Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
FINAL REPORT ON
“STUDY OF ZOONOTIC WATERBORNE PROTOZOAN PARASITES FROM
FRESHWATER BODIES IN SOLAPUR, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA.”
UNDER
MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT (WRO) PUNE
SUBMITTED TO
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, WRO, PUNE
SUBMITTED BY,
DR. DAMA LAXMIKANT BASAVRAJ
M.SC., Ph.D., MSFT, FZSI, FIAAB, FSLSC, FSAB
(PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR)
HEAD AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,
D.B.F. DAYANAND COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, SOLAPUR (M.S.) INDIA.
REACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH „A‟ GRADE
RECOGNIZED BY UGC AS „COLLEGE WITH POTENTIAL FOR EXCELLENCE‟
(AFFILIATED TO SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY, SOLAPUR)
AND
DR. MUSHAN LAXMI CHANDRAKANT,
M.SC., Ph.D.
(CO- INVESTIGATOR)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY,
D.B.F. DAYANAND COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, SOLAPUR (M.S.) INDIA.
OCTOBER, 2015
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
INDEX
Sr.No.
Title
Page No.
i
Acknowledgement
1
ii
Final Report
2
1
Introduction
6
2
objectives
17
3
Review of literature
18
4
Materials and methods
19
5
Results and discussion
25
6
Conclusion
43
References
47
Publications
50
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Acknowledgement
I extend my deepest sense of gratitude and express sincere thanks to Shri Mahesh
Chopraji, (Local Secretary, Dayanand Institutions, Solapur and Dr. S.K. Vadagbalkar,
Principal, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur for providing
laboratory facility.
Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator of this project thank the University Grants
Commission (UGC) WRO Pune, (India) for financial assistance provided to carry out
this work through minor research project entitled “Study of waterborne Protozoan
parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.”, (File No. 471487/10 (WRO) Dated: 7th October, 2010).
We also thank to Dr Ramesh Chondekar, Assistant professor, Department of Zoology,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, for their suggestions
and comments on various drafts of this Project. We also thankful to non-teaching staff
of Zoology department and administration office, account department and library for the
cooperation extended during my project work. I am very much thankful to all my
colleagues, post-graduate, research students and my friends at D.B.F. Dayanand
College of Arts and Science, Solapur, for providing much needed stimulus and support
for successful completion of project.
I have no words to acknowledge my family members for the patience, encouragement
and unconditional support bestowed on me all the time. Above all I am grateful to the
Almighty with eternal gratitude and humility for his blessings.
Dr Laxmikant Basavraj Dama
Principal Investigator
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Annexure -III
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION
BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI – 110 002.
Annual/Final Report of the work done on the Minor Research Project.
(Report to be submitted within 6 weeks after completion of each year)
1. Project report No. 1 st /2 nd /3 rd /Final
FINAL
2. UGC Reference No. Ref. File No. 47-1487/10 (WRO) Dated: 7th October, 2010
3. Period of report: from 11-11-2011 to 10-11-2012
4. Title of research project: Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from
freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
5. (a) Name of the Principal Investigator Dr Laxmikant Basavraj Dama
(b) Deptt. and University/College where work has progressed Zoology Department
D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur (M.S.), India.
6. Effective date of starting of the project 11-11-2010
7. Grant approved and expenditure incurred during the period of the report: a. Total amount
approved Rs. 1,01000=00 (One Lakh One Thousand only)
b. Total expenditure Rs. Rs. 1,02448=00
c. Report of the work done: (Please attach a separate sheet) Final Bound copy Attached.
i. Brief objective of the project
-Survey of different water bodies in Solapur.
-To study the contaminated water for protozoan infection and taxonomic identification of
free living protozoa.
-Preparation of checklist of protozoa from this region with taxonomic details.
-To study the survey and prevalence of waterborne protozoan pathogens, risks of
secondary spread agents and their geographical and socioeconomic factors.
-To minimize the entry of animal wastes to source waters, by controlling animal
movements, proper storage and disposal of farm animal wastes, using procedures that
3
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
will minimize the survival of zoonotic protozoan pathogens, and limiting transport of
these wastes in surface water runoff.
-Analytical epidemiological study for waterborne protozoan diseases and to provide a
benchmark for risk assessment modeling and calculations.
-Investigation of waterborne disease outbreaks to guide research as well as evaluate
controls and regulations for drinking-water and recreational water.
-Suggestions for prevention and control of waterborne protozoan zoonoses.
-To develop strategies for water source protection and treatment, and food production,
reducing the disease burden and increasing economic wellbeing.
-To conduct an intensive health education campaign in the area and establishing new protocols.
ii. Work done so far and results achieved and publications, if any, resulting from the work (Give
details of the papers and names of the journals in which it has been published or accepted for
publication
Three papers are published in International Journal as follows:
1. Jagtap M.N., Dama L.B., Shaik K.A. and Shaik H.G. (2012). Isolation of
Phytoplankton’s from three Urban Lakes of Solapur City, Maharashtra State,
India- DAV International Journal of Science 1(2): 68-71.
2. Shaikh Afreen S M, Shaikh J. D., Dama L.B., Prashant Bangale and
Mohammed Ehtesham (2012). Study of aquatic protozoan in Neher-E-Ambary
in Aurangabad vicinity. Trends in Parasitology Research. 1(2): 39-45.
