Celebrate Freedom Week
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Sources for this book:
•
http://www.cartoonaday.com/images/cartoons/2010/05/American-Eagle-Cartoon-598x405.jpg
- Content originally appeared on CartoonADay.com (http://www.CartoonADay.com), and is
made available through a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/).
•
Founding Father information modified from Law Related Education’s U.S. History Bio Cards.
•
Signal Media, . (n.d.). Adventure tales of america: volume 1 & 2. Retrieved from http://
www.adventuretales.com/atv1a.html
•
Martin, P. (2011). Clip art homepage. Retrieved from http://www.phillipmartin.info/clipart/homepage.htm
•
Department of Homeland Security, . (2011). Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2010. Retrieved
from http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/YrBk10NI.shtm
•
Biographies for Abolitionists modified from http://www.biography.com and http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lundy
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Introduction
What is Celebrate Freedom Week?
According to Texas state law, each social studies
class shall observe Celebrate Freedom Week to
include appropriate instruction concerning the
intent, meaning, and importance of the
Declaration of Independence and the U.S.
Constitution, including the Bill of Rights, in their
historical contexts. The study of the Declaration of
Independence must include the study of the
relationship of the ideas expressed in that
document to subsequent American history,
including the relationship of its ideas to the rich
diversity of our people as a nation of immigrants,
the American Revolution, the formulation of the
U.S. Constitution, and the abolitionist movement,
which led to the Emancipation Proclamation and the women's suffrage movement.
You will also have the opportunity to identify and discuss how the actions of U.S. citizens and the
local, state, and federal governments have either met or failed to meet the ideals espoused in the
founding documents.
Why is Celebrate Freedom Week important to me?
Part of the responsibility of being a responsible citizen is to understand the founding documents
of the United States and how these
documents have influenced your life. It is
also important to be able to recognize the
importance of your role in the formation of
a responsible government as well as
knowing how your rights are protected by
the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Finally, it is important to trace the steps of
those before you in establishing the
freedoms and liberties Americans have
today.
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FREEDOM
What it Means to Me:
What it Means to the Team of Two:
What it Means to the Team of Four:
What it Means to Our Class:
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9–2 ★ CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: AN OVERVIEW
Road to Revolution
“When a certain great king, whose initial is G,
Shall force stamps upon paper, and folks to drink tea;
When these folks burn his tea and stamp paper, like stubble,
You may guess that this king is then coming to trouble.”—Philip Freneau
CAUSES FOR BREAKING WITH BRITAIN
1. ENGLAND’S NEGLECT
OF THE COLONIES
2. TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
3. LIMITATION OF
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
CAUSES FOR BREAKING WITH BRITAIN
4. TAXATION
5. MERCANTILISM
ENGLAND’S ECONOMIC POLICY
♦ Gold in the treasury makes a nation strong.
♦ So, a nation must have more gold coming in than going out—
meaning, a favorable balance of trade
♦ Therefore, a nation must regulate its trade to sell more than
it buys.
♦ Colonies exist for the trade benefits of the mother country.
6. TRADE RESTRICTIONS
Britain regulated trade with the colonies
for her own benefit through navigation,
or shipping, laws that forced the
colonists to trade mainly with Britain.
7. ECONOMIC POWER
But England
failed to enforce
the navigation
laws, and the
colonists traded
with whomever
they pleased—
and made
money doing
so.
8. FREE ENTERPRISE
The colonists grew accustomed to free
enterprise (free, unrestricted trade).
When Britain finally began enforcing
too late!
119
Adventure Tales of America Vol. 1
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COLONIAL
RULE-REVOLUTION
Reasons for Revolution
Road to Revolution
First Shots of the
American Revolution
at Lexington and
Concord
1775
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83
Declaration of Independence - Introduction
9–10 ★ THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 1776
“Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing,
it was intended to be an expression of the American mind....”
—THOMAS JEFFERSON, AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have
connected them with another,
and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and
equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s
God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires
that they should declare
the causes which impel them to the separation.
