Peace and stability
in a divided Europe
by economic integration
Helene Banner
Adrien Cros
Laura Gores
Structure
• On the way to the Schuman Plan:
Vision and realisation of the European
economic integration
• Economic integration in the context of
the cold war
• Monetary Cooperation
as Guarantor of Peace and Stability in a
Divided Europe
On the way to the Schuman Plan:
Vision and realisation of the
European economic integration
Structure
I. Peace as an impetus for the European idea of economic
integration
A) Approaches to economic integration
B) Movements of European visions
C) The prehistory of the Schuman Plan
II. The Schuman Plan as the realisation of European
integration ideas
A) The American influence on the European economic
integration
B) From Monnet‘s view of Europe to the ECSC
I. Peace as an impetus
for the European idea
of economic integration
A) Approaches to economic integration
B) Movements of European visions
C) The prehistory of the Schuman Plan
A) Approaches to economic integration
German Costums‘ Union (1834-1870)
Deutscher Zollverein
A) Approaches to economic integration
• Friedrich List (1789 – 1846)
“Trade agreement and
political agreement are twin
sisters, one cannot be born
without the other following.”
A) Approaches to economic integration
• Steps of economic integration
1st – Unrestricted exchange of goods
2nd – Free movement of production factors
3rd – Integration of a common economic
policy by supranational institutions
4th – Political integration
A) Approaches to economic integration
• Economic Union between Belgium and
Luxembourg (1922)
• Benelux (1944)
Their efficient ideas and institutions of Economic
integration were readopted to the Roman
Treaties in 1957.
B) Movements of European visions
• The Paneuropean Union
Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi (1894-1972)
• „Union European Movement“
Duncan Sandys (1908-1987)
! Congress of The Hague, May 1948
B) Movements of European visions
• European movements in Eastern Europe
Jean-Claude Juncker: „50 lost years“
• Winston Churchill, 19th september 1946:
“What is this sovereign remedy? It is to recreate
the European fabric, or as much of it as we can,
and to provide it with a structure under which it
can dwell in peace, safety and freedom. We
must build a kind of United States of Europe.”
C) The prehistory of the Schuman Plan
• International Steel Community (1926)
• Coal Convention (1937)
• International Authority for the Ruhr (1949)
II. The Schuman Plan as the
realisation of European integration ideas
A) The American influence on the European economic
integration
B) From Monnet‘s view of Europe to the ECSC
A) The American influence on
the European economic integration
• „If there‘s a Europe, it is only because the
Americans want it.“ Norman Stone
• Impulses: Truman doctrine, Marshall plan
• Aim: Stability in
Western Europe
B) From Monnet‘s view of Europe to the ECSC
• France‘s interests:
– Economy: need of coal and steel after the
breakdown of the Ruhr Authority
– Peacekeeping: avoid a threat by Germany
– Effectiveness: critics on the Council of
Europe
• Germany‘s interest: a sovereign,
democratic West German state
B) From Monnet‘s view of Europe to the ECSC
“The member States bind themselves to
take all general and specific measures
which will assure the execution of their
obligations under the decisions and
recommendations of the institutions of
the Community, and facilitate the
accomplishment of the Community’s
purposes.”
Article 86, ECSC
B) From Monnet‘s view of Europe to the ECSC
• Konrad Adenauer
“In his personal letter to me Schuman wrote that
the purpose of his proposal was not economic,
but eminently political. In France there was a
fear that once Germany had recovered, she
would attack France. […]
Schuman's plan corresponded entirely with the
ideas I had been advocating for a long time
concerning the integration of the key industries
of Europe. I informed Robert Schuman at once
that I accepted his proposal whole-heartedly.”
Economic integration in the
context of the cold war
Structure
I - Integration at the beginning of the
cold war – A political tool?
II - Europe growing to a recognized
economic actor in the world?
III - Europe on the way to unity beyond the
blocks? EEC and COMECON
I - Integration at the beginning of the cold war
– A political tool?
- United States of Europe for stability
- Maintaining Europe in the western Block
- Element of the Blocks’ reaction system
- Confirming democracy
II - Europe growing to a recognized
economic actor in the world?
- In Negotiations, Europe affirms its
economic weight and own identity
- Expansion of Abilities and
Competitiveness
- Reduce of external dependence
III - Europe on the way to unity beyond the
blocks? EEC and COMECON
Leading Point: Study of the Evolution of the
mutual understanding along the time line
towards Appeasement
- Ground Zero: Denying each other
- Parallel Development to override the other
Changes in the end of the 60’s
- Soviet recognitions of EEC’s efficiency
>End of the mutual denying
- Beginning of A Cooperation based on
mutual concrete economic interests
> Appeasement by global
integration
- But: Practical economic results limited
Monetary Cooperation
as Guarantor of Peace and Stability
in a Divided Europe
Structure
1
From the Transatlantic System to European Cooperation –
Cold War Logics and Economic Considerations
1.1 Bretton Woods – Dissolution of the Transatlantical Consensus
1.2 Towards the Werner Plan – Rise of Contending Conceptions
2
EMS to Delors - Towards an asymmetrical design of EMU
2.1 EMS to Delors – which Institutional Design for Monetary
Cooperation?
2.2 Asymmetry - possible source of instability?
1
From Transatlantic Consensus to
European Cooperation
– Cold War Logics and Economic
Considerations
1.1 Bretton Woods – Growing Distance from the
Transatlantical System
„To date, foreign countries and their nationals have acquired
nearly $ 20 billion in dollar accounts. This, in effect, is a demand
loan to us of $ 20 billion which has allowed us to pursue policies
over the years that would have been utterly impossible had not
the dollar been a key currency.“
Secretary of Treasure Douglas Dillon to President John F. Kennedy
1.2
Towards the Werner Plan – Rise of Contending Conceptions
Werner Plan (1970)
of Economic and Monetary
Union by 1980
Context of non-implementation
‚The snake in the tunnel‘
economic turbulences of 1970‘s
Monetarists vs. Economists
locomotive theory coronation theory
2 EMS to Delors
- Towards an asymmetrical Design of
EMU
2.1
EMS to Delors – which Institutional Design for Monetary
Cooperation?
The Delors Report (4/1989)
Commission President Jacques Delors
2.2 An asymmetrical EMU
– possible source of instability?