3. Dama S. B. and Dama L.B. (2013). Prevalence Waterborne Entamoeba
Histolytica from Freshwater Bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. Trends
in Parasitology Research. 2(1): 22-23.
iii. Has the progress been according to original plan of work and towards achieving the
objective. if not, state reasons
Yes Progress achieving as per the Objectives
iv. Please indicate the difficulties, if any, experienced in implementing the
project__Nil_________________________________________
v. If project has not been completed, please indicate the approximate time by which it is likely
to be completed. A summary of the work done for the period (Annual basis) may please be sent
to the Commission on a separate sheet – Project Completed
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
vi. If the project has been completed, please enclose a summary of the findings of the study.
Two bound copies of the final report of work done may also be sent to the Commission
Attached Bound Copy of the Final Report of work done.
vii. Any other information which would help in evaluation of work done on the project. At the
completion of the project, the first report should indicate the output, such as (a) Manpower
trained (b) Ph. D. awarded (c) Publication of results (d) other impact, if any
This project helps our departmental Ph.D. Student Shri Talbhandare Siddharth.
Three papers are published; it helps for researchers in the field of Parasitology, Zoology
and Environmentalists. Two awareness training programmes are conducted under this
project to create awareness of cloth washers besides the lake.
SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dr Dama Laxmikant Basavraj Dama
SIGNATURE OF THE COINVESTIGATOR
Dr Mushan Laxmi Chandrakant
REGISTRAR / PRINCIPAL
Dr Vadagbalkar S.K.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
INTRODUCTION
Protozoa are unicellular microscopic eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal
structure and carry out complex metabolic activities. Some protozoa have structure for
propulsion or other types of movement. The protozoa are considered to be a sub
kingdom of the kingdom Protista, although in the classical system they were placed in
the kingdom Animalia. More than 65,000 species have been described, most of which
are free living organisms. Protozoa are found in almost every possible habitat. Anton
van Leeuweenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he
constructed with simple lenses. Protozoa are among the most fascinating organisms
that can be studied in the laboratory. The Protista Kingdom has 7 groups that are
divided into fifteen Phyla, these subdivisions show the wide range of morphology and
function that demonstrate the basic properties of living matter. The different phyla are
distinguished from one another by such features as structure, means of locomotion, and
formation of spores, although the locomotory organelles are the primary distinguishing
feature. There are three main locomotory organelles found in the different classes of
protozoa, and they are pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella.
Protozoa is one of the zoonotic agents and it can be transmitted from animals to
humans either directly or indirectly. Indirect transmission means that the agents are
passed from animals to humans via food, water, environment, vectors, etc. Waterborne
zoonotic agents include bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and helminthes, but bacteria and
protozoa are the zoonotic agents that are most often implicated in waterborne disease
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
outbreaks.These diseases are gastrointestinal tract infections, except for leptospirosis
and toxoplasmosis, which are systemic infections. Therefore, diarrhea is the common
symptom of these diseases except for leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis. Wild cases of
bacterial gastrointestinal infections are self-limiting, and antibiotic treatment is not
recommended, especially for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli infection. Most of the diseases
are effectively curable. The severity of the symptoms depends on the infective
organisms as well as the health status of the infected person. Most of the diseases give
rise to health consequences.
Protozoan pathogens, including microsporidia, amoebae, ciliates, flagellates, and
apicomplexans, originating in human or animal feces have been found in surface waters
worldwide. Many have been found infrequently or in low numbers or have been
identified only by general morphological features that are not precise. The zoonotic
protozoa that are emerging or are of renewed interest because their spread is
associated with water and
include several species of microsporidia, the amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli Giardia spp. The ability to conduct
epidemiological studies relating these organisms to human infections, animal sources,
and water will now provide a basis for planning, prevention and control strategies.
In Maharashtra following researchers have observed the waterborne protozoa in
freshwater by Gupta (2011), Giardia, Cyclospora, Balantidium coli, and human infective
microsporidia (e.g., Encephalito zoonintestinalis, Encephalit zoonhellem, Encephalito
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
zooncuniculi, and Enterocyto zoonbieneusi) are human enteric parasites in which
transmission is associated with water (Wolfe, 1992; Ortega et al., 1993).
Although
Giardia
lamblia
(syn.
G.
intestinalis,
G.
duodenalis)
and
Cyclosporacayetanensis cause serious diarrheal illness in adults and children
worldwide the infections usually respond well to pharmacological treatment (Wolfe,
1992; Ortega et al., 1993; Mansfield and Gajadhar, 2004). Human-infective
microsporidia cause serious illness in immunodeficient patients; however, they also
respond well to pharmacological treatment. Cryptosporidium parvum, G. lamblia, and
human-infective microsporidia are anthropozoonotic pathogens. There are five critical
elements in the transmission of zoonotic Protozoans throughwater:
1. Source of the infectious agent
2. Specific water-related modes of transmission
3. Attributes of the organism that allow it to survive and possibly multiply and to
move into and within the aquatic environment.
4. Infectious dose and virulence factors of the organism.
5. Host susceptibility factors.
Zoonotic parasites may be separated into four categories such as
a) Direct zoonotic parasites infecting humans directly from animals e.g. E. histolytica, C.
parvum, T. gondii
b) Meta-zoonotic parasites infecting humans from invertebrate intermediate hosts e.g.