“We hold these truths to be self
evident: That all men are created
equal;
“that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable
rights; that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;
“that to secure these rights,
governments are instituted among
men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed;
“when a long train of abuses and
usurpations...evinces a design to
reduce them under absolute
despotism, it is their right...their
duty, to throw off such government
and to provide new guards for their
future security.
“Such has been the patient
sufferance of these colonies; and
such is now the necessity which
constrains them to alter their form
of government."
THOMAS JEFFERSON
“that whenever any form of
government becomes destructive of
these ends, it is the right of the
people to alter or to abolish it and
to institute new government....
Adventure Tales of America Vol. 1
appears on the next 2 pages.
133 The entire Declaration of Independence
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The
Declaration
Declaration
of of
Independence
Independence
- Introduction
- Introduction
TWEET What you think
each of the panels
mean!
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Founding Fathers
John Adams
John Adams was born in Massachusetts in 1735. He was a Harvard lawyer who defended
the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre. He served as a delegate to both
Continental Congresses and was on the committee to write the Declaration of
Independence. He was the first Vice President and the second President of the United
States. Adams was defeated by Jefferson in 1800 when he ran for a second term. Before
he left office, he appointed John Marshall Chief Justice. In the final days of his
Presidency, he appointed Federalists to fill several new judgeships in what is called “the
midnight appointments.” He died on July 4, 1826.
Charles Carroll
Charles Carroll was born in Maryland in 1737. Educated in Europe, he quickly became
involved with the revolutionary spirit when he returned to America. When Maryland
decided to send delegates to the Continental Congress, Carroll was one of those chosen.
He wasn’t in time to vote for the Declaration of Independence, but he was there to sign
the document. He served on the Board of War during the Revolution. After the war, he
was involved in setting up the state government of Maryland and served a brief time as
the only Catholic in the U.S. Senate once the U.S. Constitution was ratified. He was the
last surviving signer of the Declaration when he died in 1832 at the age of 95.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, writer, printer, diplomat, scientist, humorist, and
statesman. He was born in Boston in 1706. During the French and Indian War, Franklin
advocated colonial unity with his Albany Plan which encouraged the colonists to “Join or
Die.” He was a delegate to the both Continental Congresses and a member of the
committee to write the Declaration of Independence. Franklin was the U.S. Ambassador
to France and helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris that ended the American
Revolution. The French loved Franklin, and he was very popular in that country. Later, he
was the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention at the age of 81. He became a
member of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society before he died.
John Hancock
John Hancock was raised in colonial Massachusetts. As an adult, he publicly spoke out
against the British Stamp Act and reminded Americans about the deaths the British caused
at the Boston Massacre. The British government offered large rewards for the capture of
several patriot leaders, including Hancock. Hancock attended the First Continental
Congress and in 1775 was elected President of the Second Continental Congress. He was
the first man to sign the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776 and wrote his
signature in large script at the center of the document. Hancock served as the first
Governor of Massachusetts and died while serving his ninth term as governor. He was
known for his patriotism and dedication to the American cause of independence.
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Founding Fathers
John Jay
John Jay was born in New York in 1745. He is considered one of the Founding Fathers. He
served as a member of the Second Continental Congress. Even though he did not initially
favor separation from Great Britain, he supported the cause once independence was
declared. He was one of the men along with John Adams and Ben Franklin sent to Paris to
negotiate the peace treaty with England after the war. In 1788, working with Alexander
Hamilton and James Madison, Jay authored five of the eighty-five Federalist essays
written to explain the Constitution and the need for its ratification. Washington later
appointed him the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He resigned from the
Supreme Court and became the Governor of New York for two terms.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia in 1743. He was selected to draft the Declaration
of Independence and is considered the principle author of that document. Later he
served as a U.S. minister to France and wasn’t present at the 1787 Constitutional
Convention. Jefferson was the first Secretary of State under George Washington and VicePresident under John Adams. As the leader of the Democratic - Republican Party, he
became the third President of the United States. As President, he was responsible for the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Embargo Act in 1807 in his attempt to avoid war with
England and France. Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, ironically on the same day as John
Adams, exactly fifty years after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence.
