2014 CONFERENCE ON LAND POLICY IN AFRICA
11 – 14 NOVEMBER, 2014
Focussed Discussion VIII – Converting from Manual Land
Registration to GIS Enabled Land Information System
Case of Sub Saharan Africa – Tanzania
By: Barney I. S. Laseko
Programme Coordinator
Prime Minister’s Office
TANZANIA
Introduction
• “Converting from Manual Land Registration to GIS Enabled Land Information Systems”
• “Is this a panacea to African land challenges?”
• This particular presentation posits its locus in addressing the topic from Public Administration point of view.
• The presentation is not intended to provide any justification for the use of a particular technology in Land Administration System. Background and Context
• The African land policy agenda calls for many intriguing questions
• History that shades some light on the tenets of the current policy context
– Human relationship to land before foreign intervention was based on traditions and customs of respective tribes and clans.
– Ownership of land was by community, family, clan or tribe
– Slave trade presided the colonial period by almost 200 years
– By the time Africa was being colonised; systems had already been
shattered with a serious decline of the African population and organisational fabric in terms of cultural coherence
– In many nations, colonial governments forcibly displaced large numbers of native Africans to make way for European settlers. – Colonial masters brought the concept of landownership that was alien to most of the African people in terms of land policies, laws, regulations and land administration systems
The Doomsday Book Case
• By end of 1086 all land in England had been fully surveyed, mapped and
titled (928 years ago).
• At Christmas 1085 King William I commissioned a survey to discover the
resources and taxable values of all the boroughs and manors in England.
• The King wanted to discover who owned what, how much it was worth
and how much was owed to him as King in tax, rents, and military
service.
• The King was essentially interested in tracing, recording and recovering
his royal rights and revenues which he wished to maximise.
• It was also in the interests of his chief barons to co-operate in the survey
since it set on permanent record the tenurial gains they had made since
1066.
• The King threw the full weight of his administrative machinery into the
initial survey.
• Domesday Book had the final word – there was to be no appeal beyond it
as evidence of legal title to land in England
Post Independence Period
• After independence in many cases the details of who owned what, where, how much or of what value has remained unresolved.
• The promise and the loss of land has been our battleground
• Land is used by unscrupulous leaders as a way to gain political advantage • Land has become a political agenda and a real problem in the African society
Tanzania Land Policy
• Seeking to address the land challenges, – 1994 a Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters was established
– 1995 a National Land Policy (NLP) was adopted
• The NLP recognised three categories of land. These are;
– General land, (about 2% of the country) covered by Land Act no. 4 of 1999.
– Village Land, (about 70% of the country) covered under the Land Act no. 5 of 1999.
– Reserve land, (about 28% of the country) land reserved and governed for purposes set out in their respective laws including
environmental protection, national parks, forest and wildlife reserves and marine parks, as well as areas set aside for public
infrastructure development.
Tanzania Land Policy Implementation
• Basic land laws have been enacted
–
–
–
–
Land Act No. 4 of 1999,
Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999, and
Land Disputes Settlements Act No. 2 of 2002
Various other Land related laws
• A comprehensive Strategic Plan to Implement Land Laws (SPILL) was completed in 2005 with clear medium term (3 years) and long term (10 years) intervention including;
–
–
–
–
Decentralization of land administration
Registration of property rights in urban and rural settlements
Computerization and streamlining of land administration services
Building modern Geodetic control network and mapping infrastructure
Conversion from Manual to GIS Enabled LIS
• Like many other African countries, Tanzania is undertaking consolidated efforts to improve Land Administration System to deliver services efficiently and effectively.
• Since 2001 there has been an incremental implementation of computerized systems to facilitate the management of land records.
• Despite the improved business operations citizens are still facing several problems including:
– unreliable information, slow and complex processes, uncertainty of the land tenure and other issues.
Background
Tanzania has developed a long term strategy for the effective
modernization and improvement of the land administration system
through the introduction of ILMIS and will involves several stages…
• Overall ILMIS Project design and Technical
Preparation - development of the overall ILMIS
concept, and for the planning and preparation of
the other components.
• Preparation of Technical and Administrative Infrastructure and
Human Resources. - preparation of the technical infrastructure ,
providing guidance, as well as putting in place the necessary
administrative and human resources.
• This is divided into two sub stages:
- ILMIS software development
- ILMIS Implementation (roll out to all offices).