Fasciola gigantica, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Dirofilaria immitis,
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
c) Cyclo-zoonotic parasites having vertebrate intermediate hosts e.g.Taenia saginata,
Tania solium, Echinococcus granulosusetc.
d) Sapro-zoonotic parasites meaning that parasites can infect humans from soil or
water e.g. Ancylostoma caninum, Ascaris suum, Strongyloides stercoralisetc (Samad,
2011).
Solapur District
Solapur district, Maharashtra State, India (Figure-1), is bounded by 17º05' North
latitudes to 18º 32' North latitudes and 74º 42' East of 76º 15' East longitudes
Figure 1. Map of Solapur shows in blue colour.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Total geographical area of Solapur district is 14895² K.m. divided into eleven tahsils.
The Population is 32.4 lakhs in eleven tahsils of District. It is bounded from the North by
Osmanabad district and Ahmednagar district, on North-East by Satara district and at the
South & East it has common boundary of Karanataka state. The temperature is high in
summer season. Rainfall varies from East to West between ranges of 200 to 600
millimeters. Solapur is an important city in Maharashtra most well-known for its textile
industry, and bed sheets in particular.
LAKES IN SOLAPUR CITY
In Solapur City three lakes are present namely Sambahji Lake, Shiddeshwar Lake
and Ekruk Lake. The Lake latitude are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Lake Latitude / Longitude of Lakes in Solapur
Site
N Latitude
E Longitude
Shiddeshwar lake
1740.431
7554.271
Sambhaji lake
1738.370
7554.370
Ekruk Lake (Hipparga lake)
1744.784
7554.982
Sambhaji Lake
The original name of Sambhaji Lake (Kambar Talav) was QAMAR lake. This was
named after daughter’s name of Aurangzeb-the Mughal Emperor. But now this is known
as Kambar Talav. It is also known as Sambhaji Lake (Figure 2). The Sambhaji Lake is a
well-known attraction in the city where you will see locals flocking in the evening and
weekends for a fresh breath of air or just a long walk along the banks.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure-2. Sambhaji lake, Solapur, Maharashtra State, India(Source Google Map)
Shiddeshwar laker
Siddheshwar Temple is the temple of “Lord Shiddheswara”. The temple, situated in the
middle of the lake, is picturesque; with a backdrop of the fort looming behind it. The
temple was built by a yogi, Shri Siddharameshwar, who was a devotee of Sri
Mallikarjuna of Srisailam. He was on his way to Srisailam, when he was ordered by his
guru to return to Solapur and many Shiva lingams. He duly returned to Solapur and
began his work, starting from this temple. In all, he installed 68 Shiva lingams in
Solapur, Another feature of this temple is the garden that has a shrine dedicated to
Saint Nalatwad. Other shrines in the temple complex are dedicated to Lord Vithoba and
Goddess Rukmini. Around the temple Siddheswar lake (Figure 2) situated.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
A
B
Figure- 3. Shiddeshwar lake Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. (Source Google
Map) A. Shiddheswar temple B. Over view by satellite image (Google map)
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Ekruk lake
The Ekruk lake (Figure-4), the largest artificial lake in the Bombay Presidency, lies five
miles north-east of Solapur. The scheme was prepared in 1863 and sanctioned in 1866.
It comprises a reservoir formed by an earthen dam 7,200 feet long and seventy-two feet
in greatest height and three canals. The dam is thrown across the valley of the Adhila, a
feeder of the Sina, which has a drainage area of 160 square miles above the lake. The
lake is sixty feet deep when full, and holds 3,350 millions of cubic feet. The area of
water surface is 4,640 acres or 7 square miles. Of the canals one on each bank is at a
high level, designed for four months' watering, and the third on the left bank is at a low
level, designed for a twelve months discharge. Of the two high level canals the right
bank canal is eighteen miles long, discharges sixty cubic feet a second, and commands
565 acres; and the left bank canal is four miles long, discharges twenty-five cubic feet a
second, and commands 856 acres. The low level left bank canal is twenty-six miles
long, discharges seventy cubic feet a second, and commands 10,601 gross acres. The
canals are bridged and regulated throughout and can be lengthened so as to command
a larger area. The low level canal flows close past the town of Solapur. The work was
begun in 1866, and the dam was closed in December 1869. Some water was supplied
to the kharif or rain crop of 1871-72. At the end of 1876-77 the work was completed,
except the masonry heads to distributaries and the last two miles of the low level canals
and the last twelve miles of the high level right bank canal. By the end of 1881-82 all the
works connected with the Ekruk lake were completed at a total cost of about 121,262
(Rs. 12,12,620). In 1882-83, of 15,320 acres, the arable area under command, 1,306
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
acres were watered and paid 524 (Rs. 5,240) for water rates. Besides tillage water, the
Ekruk Lake supplies drinking water to the town of Solapur.
Figure-4.Ekrukh Lake (Hippargalake), Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. (Source
Google Map)
Water born protozoan causes following diseases namely
1. Amoebiasis- E. histolytica, E. coli
2. Balantidiosis- Balantedium coli
3. Giardia
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Amoebiasis
Amoebiasis is a parasitic protozoan disease caused by the protozoan Entamoeba
histolytica. This disease is prevalent worldwide but is most prevalent and severe in
tropical countries where prevalence rate may exceed 40% under conditions of
crowding, poor sanitation and poor nutrition. Amoebiasis is the third leading cause of
death from parasitic diseases worldwide, with its greatest impact on the people of
developing countries. WHO estimates that approximately 50 million people worldwide
suffer from invasive amoebic infection annually, resulting in 40,000 to 100,000 deaths
annually (Haque, 2007). Transmission is usually by ingestion of infective cysts which
contaminated with food and water. The cysts remain viable for 12 days in moist
environment and 30 days in water. It is characterized in humans by mild to recurrent
diarrhea, stools streaked with blood and mucus. Hepatic amoebiasis is characterized by
fever, hepatomegaly, moderate colitis, pain and localized tenderness. Amoebiasis
disease can be prevented by strict sanitation and personal hygiene, protective clothing
and gloves. In addition, fecal contamination of feed and water should be prevented, and
fecal screening and adequate cooking to destroy the cysts need to be done.