John Peter Muhlenberg
John Peter Muhlenberg was born in Pennsylvania. John followed in his father’s footsteps
becoming a minister himself. While in Virginia, he became a follower of Patrick Henry. He
is said to have supported the American cause in a sermon in which he cited the verse
from Ecclesiastes which begins with the words, ―To everything there is a season...a time
of peace and a time of war. And this is a time of war.‖ He later served in the Continental
Army fighting at Charleston, Brandywine, Stony Point, and Yorktown. He was also present
during the winter at Valley Forge. After the war, he served in the Pennsylvania state
government before being elected to the U.S. Congress. Even though he didn’t serve as a
Lutheran minister again, he was active as a Lutheran layman until he died in 1807.
Benjamin Rush
In 1773, he became active in the Sons of Liberty in Philadelphia. Later he continued his
involvement in the revolutionary movement by attending the Continental Congress in
June of 1776. He was present when the Declaration of Independence was debated and
signed the document that July. During the Revolutionary War, he served as a surgeon
general to the Continental Army. After the war, he returned to medicine until the
Constitutional Convention was held in 1787. He served as a delegate supporting the
ratification of that document. His deep religious faith led him to be an avid social
reformer believing in such causes as abolition and prison and judicial reform.
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Founding Fathers
Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
Jonathan Trumbull Sr. was born in Connecticut. He studied theology at Harvard and later
served as a colonial governor of Connecticut. During the American Revolution, he became
the only colonial governor to support the American cause. He was a strong supporter of
General Washington and spent the war doing what he could to recruit troops and raise
supplies for the cause. General Washington is said to have depended on him for these
things during the trying times of the Revolution. Since he supported the cause, he was
the only colonial governor to remain in power after independence was declared.
Governor Trumbull died in 1785
George Washington
George Washington was born in Virginia in 1732. He was a Virginia planter and a delegate
to the House of Burgesses. Washington fought during the French and Indian War and was a
delegate to the Continental Congress. He was chosen Commander of the Continental
Army during the American Revolution. Later, he became the President of the Philadelphia
Constitutional Convention in 1787 and the First President of the United States. During his
presidency, his foreign policy was to remain neutral, and he warned the country against
European entanglement and political parties in his Farewell Address. George Washington
is referred to as the “Father of our Country.”
John Witherspoon
John Witherspoon was born in Scotland, and came in 1768 to the colonies to assume the
presidency of Princeton University in New Jersey. He was also a prominent Presbyterian
minister. He believed that morality was crucial to all those holding public positions of
leadership. One of his most famous students was James Madison. Witherspoon was
elected to the Continental Congress and was present to vote for and sign the Declaration
of Independence. He served in the Congress all through the war and helped in the
drafting of the Articles of Confederation. He later served as a delegate from New Jersey
at the Constitutional Convention, voting for its adoption and advocating its ratification in
New Jersey.
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We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union,
establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty
to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for
the United States of America.
How does the Introduction of the Constitution reflect the principles found in the Declaration of
Independence?
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Grievances from the Declaration of
Independence
How they are Addressed in the
Constitution / Bill of Rights
“He [King George III] has made judges
dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of
their offices, and the amount and payment of
their salaries.”
Judges’ salaries cannot be cut during their term
in office. (Article III, Section 1)
“He has refused his assent to laws, the most
wholesome and necessary for the public good.”
Congress can override a presidential veto.
(Article I, Section 7)
“He has kept among us, in times of peace,
standing armies without the consent of our
legislatures.”
Soldiers cannot be quartered without consent in
people’s homes during times of peace. (Third
Amendment)
“...depriving us in many cases, of the benefits
of trial by jury...”