• Records Conversion. - data conversion of existing paper based records (spatial data and registry data)
•
Warranty and Support ‐ Following roll out, the Supplier will be responsible for a period of warranty for the software and performance of the system and support. Source : Ministry of Lands, ILMIS phase planning,2010
Acquisition of Satellite Digital Topographic Maps
Current
Future
Description
Satellite Imagery
•Used to gather strategic planning information
pertaining to a district or an entire city
Digital Elevation Models
Currently based on ad-hoc request and
expensive
Vector Feature Extraction
1976
1990
•Custom vector feature extraction from highresolution satellite imagery or aerial
photography: roads, railroads, bridges,
airports, hydrology, coastlines and building
footprints
1972
Classification & Object Based Image
Analysis
1989 1975
1975 1975
1978
•Photography which can be processed for
visualization of terrain conditions in 3D
1970
1985
1978
1972
Available map was outdated
(done between 1970 – 1990)
•Spectral classification and Object Based Image
Analysis: land-use/land-cover, vegetation,
hydrology, impervious surface and change
detection mapping
Dar es Salaam land surveying, mapping and titling will take almost
1,000 years at current rate of 1,200 plots per batch, each taking 925
days long
Urban Land Management Process
Regularization
i t iz
g
i
D
ed
Identification of
property owners
Preparation of a
planning scheme
(TP drawing)
Planning scheme
submit to Urban
Planning
Committee (District
Level)
Planning Scheme
sent to Director of
Rural and Town
Planning for
approval
Submit the CRO to
Zonal Assistant
Registrar of Title
CRO submitted to
Assistant
Commissioner of
Land
Owner pay fees
(survey and other
related fees for
CRO preparation)
Prepare CRO
e
i t iz
g
i
D
d
i t iz
g
i
D
ed
Conduct the land
survey
Preparing survey
plans
Submit to Director
of Survey and
Mapping
Submit survey plan
for signature for
approved surveyor
Process time reduced
by 40 days per plot and capacity increased
> 300X
Will be done at the same time due to
mutual agreement of the landowners
CRO is issued to
owner
…with 450,000 plots over 3 years by deploying manual and satellite digital mapping, 336,420 days will be reduced in acquiring DAR plots 337,500 days
(~1,000 years) * Assuming DAR does not expand significantly in 3 years
1,080 days
(~3 years) Reduced by 99.68%
Digitising the land management process will help to deliver 10X
more output with 2117 less day
Rural Land Regularization
Rural Land Management Process
i t iz
D ig
ed
i t iz
D ig
i t iz
D ig
Process time reduced by 2117 days
and capacity increased by 10X
ed
ed
…with digitized satellite image data, 2117 days will be reduced and use of ward teams will result into 10 times outputs of village demarcations and surveys through the regularization process
2,207 days 2 wards and 2 villages
Source: Study by MKARUBITA, 2008. 90 days 20 wards and 20 villages
How are we improving the process? The digital processing of land
will deliver out comes 10x faster
TODAY
31 years
to complete
regularizing
rural areas in
Tanzania
Manual Data
Collection
Tanzania has
about 20 million
parcels in the
rural areas
17 procedures
from
identification to
CCRO issuance
Only 656,000
parcels can be
processed each
year
2 villages can be
regularized in 120
days
656,000 parcels
in a year x 30
years=
19,680,000
parcels
therefore it will
take more than
30 years
to complete all
20 million
parcels in the
rural areas
2017
3 years to
complete
regularization
of rural areas
in Tanzania
Availability of
digitized data
Deploying manual
and satellite
from topographic
mapping initiative
mapping to
identify plots
4 procedures
Able to process 30 days
will be improved
by digitization of
satellite imagery
data
6,560,000 reduced by using
digitized satellite
data
parcels per year
10 x parcels
output due to
use of Ward
Land Use
Planning
Teams
Conclusion
• Developing and operating GIS enabled LIS is not an end in itself
• It is an important tool for providing services in an efficient and timely manner
• Using GIS enabled LIS do tremendously cut surveying, mapping and
titling costs and time
• Evidence shows that pre‐requisite for an efficient and effective LIS may not be based on technology alone. • Various examples from the African continent and beyond, including the Doomsday Book, confirm that choice of technology may not be the only needed factor. • A successful development and implementation of an efficient and effective Land Information System seem to depend more on the “political will” to allocate and invest the “requisite resources”.