Balantidiosis
This disease is found worldwide with more prevalence in the tropics. Balantidiasis is an
infectious feco-oral transmitted zoonotic disease caused by a single-celled protozoan
called Balantidium coli that infect the digestive system. This protozoa infect a wide
variety of mammals and especially common in monkeys and pigs which generally
regarded as the main reservoir for human infection. Prevalence in pigs ranges from 20
to 100% and human Balantidiosis usually exhibits an increased prevalence in
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
communities that like in close association with pigs. It is transmitted primary by eating
food or drinking water that has been contaminated by human or animal feces containing
B. coli cysts. Balantidiosis associated with diarrhea in cattle and water buffaloes (Islam
et al., 2000). Human-to-human transmission has also been documented and this
method of transmission is likely to occur in environment with crowding and poor
personal hygiene.
Giardiasis
Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia
lamblia. It is a fairly common cause of diarrheal illness. Most people become infected
with giardiasis by drinking water contaminated with the Giardia parasite, or through
direct contact with an infected person. The giardiasis infection can also be passed on if
an infected person doesn't wash their hands properly after using the toilet, then handles
food eaten by others. Food can also be contaminated if it is washed with infected water.
Giardiasis occurs almost everywhere in the world, but is particularly widespread where
access to clean water is limited and sanitation is poor. It can affect people of all ages
but is most common in young children and their parents. This is because things like
nappy changing increase the risk of infection. Some people can carry giardia parasites
without experiencing any symptoms. Symptoms of giardiasis generally show up one or
two weeks after exposure. Common symptoms include: fatigue, nausea, diarrhea or
greasy stools, loss of appetite, vomiting, bloating and abdominal cramps, weight loss,
excessive gas, headaches and abdominal pain.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
OBJECTIVES

Survey of different water bodies in Solapur.

To study the contaminated water for protozoan infection and taxonomic
identification of free living protozoa.

Preparation of checklist of protozoa from this region with taxonomic details.

To study the survey and prevalence of waterborne protozoan pathogens, risks of
secondary spread agents and their geographical and socioeconomic factors.

To minimize the entry of animal wastes to source waters, by controlling animal
movements, proper storage and disposal of farm animal wastes, using
procedures that will minimize the survival of zoonotic protozoan pathogens, and
limiting transport of these wastes in surface water runoff.

Analytical epidemiological study for waterborne protozoan diseases and to
provide a benchmark for risk assessment modeling and calculations.

Investigation of waterborne disease outbreaks to guide research as well as
evaluate controls and regulations for drinking-water and recreational water.

Suggestions for prevention and control of waterborne protozoan zoonosis.

To develop strategies for water source protection and treatment, and food
production, reducing the disease burden and increasing economic wellbeing.

To conduct an intensive health education campaign in the area and establishing
new protocols.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Waterborne diseases are a major cause of mortality worldwide. The association
between warmer temperatures and the occurrence of disease suggests that rates of
waterborne illnesses are likely to increase with rising temperatures (Greer et al., 2008).
The temperature of Solapur is very high in summer (40-450C). The close relationship
between climate, environment and infectious diseases in the developing world is well
recognized. In 2007, Haque observed that that approximately 50 million people
worldwide suffer from invasive amoebic infection annually, resulting in 40,000 to
100,000 deaths annually. In India , Bhandari et al. (2001) studied the role of protozoa as
risk factors for persistent diarrhea. In 2011, Singh et al. observed climate change,
Zoonosis in India. Umakant Kambale (2012) studied free living protozoan from Pawai
Lake, Mumbai (Maharashtra). Alam et al., (1979). Observed the Blantidiasis in cattle.
Protozoan infections are generally spread by the classic fecal–oral route. Infection
results from ingestion of cysts in water or food; trophic organisms cannot survive
passage through the stomach, except in cases of low stomach acidity (Schuster et al.,
2004). E. histolytica is responsible for amebic dysentery (Albach and Booden, 1978;
Haque et al., 2003; Ravdin, 1986). Once reaching the colon, the invasive amebae
attack the intestinal epithelial surface, causing flask-shaped ulcerations in the wall and
producing a blood- and mucus-flecked loose stool. Amebae can also disseminate from
the intestinal tract via the hepatic portal system to form discrete abscesses in the liver,
lungs, or brain. In severe amebiasis cases, the intestinal wall can perforate releasing
amebae into the peritoneal cavity. Water is one of the very crucial natural resources.