A person accused of a crime has the right to a
speedy and public trial by jury. (Sixth
Amendment)
“...imposing taxes on us without our consent...” Congress has the power to collect revenue.
(Article I, Section 8)
The military was made superior to the civil
government
(Constitution) The President, a civilian, is
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
Kept a standing army among the colonists
(Constitution) Congress is the only branch which
can raise and support/fund the army.
How were the
Constitution and Bill of
Rights influenced by
the Declaration of
Independence?
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7 Principles of the U.S. Constitution
Principle
Description
Popular Sovereignty
People have the final authority in all
matters
Republicanism
Form of government in which the
people elect representatives to
create and enforce laws
Limited Government
Federalism
The national and state governments
have limits on what they can and can
not do.
The division of power between the
national and state governments.
(Concurrent Powers)
Separation of Powers
The division of power within the
national government
Legislative (Congress) – Makes the
laws
Executive (President) – Enforces the
laws
Judicial (Supreme Court) – Interprets
the laws
Checks and Balances
The way one branch of the national
government can restrict (check) the
power of the other two branches.
Individual Rights – (Civil Liberties)
The rights of the people protected in
the Bill of Rights including economic
rights related to property, political
rights related to freedom of speech and
press, and personal rights related to
bearing arms and maintaining private
residences.
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Why is it Important?
What is It?
Principle
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The Bill of Rights
Amendment
Description
1
2
3
4
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
The right to bear arms
No housing of soldiers during peacetime
Protection against unreasonable search and seizure
The right to know what he or she is being accused of and the right to
refuse to testify against oneself
Speedy and public trial by a jury of one’s peers in criminal cases
Trial by jury in cases involving large amounts of money
No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment
All rights not specifically mentioned are not denied to the people
The people and the states are to keep powers not specifically given to the
national government
5
6
7
8
9
10
Civil Rights Amendments
Amendment
13
14
15
17
19
24
26
Description
Ended slavery in the United States
Declares that all persons born in the United States are citizens and
extended the equal protection clause to the state level.
States that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of “race,
color, or previous condition of servitude”
Mandates that senators be elected by popular vote
Guarantees women the right to vote
Bans poll taxes
Guarantees the right to vote to citizens 18 years of age or older
Civil Rights Laws
Year
1924
1964
1965
Description
Indian Citizenship Act
Civil Rights Act
Voting Rights Act
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The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
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Non$Immigrant,Admissions,to,the,United,States,2001$2010,
50,000,000"
45,000,000"
40,000,000"
35,000,000"
30,000,000"
25,000,000"
20,000,000"
15,000,000"
10,000,000"
5,000,000"
0"
2001"
2002"
2003"
2004"
2005"
2006"
2007"
2008"
2009"
2010"
Africa'
1%'
Oceania'
3%'
South'America'
8%'
Asia'
20%'
North'America'
36%'
Europe'
32%'
Non-Immigrant Admissions to the United States 2010
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The U.S. as a Nation of Immigrants
It’s time to reflect
on how American
Culture has changed
and what that has to
do with the
Declaration of
Independence!
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Abolitionists in U.S. History
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Abolitionists in U.S. History
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
(born February 1818?, Tuckahoe, Maryland,
U.S.—died February 20, 1895, Washington,
D.C.)
(born December 10/12, 1805, Newburyport,
Massachusetts, U.S.—died May 24, 1879,
New York, New York)
African American who was one of the most
eminent human-rights leaders of the 19th
century. His oratorical [speaking] and literary
brilliance thrust him into the forefront of the
U.S. abolition movement, and he became the
first black citizen to hold high rank in the
U.S. government.
American journalistic crusader who
published a newspaper, The Liberator (1831–
65), and helped lead the successful
abolitionist campaign against slavery in the
United States.
Harriet Tubman
Levi Coffin
(born c. 1820, Dorchester county, Maryland,
U.S.—died March 10, 1913, Auburn, New
York)
(born October 28, 1798, New Garden [now in
Greensboro], North Carolina, U.S.—died
September 16, 1877, Cincinnati, Ohio)
American bondwoman who escaped from
slavery in the South to become a leading
abolitionist before the American Civil War.
