environmental management practice. The product is to be
used in a professional manner, and applied strictly in accordance with directions,
including application rates, application techniques, warning statements and
safety directions on the registered label. The minimum effective quantities should
be used.
(2)
Permethrin treatment of field uniforms, mosquito nets and tentage to be
supervised by trained personnel. All treatment of field uniforms, mosquito nets
and tentage is to be conducted under supervision of trained personnel as set out
in chapter 2 of this manual.
(3)
First aid. In the event of poisoning, the first aid instructions on the label are to be
followed, but only after confirmation by the National Poisons Information Line
(13 11 26). See further details in chapter 4—‘Safety with pesticides’.
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c.
(4)
Personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment used by the
person mixing, handling, using or applying the pesticide shall be at least the
minimum specified on the approved label.
(5)
Application equipment. Equipment is to be kept in good order and condition,
and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
Administration:
(1)
Licensing or training of operators. All non-ADF personnel applying pesticides
on Defence establishments or on ADF units are to hold a current pest control
applicator’s/technician’s/operator’s qualification and/or licence recognised by the
jurisdiction in which application is being conducted. Members of the ADF applying
pesticides as part of their duties on ADF lands are either to hold a current
qualification and/or licence, or if not required to do so by relevant Commonwealth,
State or Territory law, to have completed appropriate ADF training, as determined
by the DPSC. However, these requirements do not apply in the case of the
application of permethrin to clothing (see paragraph 2.24 and table 2–5 for further
details of training and supervision required for this purpose).
(2)
Adherence to regulations and orders. The product must be used in accordance
with the requirements of:
(3)
(a)
all applicable State/Territory or local laws or regulation/s;
(b)
relevant Commonwealth laws relating to hazardous substances, including
the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment)
National Standards 1995 No 337);
(c)
procedures for the management of hazardous substances and dangerous
goods detailed in the Defence Safety Manual (SAFETYMAN);
(d)
other relevant orders or directives (eg unit standing orders) concerning the
application of pesticides. This includes those applying to particular types of
premises, such as food-handling or storage areas, messes, hospitals,
water storage areas, etc. It also includes Department of Defence
Environmental Instructions and/or DI(G)s such as those dealing with
management of weeds of natural significance on Defence land,
Defence Force use of Commonwealth reserves, killing, injuring or taking
protected wildlife by the Defence Force within a Commonwealth area,
and referral, assessment and approval of a Defence action that has,
will have, or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment
(see http://intranet.defence.gov.au/home/documents/deptinstructs/enviro
nment.htm
and
http://intranet.defence.gov.au/home/documents/
definst/dig/mdi(g)2.htm); and
(e)
relevant national standards or codes of use, for example:
(i)
National Health and Medical Research Council Code of Safe Use of
Termiticides;
(ii)
Australian Standard AS 3660–2000, and subsequent revisions;
(iii)
National Code of Practice for Control of Workplace Hazardous
Substances (NOHSC:2007 (1994)); and
(iv)
Guidelines for Health Surveillance (NOHSC:7039 (1995)).
Documentation. All usages of pesticides on Defence establishments or ADF
units are to be documented on Form OS 13—Pesticide Usage Register, which
are to be forwarded quarterly by units to DSMA. The form includes details of any
untoward incidents in any application. Details of permethrin treatment of field
uniforms are to be separately documented on the same form, and records
retained at units. Any injuries or illnesses sustained by contact with pesticides are
to be reported on Form AC 563—Incident and Fatality Report in accordance with
established procedures.
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(4)
Applicability to civilian contractors. Where a civilian contractor is employed to
conduct pesticide applications on a Defence establishment or an ADF unit, the
commander of that establishment or unit is to ensure that the contractor operates
in accordance with these conditions.
(5)
Contact with Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
(APVMA) or Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Defence
establishments, ADF units, Defence civilians and ADF members are not to deal
direct with the APVMA or the TGA. If contact needs to be made with those
organisations, they must first apply though the chain of command to the
Secretary, DPSC.