About 97% of the water on the earth is in the oceans. The ocean water is salty and is
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
not suitable for human consumption. The remaining 3% of the total water is available in
the form of ice sheets, cloud, river, lakes, ponds, well and springs. Only 1-1.6% of the
3% of water is useful for human consumption (Gulani, 2007). The disposal of
agricultural waste and untreated sewage into water bodies adversely affect the plant
and animal life. About 65,000 species of protozoan parasites are in the World. The most
common zoonotic protozoan diseases are Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Balantidiasis,
Cryptosporidiosis and Toxoplasmosis (Hoque et al., 1994). The present study includes
to study the zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in
Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methodology
During February 2011 to January 2012 (summer and monsoon winter), estimation of
different physic-chemical parameter of the water samples are done as per standard
method for the examination of water and microscopic observation on free living ciliates
were done after their movements were slowed down with 10% methyl cellulose.
Field operations
The study is conduct in different water bodies in Solapur city shown in Figure 5, 6 and 7
including study spots).
Sample Preparation
Surface water samples were collected from identified stations of the lake at a depth of
one feet using polythene cans of two liter capacity for a period of one year, from
February 2011 to January 2012 at monthly intervals. Transparency and Vertical
attenuation coefficient (VAC) was determined by sacchi disc. pH was measured by
using pH meter. The chemical analysis was carried out following the methods
suggested by Trivedy and Goel (1986) and APHA (1995). For the enumeration of
protozoa, each site in a 50mL sample bottle by filtering about 50 liters of water through
plankton net. Sample was fixed simultaneously with 20 ml of 1% lugol solution for
sedimentation. This sedimented sample was observed under microscope.
The
identification of Protozoa up to the level of genus was made with the help of literature
available. Although considerable work has been done on the limnological studies on
some lakes of Maharashtra. The three lakes of Solapur city selected for the present
study remains scientifically unexplored.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Sampling location and station
Spot 1 (South part- Sambhaji Lake)
Spot 1 (East part- Sambhaji Lake)
Figure- 5.Sambhajilake, Solapur, Maharashtra State, India Spot 1 and 2
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Standard protocol use for the description of fixation, storage, staining and mounting
techniques commonly used to prepare the material for study.
Spot 1 (North part- Shiddheswar Lake)
Spot 1 (South part- Shiddheswar Lake)
Figure- 6. Shiddeshwar lake Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. Spot 1 and 2
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Spot 1.(South part- Ekrukh Lake)
Spot 2 (North part- Ekrukh Lake)
Figure- 7.Ekrukh Lake (Hippargalake), Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. Spot 1
and 2
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Laboratory procedures for Protozoan parasites: Standard collection, Staining,
preservation for the proposed work. The following stains are use for protozoa staining
namely, Romanowsky Stains, Giemsa stain, Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Phenolauramine stain, Trichrome Stain, Funguqual (Uvitex 2B or Calcofluor) stain, Iron
Haematoxylin stain. The routine analysis of protozoan parasites in water samples relies
upon direct microscopic detection after concentration of particulate matter by filtration or
centrifugation.
Identification
A list of some of the major taxonomic works useful for identification of specimens to the
generic level. This is intended as a starting point, not a definitive listing of taxonomic
works. Microscopic examination of and recording of the results by using statistical
methods.
Taxonomic Aids and Keys to Species
Identification of many parasite species may require consultation of original descriptions
in the primary literature. However, for most common groups, identification to genus and
often to species can be done through the synthetic keys. Voucher specimens are
deposited in the permanent collection of a recognized museum, for future reference and
use for researchers.
Statistical analysis
Detection of prevalence, abundance and frequency is measure by Standard statistical
analysis methods.
24
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present research work covers physico-chemical factors, prevalence of zoonotic
waterborne protozoa from water bodies of Solapur city. During the study total number of
3 Genus and with 4 species has been recorded namely E. histolytica, E. coli, B. coli and
Giardia spp.
A)Entamoeba histolytica
The results shown in Table 2 and Figures 8,
Taxonomic Classification
Classification: Entamoeba histolytica
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Protista
Subkingdom Protozoa
Phylum
Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum
Sarcodina
Class
Lobosea
Order
Amoebida
Family
Endamoebidae
Genus
Entamoeba
Species
histolytica
25
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 8: Entamoeba histolytica
Table 2. Percentage of Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica (%) of zoonotic
waterborne Protozoa in Sambhaji Lake during the Period February 2011 to
January 2012.
Sr.
No
Month
Sample Tested
Positive samples of E. histolytica
% of Positive samples
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekruk
h
Lake
1
Feb
10
10
10
5
2
1
50
20
10
2
March
10
10
10
3
2
0
30
20
00
3
April
10
10
10
2
1
0
20
10
00
4
May
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
5
June
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
6
7
July
Aug
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
6
1
2
2
3
40
60
10
20
20
30
8
Sept
10
10
10
6
4
3
60
40
30
9
Oct
10
10
10
8
3
2
80
30
20
10
Nov
10
10
10
7
4
4
70
40
40
11
Dec
10
10
10
6
2
2
60
20
20
12
Jan
10
10
10
6
1
1
60
10
10
120
120
120
53
22
18
44.16
18.33
15.00
Total
26
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 9. Prevalence of percentage of E. histolytica from Sambhaji Lake, Solapur
during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
Figure 10. Prevalence of percentage of E. histolytica from Shiddeshwar Lake,
Solapur during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
27
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 11. Prevalence of percentage of E. histolytica from Ekruk Lake, Solapur
during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
During the year Feb. 2011 to January 2012 total 360 water samples were collected
(each lake 120 water samples for 3 lakes), of which 53 positive samples of E. histolytica
(Table-2) were found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 44.16%. In Shiddheswar
Lake 22 positive samples of E. histolytica were found out of 120 samples and the
prevalence is 18.33%. In Ekrukh Lake 18 positive samples of E. histolytica (Figure- 8)
were found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 15%. In the month of May and
June there was no protozoa recorded from the sample and hence the prevalence
reaches to zero. The maximum percentage of prevalence was recorded in the month of
October to January which gradually decreases up to April (0.0%). In Ekrukh lake.