She led hundreds of bondsmen to freedom in
the North along the route of the Underground
Railroad—an elaborate secret network of
safe houses organized for that purpose.
American abolitionist, called the “President
of the Underground Railroad,” who assisted
thousands of runaway slaves on their flight
to freedom.
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Abolitionists in U.S. History
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Abolitionists in U.S. History
Harriet Ann Jacobs
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(born 1813, Edenton, North Carolina, U.S.—
died March 7, 1897, Washington, D.C.)
(born June 14, 1811, Litchfield, Conn., U.S.—
died July 1, 1896, Hartford, Conn.)
American abolitionist and autobiographer
[see Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl]
who crafted her own experiences into an
eloquent and uncompromising slave
narrative. She worked in the antislavery
reading room above abolitionist Frederick
Douglass's newspaper, the North Star.
American writer and philanthropist, the
author of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which
contributed so much to popular feeling
against slavery that it is cited among the
causes of the American Civil War.
Sojourner Truth
Benjamin Lundy
(born 1797, Ulster county, N.Y., U.S.—died
Nov. 26, 1883, Battle Creek, Mich.)
Benjamin Lundy (January 4, 1789 – August
22, 1839)
African American evangelist and reformer
who applied her religious fervor to the
abolitionist and women's rights
movements.She supported herself by selling
copies of her book, The Narrative of
Sojourner Truth, which she had dictated to
Olive Gilbert.
American Quaker abolitionist from Ohio who
established several anti-slavery newspapers
and worked for many others. He traveled
widely seeking to limit the expansion of
slavery, and in seeking to establish a colony
to which freed slaves might be located,
outside of the United States.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation
approached its third year of bloody civil war.
The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
A Transcription
By the President of the United States of America:
A Proclamation.
Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a
proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be
then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval
authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons,
or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.
"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any,
in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the
people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto
at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong
countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion
against the United States."
Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-inChief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of
the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly
proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and
parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James
Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans)
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties
designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and
Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if
this proclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said
designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United
States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I
recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke
the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three,
and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.
By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.
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Civil Rights in the United States
Year
Event
1787
The ratified U.S. Constitution allows a male slave to count as three-fifths of a man in
determining representation in the House of Representatives.
1808
United States outlaws American participation in the African Slave Trade.
1863
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation abolishing slavery in territory
controlled by the Confederate States of America.
1865
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery is ratified.
1868
Fourteenth Amendment is ratified making blacks citizens.
1870
The Fifteenth Amendment is passed permitting black men the right to vote.
1896
Supreme Court establishes 'separate but equal' doctrine with Plessy vs. Ferguson.
1909
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is
established.
1954
Brown v. Board decision declares segregation in public schools illegal.
1962
The Twenty Fourth Amendment is passed, banning poll taxes.
1965
Voting Rights Act is passed, authorizing direct federal intervention to enable blacks
to vote.
1968
Congress authorizes the 1968 Civil Rights Act, providing federal enforcement
provisions for discrimination in housing.
2008
On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama is elected President of the United States of
America.
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Equality for Women in the United States
13–9 ★ THE WOMAN
SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
1900s
The progressive movement breathed new life into the WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT,
started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in 1848 and led by Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony for the next half century.
The Woman’s Rights Movement fostered reforms in many areas, but by 1890 it focused
on woman suffrage (the right to vote). The National American Woman Suffrage Association
(NAWSA) presided over first by Stanton, 1890-1892, then by Anthony, 1892-1900, worked
for the ballot as its single goal.
The NAWSA presented a new rationale for the right to vote. Initially women reformers
claimed this right as a matter of justice; by 1890 the argument had changed to one of
expediency. Women argued that their vote would expedite progressive reforms such as prohibition. Some also appealed to racist and nativist strains among progressives by claiming that the
vote of white, middle class, native-born women would offset that of blacks and immigrants.