(6)
Control by units. Each unit using pesticides shall establish controls to:
(a)
review pesticide procurement projections and limit procurement quantities
to that amount of each pesticide required to efficiently control the target
pests;
(b)
ensure that usage is in accordance with the requirements of this manual;
(c)
ensure that mixing and application of pesticides is limited to those
personnel who have been properly trained.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES
1.19
1.19
Except for areas which are inaccessible to ground-operated equipment, aerial spraying of
pesticides is uneconomical in terms of finance and aircraft commitment. Any aerial application of
pesticides by or on behalf of the ADF or DoD is to be in strict accordance with all relevant local, State or
Territory and Commonwealth regulations. All applications for aerial spraying involving ADF aircraft are
to be made through normal Service channels to the office of the Defence Health Service Division.
Requests for approval of aerial spraying are to provide details as shown in table 1–3:
Duration of spraying operation.
Full reasons why aerial spraying is necessary.
Map references of area to be treated.
Pesticides and equipment proposed for use.
Safety precautions which will be taken.
Type of aircraft to be used.
Table 1–3: Details required for approval of aerial spraying
DEFOLIATION
1.20
1.20
The application of pesticides to defoliate and/or destroy crops, forests, etc for military purposes
is not to be undertaken without the express approval of the relevant single Service or joint headquarters.
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WHAT PESTICIDES CAN BE USED FOR PARTICULAR PESTS?
1.21
1.21
Sources of information as to which pesticides can be used for particular pest problems include
those shown in table 1–4:
Information issued by State and Territory departments of health, agriculture, occupational
health or industrial relations, including lists of registered pesticides.
Product promotional literature issued by manufacturers.
Reference books such as those listed under ‘FURTHER READING’ below.
Table 1–4: Sources of information on pesticides for use on specific pests
PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
1.22
1.22
What is pesticide resistance? In some cases target pests may develop the ability to survive
contact with a particular pesticide. The resistance of the survivors is passed on to their offspring, and
gradually larger number of the pest are unable to be controlled using that pesticide.
1.23
Insect resistance:
a.
General. Many insects, including mosquitoes, flies, lice, and cockroaches have
developed resistance to insecticides. This means that an insect can survive in the
presence of a chemical which was formerly lethal to other insects of that species. It does
not mean that every insect of this kind will survive the application of the insecticide, nor
does it mean that the resistant insects will live indefinitely in the presence of a heavy
application. Insects are said to be resistant if a sizeable number can survive after contact
with an insecticide which has been applied at a practical dosage.
b.
Development of resistance. Like other animals, insects vary in the effects that
diseases, chemicals, or other injurious things have upon them. Thus, when insecticides
are applied at normal rates, not all of the exposed insect population will receive a
death-dealing dose. Some will survive due to genetic characteristics inherent in their
make-up. Those surviving will mate and pass on to their descendants the ability to
withstand the insecticide. Some insects are known to have developed resistance to
almost every insecticide that is used by the ADF. An important point to remember is that
insects can develop resistance to different kinds of insecticides at the same time. This
means that if several chemicals are used together, the chance of rapidly exhausting the
supply of effective insecticides is thereby increased.
c.
Precautions:
(1)
Use insecticides properly. Improper use will build up resistant insect populations
that will be difficult to control.
(2)
Do not use mixtures of insecticides, since insect populations can develop
resistance to many kinds of insecticides simultaneously.
(3)
Monitor the effectiveness of the insecticides that have been applied. If control
becomes unsatisfactory even though the insecticides have been applied properly,
report this situation through command channels to the Secretary, DPSC.
1.24
Action to take in the event of discovering pesticide resistance. Contact the relevant
civilian authorities, and notify the Secretary, DPSC through normal Service channels.