28
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
B) Entamoeba coli
The results shown in Table 3 and figure 12, 13, 14,15
Classification: Entamoeba coli
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Protista
Subkingdom Protozoa
Phylum
Amoebozoa
Subphylum
Sarcodina
Class
Archamoebae
Order
Amoebida
Family
Endamoebidae
Genus
Entamoeba
Species
coli
Figure 12. Entamoeba coli
29
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Table 3. Percentage of Prevalence of E. coli (%) of zoonotic waterborne Protozoa
in Sambhaji Lake during the Period February 2011 to January 2012
Sr.
No
Month
Sample Tested
Sr
No.
Month
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
1
Feb
10
10
10
3
2
1
30
20
10
2
March
10
10
10
1
1
0
10
10
00
3
April
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
4
May
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
5
June
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
6
July
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
7
Aug
10
10
10
2
0
0
20
00
00
8
Sept
10
10
10
3
2
1
30
20
10
9
Oct
10
10
10
3
2
2
30
20
20
10
Nov
10
10
10
3
4
2
30
40
20
11
Dec
10
10
10
2
1
3
20
10
30
12
Jan
10
10
10
1
1
2
10
10
20
120
120
120
19
14
12
15.83
11.66
10
Total
Positive samples of E. coli.
% of Positive samples
During the year Feb. 2011 to January 2012 total 360 water samples were collected
(each lake 120 water samples for 3 lakes), of which 19 positive samples of E. coli were
found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 15.83%. In Shiddheswar Lake 22
positive samples of E. coli were found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is
11.66%.
In Ekrukh Lake 18 positive samples of E. coli were found out of 120 samples and the
prevalence is 10%. In the month of May, June, July and August, there was no protozoa
recorded from the sample and hence the prevalence reaches to zero. The maximum
percentage of prevalence was recorded in the month of September, October and
November.
30
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 13. Prevalence of percentage of E. coli from Sambhaji Lake, Solapur during
the period February 2011 to January 2012.
140
120
100
Sample Tested
Shiddheswar Lake
80
60
Prevalance %
40
20
Total
January
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
0
Figure 14 . Prevalence of percentage of E. coli from Shiddheswar Lake, Solapur
during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
31
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 15. Prevalence of percentage of E. coli from Ekrukh Lake, Solapur during
the period February 2011 to January 2012.
32
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
C) Balantidium coli
The results shown in Table 4, Figure 16, 17, 18, 19.
Classification: Balantidium coli
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Chromalveolata
Superphylum: Alveolata
Phylum:
Ciliophora
Class:
Litostomatea
Order:
Vestibuliferida
Family:
Balantiididae
Genus:
Balantidium
Species:
coli
Figure 16. Balantedium coli
Table 4. Percentage of Prevalence of B. coli (%) of zoonotic waterborne Protozoa
in Sambhaji Lake during the Period February 2011 to January 2012
33
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Sr.
No
Month
Sample Tested
Positive samples of B. coli
% of Positive samples
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
Sambhaji
Lake
Shiddheswar
Lake
Ekrukh
Lake
1
Feb
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
2
March
10
10
10
1
0
0
00
00
00
3
April
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
4
May
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
5
June
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
6
July
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
7
Aug
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
00
00
8
Sept
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
10
00
9
Oct
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
10
10
Nov
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
10
11
Dec
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
00
00
12
Jan
10
10
10
2
0
1
20
00
00
120
120
120
5
2
3
4.16
1.66
2.5
Total
During the year Feb. 2011 to January 2012 total 360 water samples were collected
(each lake 120 water samples for 3 lakes), of which 5 positive samples of B. coli were
found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 4.16%. In Shiddheswar Lake 2 positive
samples of B. coli species were found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 1.66%.
In Ekrukh Lake 3 positive samples of B. coli were found out of 120 samples and the
prevalence is 2.5%. In the month of April to November, there was no protozoa recorded
from the sample and hence the prevalence reaches to zero. The maximum percentage
of prevalence was recorded in the month of December to March.
34
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
140
120
100
80
Sample tested (Sambhaji
Lake )
60
% of Positive Samples
40
20
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Total
0
Figure 17. Prevalence of percentage of B. coli from Sambaji Lake, Solapur during
the period February 2011 to January 2012.
Figure 18. Prevalence of percentage of B. coli from Siddheswar Lake, Solapur
during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
35
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 19. Prevalence of percentage of B. coli from Ekrukh Lake, Solapur during
the period February 2011 to January 2012.
36
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
D) Giardia Species
The results shown in Table 5 and Figure 20,21,22,23.
Classification: Giardia Spp.
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Protista
Subkingdom Protozoa
Phylum
Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum
Mastigophora
Class
Zoomastigophora
Order
Diplomonadida
Family
Hexamitidae
Genus
Giardia
Figure 20. Giardia Species
37
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Table 5. Percentage of Prevalence of Giardia species (%) of zoonotic waterborne
Protozoa in Sambhaji Lake during the Period February 2011 to January 2012
Sr.