PROGRESSIVE LEADERSHIP FOR A WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT
Carrie
Chapman
Catt
In the twentieth century a new generation of feminists replaced the older leadership.
Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw presided over NAWSA’s suffrage
campaign between 1900 and 1920.
In 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed a splinter group, the Congressional Union, which used
militant tactics borrowed from British suffragists; in 1916 they organized the National Woman’s
Party, pledged to vote for the political party supporting a federal amendment for woman suffrage.
NAWSA, with its 2,000,000 bipartisan members, disapproved of the rival group’s tactics. Yet the
conservative NAWSA benefitted from the resulting upsurge of interest in winning the ballot, particularly at the
state level.
STATES ADOPTING WOMAN SUFFRAGE BEFORE 1920
Between 1869 and 1918—49 years—eleven states, all west of the Mississippi River and led by Wyoming in 1869,
enacted woman suffrage laws. In 1917 Montana elected Jeanette Rankin to the House of Representatives; she was
the first woman elected to Congress. Such progress was too slow for women of the progressive era. They focused
attention on President Woodrow Wilson.
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Equality for Women in the United States
13–10 ★ THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT: WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE
1900s
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON: A CONVERT TO WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE
President Woodrow Wilson, initially opposed to woman suffrage, became sensitized to it as “the matter was brought
to his attention” by the militants’ White House pickets, arrests, and hunger strikes in jail—as well as their
comparisons of “Kaiser Wilson” to Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Wilson’s response quickened as he sought re-election in 1916. In September that year he addressed the NAWSA
Convention in Atlantic City; but while praising the suffrage movement, he stopped short of endorsing the proposed
constitutional amendment.
Carrie Chapman Catt marked as the moment of Wilson’s conversion the end of his speech when Anna Howard
Shaw stood to say: “We have waited so long, Mr. President, for the vote—we had hoped it might come in your
administration.” Every woman in the huge hall rose and silently stared at the president.
With the coming of World War I, women put increasing pressure on President Wilson to realize the paradox of a
nation’s fighting for worldwide democracy while denying women democracy at home. They emphasized their
contributions to the war effort.
Then, on September 30, 1918, Wilson made an unprecedented personal appearance before the Senate to advocate
passage of the woman suffrage amendment then being debated. The man seeking to make the world safe for
democracy had become aware that women comprised half that world. He said:
“Through many, many channels I have been made aware of what the plain, struggling,
workaday folk are thinking upon whom the chief terror and suffering of this war
falls.…They think, in their logical simplicity, that democracy means that women shall
play their part in affairs alongside men and upon an equal footing with them.”
President Wilson failed to move his audience. As one feminist observed, “You can’t hustle the
Senate,” which had been debating the bill since its introduction in 1878. Not until a new
Republican Congress took their seats in 1919 did the Senate pass the amendment and send
it to the states for ratification.
THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT GRANTING WOMAN SUFFRAGE
WON RATIFICATION BY THE REQUIRED TWO-THIRDS OF THE STATES ON AUGUST
20, 1920.
The “logical simplicity” of the idea that women were endowed
with the inalienable right to self-government had finally penetrated
centuries-old attitudes of women’s inferiority.
According to Carrie Chapman Catt, the achievement of suffrage
alone, took: “fifty-two years of pauseless campaign.…
fifty-six campaigns of referenda to male voters; 480 to get
Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters;
47 campaigns to get State Constitutional conventions
to write suffrage into state constitutions; 227 campaigns
to get State party conventions to include woman
suffrage planks; 30 campaigns to get presidential party
conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party
platforms, and 19 campaigns with 19 Congresses….
It was a…seemingly endless chain of activity.”
WHAT OTHER RIGHTS DID WOMEN WIN?
A FLASHBACK TO THE WOMAN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT,
1840 TO 1920, WILL SURPRISE YOU.
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