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PEST CONTROL OPERATIONS PROGRAM PLANNING
1.25
1.25
Operation planning and financial savings. The key to successful installation of pest control
programming begins with the yearly planning of control operations. The many factors that enter into the
selection of the most economical and effective controls must be carefully evaluated before the final
preparation begins. The role of good construction and maintenance practices, sanitation, and the use of
biological control measures should be carefully balanced against chemical control to determine which
will give the best preventive results. The financial savings accruing from a sound pest control program
can rarely be accurately measured by the day or by the month. Preventive savings in extended building
service life, in protected food, fabrics and stored products, and in the labour hours saved in prevention
of disease or loss of morale may be sizeable, though difficult to quantify in accounting terms. However,
these savings are primary objectives during the planning of a yearly program and the selecting of
methods for controlling each major pest.
1.26
Biological data. The first consideration in program planning concerns the collection of
biological data to determine the nature and extent of the problem.
1.27
Selection of controls. Following consideration of the biological data, the most effective of the
following control techniques for each major category of pest problem must be selected.
a.
Chemical. Preventive treatment should be stressed whenever possible and corrective
treatment only when necessary.
b.
Biological. Protection and use of natural parasites and predators as well as biological
pesticides.
c.
Mechanical and physical. This includes improved construction and maintenance
practices to eliminate access of pests to structures and areas.
d.
Sanitary and cultural. Good housekeeping and sanitation practices to eliminate
sources of problems.
e.
Regulatory. Support of quarantine regulations to limit spread of problems.
1.28
Personnel power requirements. After the list of principal pests has been compiled, biological
characteristics evaluated, and types of controls selected, the basis for estimating the personnel power
requirements and the specific training required for the locality become more apparent.
1.29
Cooperation with other agencies. Many of the pest problems confronting military
installations are of mutual concern to the surrounding communities. Community-wide quarantine and
control programs are frequently the most effective method of controlling mosquitoes, flies, rodents, and
other pests which are easily disseminated over wide areas. Cooperation and proportionate support
should be made available to mosquito abatement programs, State and local health vector control
programs, State and municipal agricultural pest control operations, fish and wildlife conservation groups,
and similar civilian organisations with functions which are of direct value to the military pest control
program.
1.30
Cooperation by building occupants. The achievement of the most effective economical
installation-wide pest control program can only be accomplished with the full cooperation of its building
occupants. Occupants of quarters and administration buildings, food-handling personnel, warehouse
managers, and similar personnel responsible for building management will require an understanding of
the pest control program objectives and the additional control measures available to them for
augmenting the scheduled installation wide operations.
1.31
Responsibilities of pest control personnel. Pest control personnel can assist the occupants
in the preparation for control measures by scheduling the treatments, insofar as practical, for times when
they will cause the least inconvenience to the regular operations of buildings, such as large
food-handling establishments, hospital facilities, and offices. A simple form may be used to give the
building occupants an advance notice confirming:
a.
the hour and date of the treatment,
b.
the type of treatment,
c.
the advance preparations necessary to permit best results, and
d.
special precautions.
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1.32
1.33
Pest control on aircraft:
a.
General considerations. Although insects normally do not become permanently
established on aircraft they are very commonly accidental visitors and passengers.
Because of the potential importation and establishment of foreign, economic, and public
health pests and vectors by this means it is necessary to maintain effective preventive
and control measures on all aircraft moving between major geographical areas in
accordance with DI(G) ADMIN 46–1—Quarantine. Aircraft being loaded at night under
artificial lighting in tropical areas often attract large numbers of flying insects.
b.
Control procedures. Measures designed to prevent the importation of exotic pests by
aircraft traffic include prevention, extermination, and surveillance.
c.
Prevention of entry. Measures to prevent the entry of insects and pests into aircraft
should be taken. These would include the adequate inspection of boarding passengers
and loading of cargo and the pest-proofing of aircraft including the maintenance of
adequate closure of standing aircraft. Optimum sanitary standards should be
maintained at points of cargo origin.
d.
Extermination. Since present measures designed to prevent entry of insects into
aircraft are considered inadequate, it is mandatory that insect extermination measures
be carried out automatically on aircraft moving from one major area to another.
Extermination is to be performed using either d-phenothrin 2 per cent, 98 per cent
propellant, 100 g, DSN 6840–66–133–0082 or permethrin 2 per cent, 98 per cent
propellant, DSN 6840–66–133–0081.
Pest control factors:
a.