No
Month
Sample Tested
% of Positive samples
Sambha
ji Lake
Shiddheswa
r Lake
Ekruk
h Lake
Sambhaj
i Lake
Shiddheswa
r Lake
Ekruk
h Lake
Sambhaj
i Lake
Shiddheswa
r Lake
Ekruk
h Lake
1
February
10
10
10
1
1
0
10
10
00
2
March
10
10
10
1
0
0
10
00
00
3
April
10
10
10
1
0
0
10
00
00
4
May
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
5
June
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
6
July
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
7
August
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
8
Septemb
er
October
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
Novemb
er
Decemb
er
January
10
10
10
0
0
0
00
00
00
10
10
10
1
0
0
10
00
00
10
10
10
2
0
1
20
00
10
120
120
120
6
1
2
5.0
0.83
1.66
9
10
11
12
Total
During the year Feb. 2011 to January 2012 total 360 water samples were collected
(each lake 120 water samples for 3 lakes), of which 6 positive samples of Giardia
specieswere found out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 5.00%. In Shiddheswar
Lake 1 positive samples of Giardia specieswere found out of 120 samples and the
prevalence is 0.83%. In Ekrukh Lake 2 positive samples of Giardia specieswere found
out of 120 samples and the prevalence is 1.66%. In the month of May to November,
there was no protozoa recorded from the sample and hence the prevalence reaches to
zero. The maximum percentage of prevalence was recorded in the month of January
and February 2012.
38
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
The organelles of protozoa has functions similar to the organs of higher animals. The
plasma membranes enclosing the cytoplasm also cover the projecting locomotory
structures such as pseudopodia, cilia and flagella. The ciliates are a group of
protozoan’s characterized by the presence of hair like organelles called cilia, which are
identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers
with a different undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group
and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation.
Their early appearance as living organism, their adaptability to various habitats and
their capacity to remain viable in the encysted condition, probably account for the wide
distribution of the protozoa throughout the world.
Figure 21. Prevalence of percentage of Giardia Species from Sambhaji Lake,
Solapur during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
39
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Figure 22. Prevalence of percentage of Giardia Species from Shiddeshwar Lake,
Solapur during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
Figure 23. Prevalence of percentage of Giardia Species from Ekrukh Lake,
Solapur during the period February 2011 to January 2012.
40
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Seasonal physicochemical analysis
The results of Seasonal physicochemical analysis was shown in Table 6 and 7.
Table 6. Seasonal physicochemical analysis of Water of three lakes (February
2011 to January, 2012).
Parameter
Site
\
Sambhaji Lake
Summer
Monsoon
Winter
Shiddeshwar lake
Summer Monsoon
Winter
Ekruk Lake (Hipparga lake)
Summer
Monsoon Winter
pH
Total Alkalinity
6.3
121
7.6
110
8.0
118
6.4
130
7.8
124
7.8
121
6.6
122
7.4
109
7.9
116
Hardness
(mg/lt)
312
290
298
334
298
305
175
166
171
Transparency
(cm)
24.18
21.0
22.4
21.33
19.9
20.4
18.19
17.1
17.8
Air temp
Water temp
Dissolved
oxygen
M 40-41
28
7.01
35-39
26
8.2
32-36
23
9.4
39-41
26
7.10
35-39
24
8,4
32-35
23
9.1
36-40
27
9.35
35-38
24
9.9
30-35
23
10.2
Odour
Unpleasant
Not found
fishy
fishy
Not
found
Not
found
Not
found
Not
found
Not
found
Colour
Blue green
Blue
green
Blue
green
green
green
green
Blue
Blue
Blue
All readings are the Mean of Spot no 1 and 2 of three lakes
Where scarce number and poor in forms of protozoans not considered in the present
study. From above result it is concluded that the Sambhaji Lake is more polluted than
Shiddeshwar and Ekruk Lake because the cloths were washed by washer man, and
sewage water is directly released by the residential societies and other anthroporogenic
activities are going on. In geographic areas of high prevalence, well-tolerated infections
are often not treated to eradicate the parasite because eradication would lower the
individual’s immunity to the parasite and result in a high likelihood of re-infection. High
mortality rate of diarrheal cases has been found related to sanitation, unsafe water and
hygiene (WHO, 2012). The collected data compared with the observation of Bhosale et
al., (2010), Dhimdhime et al., (2012), Chakraborty et al, (1977), Govind (1963), Shashi
41
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
et al., (2008), Smitha (2007). Our findings are resembles with above observed data.
Faecal contamination of water in extreme events (droughts, floods) could result in
increased
prevalence
of
diseases
such
as
echinococcosis,
taeniasis,
and
toxoplasmosis (Singh et al., 2010). Waterborne protozoa caused illnesses are likely to
increase with rising temperatures (Greer et al., 2008). The temperature of Solapur is
very high in summer (40-450C). The close relationship between climate, environment
and infectious diseases in the developing world is well recognized.
42
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
CONCLUSION
The objectives of the project were achieved. The findings of this study suggest that
recreational lakes represent a major risk of contamination of protozoan parasites. A
protozoan parasite was an organism that lives at the expense of and caused damage to
its host, and which cannot survive for long in the absence of the host. Due to the
possible health risk, thorough inspection is recommended to be done on recreational
lakes, as well as other sources of water. In light of this issue, Solapur citizens and
respective authorities such as local city councils needto improve water safety by
maintaining the quality of recreational lakes such as routine cleaning up,
appropriatebiological reviving methods (i.e. throwing mudballs with micro-organisms)
and, most importantly, campaigning awareness programmes to educate public in
general
and
younggeneration
in
particular.
Based
on
this
study,
these
recommendations are given to overcome the limitations of the study, which are as
follows: Confirmation on viability of these parasites could ascertain accurate risk
assessment and further prove its relationship with physico-chemical parameters.
Amoebiasis and other studied protozoan diseases can be prevented by strict sanitation
and personal hygiene, protective clothing and gloves. In addition, fecal contamination of
feed and water should be prevented, and fecal screening of NHP and adequate cooking
to destroy the cysts need to be done. This research can be useful for all the discipline of
Protozoology and Life Sciences. lt is in fact convergence of technology and education.
This research project has profound relevance for interdisciplinary teaching and learning
and research. Epidemiological study and surveillance activities can provide information
43
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
about thewaterborne risks of zoonotic agents and assist public health officials in
developing control measures to reduce these risks.
This research project will make significant contribution the international knowledge
onProtozoologyThese data was helps officials to develop control programmes to
improve the quality ofsurface water sources and have called attention to the need for
improved
protection
ofgroundwater
sources
and
distribution
systems
from
contamination. With increasing population migration, ease of international travel, and
movement of foodproducts from country to country, international surveillance becomes
more important to alert officials about outbreaks in travelers, impending epidemics, and
emerging zoonotic pathogens. The statistics may warn of potential animal husbandry,
drinking water protection andtreatment, or food production and preparation practices
that should be avoided. Closecollaboration is important to ensure that international
surveillance systems have acommon basis for comparison purposes and that the
information is readily shared.
Changing global disease situation is very important, as climate change increases the
risk of waterborne zoonoses by expanding the host, reservoir, and vector base. The
provision of safe food and water and the control of zoonoses and associated outbreaks
are important challenges to be faced. Public health infrastructure for food and water
safety, disease surveillance, control of vectors and disease reservoirs, and public health
outbreak response needs to be strengthened. National, Multinational and collaborative
scientific efforts to minimize the waterborne protozoans and spread of these diseases is
44
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
to be controlled. As per the objective the present study surveyed of different water
bodies and their contamination by waterborne protozoans in Solapur. We aware the
peoples to minimize the entry of animal wastes to source waters, by controlling animal
movements, proper storage and disposal of farm animal wastes, using procedures that
will minimize the survival of zoonotic protozoan pathogens, and limiting transport of
these wastes in surface water runoff. But these water bodies only one water body
(Ekrukh Lake) was useful for drinking-water. Arrangement of two health education
campaign in the research area for students and local peoples. National, surveillance
activities can help officials detect outbreaks or epidemics, identifynew and emerging
disease threats, and assess temporal trends. Surveillance may consider laboratoryconfirmed, physician- or self-reported disease, or disease symptoms and the collection
of other information, such as water quality data or information about disease or infection
in animal populations. Because zoonotic agents can be transmitted by contaminated
drinking-water, recreational water, or food and by direct or indirect contact with infected
humans and animals, epidemiological analyses are needed to evaluate waterborne
transmission.
The timely investigation of an outbreak by a multidisciplinary team (e.g., epidemiologist,
engineer, water quality specialist) with appropriate laboratory assistance can provide
information about the mode of transmission, the etiologic agent, sources of
contamination, and deficiencies in water and wastewater treatment technologies and
watershed protection programmes. This research project will have tremendous
significance on education, in general and in research. As an outcome of this project
45
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
systematic check of taxonomic value of waterborne protozoa from this region will be
prepared. The dearth of data on the prevalence of these zoonotic protozoa in surface
waters is related to the lack of rapid and sensitive methods to recover and detect the
encysted stages in the aquatic environment. The present study will provide the updated
information of various aspects of waterborne protozoa and their distribution,
composition, taxonomic details, symptoms and health consequences. This project will
fill the existing lacuna in the knowledge.
46
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
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Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
PUBLICATIONS
University Grants Commission (UGC) WRO Pune, (India) for financial assistance
provided to carry out this work through minor research project entitled “Study of
waterborne Protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State,
India.”, (File No. 47-1487/10 (WRO) Dated: 7th October, 2010). Under this project we
publish three Research papers in International Journals as follows.
4. Jagtap M.N., Dama L.B., Shaik K.A. and Shaik H.G. (2012). Isolation of
Phytoplankton’s from three Urban Lakes of Solapur City, Maharashtra State,
India- DAV International Journal of Science 1(2): 68-71.
5. Shaikh Afreen S M, Shaikh J. D., Dama L.B., Prashant Bangale and
Mohammed Ehtesham (2012). Study of aquatic protozoan in Neher-E-Ambary
in Aurangabad vicinity. Trends in Parasitology Research. 1(2): 39-45.
6. Dama S. B. and Dama L.B. (2013). Prevalence Waterborne Entamoeba
Histolytica from Freshwater Bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India. Trends
in Parasitology Research. 2(1): 22-23.
50
Study of zoonotic waterborne protozoan parasites from freshwater bodies in Solapur, Maharashtra State, India.
Name and Signature
Principal Investigator
Dr. Dama Laxmikant Basavraj
Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of
Arts and Science, Solapur
Co- Investigator
Dr. Mushan Laxmi Chandrakant
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and
Science, Solapur
Principal
Dr Vadagbalkar S.K.
D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur
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