Basis for selection of methods. The selection of control methods is necessary very
early in the establishment of a control program so that construction, drainage, filling,
sanitation, chemical, and biological control measures can be integrated to give the
supervisor the necessary trained personnel, supplies, and equipment at the proper time.
It is necessary first to identify correctly the pest to be controlled and to understand any
significant habits of the species that have a bearing on the selection of methods. For
example, in developing a mosquito control program for an installation, it is necessary to
know what species are to be controlled and where they are breeding. Consideration
must then be given to relative emphasis on permanent and temporary measures. This
requires a knowledge of the long-range plans for utilisation of the installation; if it is a
permanent installation to be used for many years, major emphasis may be placed on
permanent measures such as ditching or filling. The high initial cost of such measures
may be more than compensated for over a period of years by the reclamation of the land
and a reduced requirement for periodic temporary control measures.
b.
Temporary and permanent control. Permanent control measures can sometimes be
coordinated with other installation activities. For instance, if an area on the installation
is being excavated, arrangements may be made to use the earth to fill in a mosquito
breeding area at little or no cost. When using temporary or chemical control measures,
a decision must be made on the use of aerial dispersal versus ground dispersal
methods. This decision is based on the size of area to be treated, frequency of
treatment, accessibility of the area to ground-operated equipment, availability of aircraft
with suitable dispersal devices, and availability of labour and suitable ground equipment.
A ground control program must be developed with respect to the relative emphasis to
be placed on control methods directed against the larval stage and against the adult
stage. If mosquito production is primarily from sources within the military installations the
program may be built around control of the larval stage. On the other hand, if for
example an installation is surrounded by extensive saltmarsh areas from which adult
mosquitoes are migrating it may be necessary to concentrate efforts on control of the
adult mosquito.
c.
Cost factors. The problems encountered in the selection of methods for an effective
pest control program are many. The requirements for personnel, time, and material and
the cost of permanent and repetitive control should be weighted carefully for each type
of program.
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PESTICIDE USAGE REGISTER
1.34
1.34
Records and reports. The success and continuity of a sound installation pest control program
is determined by the availability of accurate operational records and reports. Timeliness of control
measures, justifiable estimates of funds and personnel needs, and concise requirements for supplies
and equipment can only be available by the regular maintaining of adequate records. Details of work
accomplished and results achieved must be uniformly and periodically compiled to provide a sound basis
of support for the value of preventive control action. Personnel who are authorised to use pesticides on
ADF or Defence establishments are to maintain a record of pesticide usage in accordance with the
following requirements. Form OS 13 is to be completed for all pesticide usage including that by
contractors employed on ADF or Defence establishments, kept at unit level, and made available for
audits as required. A copy of Form OS 13 is shown in annex A to this chapter.
1.35
basis.
Disposal of Form OS 13. A copy of Form OS 13 is to be forwarded to DSMA, on a quarterly
FURTHER READING
1.36
1.36
The following manuals are excellent practical and technical overviews of plant and animal
pests, pesticides and their application, and are recommended:
1.37
Practical overviews:
a.
Farm Chemicals Manual. W.K. Hock, L.G. Day and A.W. Morley, editors (ACA—The
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Association of Australia Ltd).
b.
Urban Pest Control in Australia. P. Hadlington and J. Gerozisis (New South Wales
University Press, 1985) ISBN 0 86840 273 7.
c.
Field Crop Herbicide Guide 1997–1998. Fifth edition. Allison Chambers/Institute for
Integrated Agricultural Development (Victoria Department of Agriculture, 1997).
d.
Agrochemical and Pesticide Safety
Publishers, 1998) ISBN 1 56670 296 8.
e.
Ultra Low Volume Dispersal of Insecticides by Ground Equipment. U.S. Armed Forces
Pest Management Board Technical Information Memorandum No 13 (March 1985).
Handbook.
M.F.
Waxman
(CRC/Lewis
1.38
Technical information on pesticides. For detailed technical and scientific information on
individual pesticides, see the following publications:
1.39
a.
The Pesticide Manual: A world compendium. Eleventh edition. C.D.S. Tomlin, editor
(The British Crop Protection Council, 1997) ISBN 1 901396 11 8.
b.
Agrochemicals Desk Reference. John H. Montgomery (CRC Lewis Publishers, 1997)
ISBN 1–56670–167–8.
Toxicology. For detailed scientific information on toxicology, see the following publications:
a.
Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volumes 1, 2 and 3. W.J. Hayes, Jr, editor
(Academic Press, San Diego, 1991) ISBN 0–12–334161–2.
b.
Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists. John H. Duffus and Howard G.J. Worth, editors
(Royal Society of Chemists, Cambridge UK, 1996) ISBN 0–85404–529–5.
c.
Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons. Fifth edition. Curtis
D. Klaasen, editor (McGraw Hill Health Professions Division, New York, 1996)
ISBN 0–07–105476–6.
1.40
Occupational health and safety. Further information may be found in the following
references:
a.
SAFETYMAN, and
b.
HLTHMAN 20.
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1–11
1.41
First aid and medical management. The following specialist books, if obtainable, may also
be useful for health, medical and paramedical personnel:
1.42
a.
Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. Fifth edition. J. Routt Reigart
and James R. Roberts (US Environment Protection Agency, 1999). (Accessible at:
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.htm).
b.
Pesticides, chapter 38 in Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Poisoning.
Matthew J. Ellenhorn and Donald G. Barceloux, editors (Elsevier, NY, 1988)
ISBN 0–444–01129–3.
c.
Insecticides, chapter 2 and Rodenticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Fumigants and
Repellents, chapter 3 in Poisoning: Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. Fifth edition.
Jay M. Arena, and Richard H. Drew, editors (Thomas Books, Springfield, Illinois, 1986)
ISBN 0–398–05143–7.
d.
Pesticide Poisoning: Notes for the Guidance of Medical Practitioners. Department of
Health and Social Security (HMSO, London, 1983) ISBN 0 11 320830 8.
e.
Guidelines for Emergency Measures in Cases of Pesticide Poisoning. (GIFAP, 1984,
Brussels).
Databases:
a.
Medical management. The following specialist computer database resource, if
obtainable, would be useful for medical and paramedical personnel involved in actual
treatment of poisoning cases:
(1)
b.
Poisindex® (Patient Management Clinical Protocols) (Micromedex, Inc, Denver,
Colorado) CD–ROM database, updated quarterly. Australian agent: Microware,
Toorak, Victoria.
List of registered products. If a complete list of registered pesticide products on the
Australian market is needed, refer to a publication such as those set out in table 7–1.
1.43
Reviews. The following review may be of particular interest to environmental health/preventive
medicine and medical personnel responsible for the operations of ADF aircraft on international flights:
a.
Report of the Informal Consultation on Aircraft Disinsection. World Health Organization
HQ, Geneva 6-120 November 1995. WHO/ILO/UNEP/International Programme on
Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland. Report No.: WHO/PCS/96.51.
1.44
National Poisons Information line. Advice can be obtained on the following Australia-wide
24-hour poison information telephone line, which is staffed by experienced Poisons Information Centre
pharmacists. This line is available to help the general public. However, medical practitioners should note
that this service also extends to medical personnel, and the service has direct access to specialist
medical advisers. This service has access to Poisindex Patient Clinical Management Protocols. The
Australia-wide telephone number is shown below:
Poisons Information Telephone
13 11 26
Australia-wide
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
1–12
FEEDBACK
1.45
1.45
There are many specialised pesticides on the market, used for a very great range of animal,
plant and fungal pest species, and it is not possible to list them all. If, however, any user has found that
there is a particular pesticide which is specially useful for specific problems on ADF/Defence
establishments, and which is not currently listed in this manual, they are invited to provide full details to
the DPSC. Such information will be considered for possible inclusion in future editions. Detailed
responses should be sent to:
Secretary Defence Pesticides Sub-Committee
Defence Health Services Division
CP2–7–135
Department of Defence
CANBERRA ACT 2600
Annex:
A.
Form OS 13—Pesticide Usage Register